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9. FeedWorks (1).pptx
- 2. Trace minerals and fertility in the dairy cow Dr Huw McConochie Dairy Nutritionist
- 3. © Zinpro Corporation Zinc is the most abundant transition metal in the bovine egg Que et al., 2019 So what is the role of trace minerals?
- 4. © Zinpro Corporation Studer et al., 2022 So what is the role of trace minerals?
- 5. © Zinpro Corporation Mn concentrations in tissues xyz Within a mineral, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.01 Swecker and Tomlinson. 2006. J. Dairy Sci. 89 (Suppl. 1):453 (Abstr.) 7.94z 2.98z 1.95z 0.61y 0.25x 1.20y 10.81z 0.75y 1.27y 0 3 6 9 12 Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Dry Matter Basis, ppm Liver Ovary Corpus Luteum
- 6. © Zinpro Corporation NRC 2001 vs NASEM 2021 Dairy cows are generally not deficient High Producing Cow 43,456 lb/19,712 kg Medium Producing Cow 30,709 lb/13,930 kg Low Producing Cow 18,194 lb/ 8,253 kg 300 700 1100 1500 1900 2300 2700 -2 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 Zn, mg/hd/d Month Relative to Calving 300 700 1100 1500 1900 2300 2700 -2 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 Zn, mg/hd/d Month Relative to Calving DG 1819
- 7. © Zinpro Corporation “I have never fed anything to a dairy cow that has directly improved reproduction. But! A lot of nutritional approaches can influence reproduction!!!!” Professor Paul Fricke
- 8. © Zinpro Corporation Factors effecting reproductive efficiency Consentinin et al., 2021 Middleton et al., 2019
- 9. © Zinpro Corporation Minerals are not regarded as a significant bottleneck “Bottlenecks are quite simply things that reduce the flow of output” Prof John Fetrow Trace Minerals
- 10. © Zinpro Corporation Minerals - Not directly but certainly indirectly…. Trace Minerals
- 11. © Zinpro Corporation Some effects of inflammation on repro
- 12. © Zinpro Corporation Transition breakpoint model Normal Inflammation Elevated Inflammation Causes of excessive inflammation Tissue repair Placental Expulsion Tissue mobilisation Mitochondrial stress Oxidative stress Calving Lactation Degree of Inflammation Transition associated conditions Dry period Immune cell activity Circulating LPS Hypo-Calcaemia Inflammation Increased SCC Lameness Glucose Warburg effect
- 13. © Zinpro Corporation Trace minerals play an important role in modulating inflammation 24 108 40ppm AvZn 35ppm INO 75ppm INO 84 60 SCC SCC Peak SCC LPS Challenge Return to pre-challenge SCC Peak SCC 800 1600
- 14. © Zinpro Corporation Can we optimize repro through trace mineral nutrition?
- 15. © Zinpro Corporation 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 21 42 63 84 105 126 147 168 189 210 231 252 273 294 % Pregnant Day Post calving Effect of trace mineral source and transition health disordersa on pregnancy rates a Included retained placentas, metritis, milk fever, ketosis and displaced abomasums b Ordinary: zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese carbonate and cobalt carbonate c 4-Plex: ZINPRO® zinc methionine, MANPRO® manganese methionine, CuPLEX® copper lysine and COPRO® cobalt glucoheptonate; Treatments fed from 60 d prior to calving through 250 d postpartum Ferguson et al., 2004. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl.1):117 (Abstr.) Ordinary, transition health disorder Complexes, transition health disorder
- 16. © Zinpro Corporation Effect of trace minerals on oocyte development Dantas et al., 2019 P=0.03 P=0.05
- 17. © Zinpro Corporation Effect of Availa® Chromiuma on reproductive performance a TMCH supplied 6.25 mg Cr/cow/d and was fed from 6 wk prior to calving through 21 wk postcalving yz Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.15 Bryan et al., 2004. J. Dairy Sci. 87:4269 Z DCr - 104.1 39.2y 54.4 71.2 50.0z 61.2 73.1 20 40 60 80 28 44 60 % Pregnancy Rate Day of Breeding Season Control CrMeta
- 18. © Zinpro Corporation Chromium influences body weight change
- 19. © Zinpro Corporation NASEM 2021 More can be bad - Copper as an example 100 175 250 325 400 475 -2 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 Cu, mg/hd/d Month Relative to Calving DG 1829 aKellogg et al., 2003. Prof. Anim. Sci. 19:1; Ferguson et al., 2004. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl.1):117 (Abstr.); Nocek et al., 2006. J. Dairy Sci. 89:2679; Ballantine et al., 2002. Prof. Anim. Sci. 18:211; Griffiths et al., 2007. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 137:69; Siciliano-Jones et al., 2008. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1985; Hackbart et al., 2010. J. Anim. Sci. 88:3856
- 20. © Zinpro Corporation A UK evaluation of copper supplementation
- 21. © Zinpro Corporation Trace mineral nutrition can help get cows into the High Fertility Cycle and keep them there! Fricke et al.,
- 22. © Zinpro Corporation 1. Minerals have a significant association with reproduction and reproductive organs 2. Difficult to describe a direct effect of minerals on reproductive performance 3. Cows are not generally deficient 4. Over feeding copper is the biggest risk 5. Minerals are not considered to be a repro bottleneck 6. Minerals have indirect effects 7. Trace minerals help to optimize reproductive performance Take homes
Editor's Notes
