Copper and CoRouge as effective growth promoters.

1. Why high levels of Copper maximises
pig and poultry growth and health
Dr David Cadogan and many others
Feedworks

2. Large amount of published research on growth
promotion effects of high copper levels
• Actual copper requirement for pigs
and poultry is between 5 to 15ppm
• A number of papers and reviews
showing 75-250ppm of inorganic
copper promoting growth and feed
efficiency in pigs and broilers
• Mode of action includes;
• ↑growth hormone
• ↑ lipase activity
• ↓ GI tract bacterial population

4. Meta-analysis of high addition levels of copper in
Broilers (Feng et al., 2020)
• Maximum growth rate of 31.85 g/d @
158ppm Cu
• Best FCR (1.53) achieved at 217ppm Cu
• Response to Copper was quadratic with
levels over 300ppm reducing bird
performance
• Most studies used Copper Sulphate
however several papers also used Tribasic
Copper Chloride

5. Majority of response is copper’s bacteriostatic and
bactericidal effects
• Copper alters structure of bacterial
proteins
• Cu disrupts bacterial enzymes and
function of bacteria
• High levels of Cu had no effect on
“germ free” pigs but highly
significant growth effects on pigs
with normal bacterial levels

7. Fat digestion is limited by the presence of Bile Salt Hydrolase (BSH)
Some bacteria (eg Lactobacillus) produce high levels of BSH. This enzyme
reduces fat digestibility

8. Copper reduces BSH activity improving fat digestibility
* Reducing BSH enzyme activity preserves Conjugated Bile Acids

9. G:F=0.526 + 0.022 (FAT%)
Relationship of add Fat and Gain to Feed (Pigs)
Added oil-fat (%)

10. G:F=0.526 + 0.022 (Oil%)
Added oil-fat (%) 150ppm Copper

11. Effect of Copper: Apparent Total tract digestibility of
fat/Lipid
DDGS = Dried distillers Grains

13. Cu+
Cu+
Cu+
Cu+
Cu+
Cu+
Cu+
Cu+
Cu+
Cu+
is the only
monovalent copper
source available in
animal nutrition
:

16. Comparison of Monovalent Cu+ and Divalent Cu2+

17. Conjugated Bile acid concentration
Espinosa et al, 2021

18. At high dosage, Cu from CoRouge® minimizes the risk of hepatic oxidative stress
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Cu in the diet (ppm)
Cu
in
liver
(µg/g) 7.9a
4.6b
3.4b
2.7b
3.0b
2.7b
CuSO4
accumulates less in the liver
Hamdi et al., 2018

19. AUSTRALIAN COPPER RESEARCH
Trial place: Rivalea, Australia
Animals: Experimental trial with 624 pigs
Duration: From 16 weeks (60 kg) to 22 weeks of age (100 kg)
4 treatments: 12 replicates/treatment, 13 pigs per pen (50% ♂, 50% ♀)
Parameters: Feed intake (per pen), Growth & carcass (individual), excretion (1 healthy pig/pen)
Source Cu in ppm
A - 20
B CuSO4 200
C Chelated Cu 100
D CoRouge® 100
Main ingredients
Ingredients %
Wheat 43.12
Barley 39.50
Canola meal 12.00
Meat meal 60% 1.33
Water 1.00
Tallow-mixer 0.67
Axtra PHY 5000 0.01
Limestone 1.00
Dicalcium Phosphate 0.50
L-Lysine 0.39
Brewster et al, 2021

20. 90
92
94
96
98
100
102
Final BW, kg
Final Weight after 36 days
Improvement of ~ + 3% on final BW by
supplementing 100 ppm Cu from
CoRouge® vs. Control
+ 2.6 kg
 NC  CuSO4, 200 ppm  Chelated Cu, 100 ppm  CoRouge®, 100 ppm
Brewster et al, 2021

21. 2.61 2.59
2.62
2.54
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
FCR
0.93 0.95 0.93
0.99
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
ADG, kg/d
Growth rate and FCR after 36 days on treatments
 NC  CuSO4, 200 ppm  Chelated Cu, 100 ppm  CoRouge®, 100 ppm
Brewster et al, 2021

22. + 1.2 kg
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Loin depth, mm
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
HSCW, kg
Carcass Weight and Loin Depth
HSCW: hot standard carcass weight, kg
 NC  CuSO4, 200 ppm  Chelated Cu, 100 ppm  CoRouge®, 100 ppm
Brewster et al, 2021

23. d
a
b
c
0
500
1000
1500
Cu, mg/kg DM (Rivalea)
Copper excretion
Analyzed fecal Cu
P < 0.01
 NC  CuSO4, 200 ppm  Chelated Cu, 100 ppm  CoRouge®, 100 ppm
Brewster et al, 2021

24. Comparison of inorganic Copper sources @160ppm
(Stein et al, 2021)

25. Comparison of inorganic Copper sources @160ppm
(Stein et al, 2021)

29. 125ppm Cu from CuSO4 vs 40ppm Cu from Cu2O
Sharma et al., unpublished

30. Effects of Monovalent Copper Oxide and Zinc on Oocysts per
gram of feces
Ross 308 Broilers at 42 days of age

31. Treatment E. max
D 20
E. acer
D 20
E. max
D 21
E. acer
D 21
E. max
D 22
E. acer
D 22
Positive Control
Negative Control*
NC + CoRouge*
0a
767b
917b
0a
8933b
20316b
0a
650b
300a
0
11466
3650
0a
450b
67a
0a
4183b
833a
P-value 0.003 0.026 0.017 0.064 0.004 0.001
133ppm CoRouge (100ppm Cu) reduced d 21 and 22 oocyst counts
* Challenged with 20X Coccidiosis vaccine with E. maxima and E. acervulina gavaged into crop at d 14

32. Cost comparisons
• CoRouge is currently $38/kg → 75-100 ppm Cu is 100-133ppm
Cu2O or $3.80-$5.00/tonne
• Copper Sulphate is $ 5.75/kg → 125-200 Cu ppm is 600 to 800ppm or
$2.90- $4.60/tonne
• Tribasic Copper Chloride is $15/tonne → 140-180 Cu ppm is 250 to
320ppm or $3.80- $5.00/tonne

33. Recommendations for Broilers (and Layers)
• Broiler (and Layer)dose rate 75-100ppm of Copper from CoRouge
• Benefits 30 grams per day growth rate
• 2% improvement in FCR
• Reduction in coccidosis lesions/oocyst shedding (esp E. Maxima)
• Increased bone density and improved antioxidant nature
• Increased fat digestibility… layers?
• ROI of 5:1

34. Recommendations for Growing Pigs and Lactating Sows
• Pig dose rate 100ppm of Copper from 133ppm CoRouge in total
• Benefits 2 to 3 kilogram in live weight and carcass weight
• 2% improvement in FCR
• Reduced pathogen load (shedding)
• Increased bone density and improved antioxidant nature
• Reduce copper load in effluent
• ROI of 5-6:1

35. Improved performance
Benefits of monovalent copper
Cu+
Unique Cu source
Microbiota control
Reduced toxicity
Reduced Cu in effluent/litter