- In this study, the researchers observed egg cells from mice and from monkeys. To conduct the study, they devised a microscope that would allow them to view the concentration and distribution of zinc atoms in individual cells. With the aid of the chemical that gives off light when exposed to zinc, the researchers documented the first zinc sparks 20 minutes after fertilization. Most fertilized eggs released two or three rounds of sparks, but the researchers saw as few as one and as many as five within the first two hours after fertilization. The sparks flared every 10 minutes, on average. Previous research had shown that fertilization triggers cyclical changes in the level of calcium in the egg cell. The researchers noted that the zinc sparks always occurred after a peak in calcium levels inside the cell. “The number, timing and intensity of these sparks could tell us something important about the quality of the egg and will be an important area for future research,” said Dr. O’Halloran, the article’s other senior author. “It’s may also be worth investigating whether the amount of zinc in a woman’s diet plays a role in fertility.” Additional experiments helped confirm a role for zinc in the fertilization process. Typically, once the egg is released from the ovary, it must get rid of excess chromosomes in two stages as it prepares to fuse with the sperm. The team’s earlier research showed that the early accumulation of zinc is essential for properly completing the first stage, Dr. O’Halloran explained. The latest results suggest that zinc may act as a brake in between these stages, as the egg awaits fertilization. If the cell is fertilized, the zinc release appears to lift the brake. The cell discards its excess genetic material and begins to divide. The researchers also showed that even unfertilized eggs would start to divide if zinc levels were artificially reduced, mimicking release. In addition, when fertilized cells were forced to take on additional zinc, the process was reversed. “We have shown that zinc appears to regulate this precisely calibrated, intricate process,” Dr. Woodruff said. “The findings give us new insights into what these cells need to grow and mature properly.” In last few hours of maturation, the mouse oocyte takes up over twenty billion zinc atoms and arrests after the first meiotic division, until fertilization or pharmacological intervention stimulates cell cycle progression toward a new embryo. Using chemical and physical probes, we show that fertilization of the mature, zinc-enriched egg triggers the ejection of zinc into the extracellular milieu in a series of coordinated events termed zinc sparks. These events immediately follow the well-established series of calcium oscillations within the activated egg and are evolutionarily conserved in several mammalian species, including rodents and nonhuman primates. Functionally, the zinc sparks mediate a decrease in intracellular zinc content that is necessary for continued cell cycle progression, as increasing zinc levels within the activated egg results in the reestablishment of cell cycle arrest at metaphase. The mammalian egg thus uses a zinc-dependent switch mechanism to toggle between metaphase arrest and resumption of the meiotic cell cycle at the initiation of embryonic development.
- Manganese modulates the synthesis of steroid hormones as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis including mevalonate kinase, geranyl pyrophosphate synthetase, and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (Curran, 1954; Benedict et al., 1965; Goering, 2003). Production of squalene is inhibited by a lack of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, limiting the precursors available for synthesis of cholesterol (Hurley and Keen, 1987). Cholesterol is a precursor for synthesis of steroid hormones including progestogens, androgens, and estrogens, all essential for optimal reproductive functions. Mn preferentially accumulates in the CL compared to other tissues Mn also plays a role in Ca metabolism
- Assumptions: Holstein Cow BW 1499 lb/680 kg Peak milk 2 months post calving 69 lb (31.4 kg); 117 lb (53 kg); 165 lb (75 kg) 8% MY decline Conception at 4 months post calving ADG 0.4 lb/0.2 kg w/conceptus NRC predicted DMI Default Environmental Conditions Milk fat avg 3.9% 335 d MY
- Beef cows were synchronized, bred to timed AI and then underwent the ovum pickup procedure. Cumuls Oocyte complexes In brief, category A COCs had an oocyte with homogenous, evenly granulated cytoplasm and numerous layers of compact, nonexpanded cumulus cells. Category B COCs were similar to A, but with fewer layers of cumulus cells. Category C COCs had ooplasmic irregularities, very few cumulus cells, and/or expanding cumulus cells. Category D COCs were atretic with expanded and dark cumulus vestment, denuded, lysed, and/or otherwise morphologically abnormal. All COCs graded A through C were pooled within pen and underwent in vitro maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture
- Assumptions: Holstein Cow BW 1499 lb/680 kg Peak milk 2 months post calving 69 lb (31.4 kg); 117 lb (53 kg); 165 lb (75 kg) 8% MY decline Conception at 4 months post calving ADG 0.4 lb/0.2 kg w/conceptus NRC predicted DMI Default Environmental Conditions Milk fat avg 3.9% 335 d MY
- Control 15mg/kg DM High 30mg/Kg DM High grew faster and had higher BCS 1st observed estrus was sooner Liveweight at first observed estrus was lower They were served at the same age and weight Up to 8 months the H heifers had high levels of the liver enzyme GLDH which is an indicator of liver damage In lactation all heifers had toxic levels of GLDH – 15mg/kg DMI is plenty The high copper group were fatter at calving, Both groups eat the same, but the high copper lost more BC, by 14 weeks both had the same BCS Control animals produced more milk in first 6 weeks BHB was higher in high copper cows