Waste sources and types

2. CONTENT
 Introduction
 Waste:defenition
 Waste generation
 Industrial waste
 Municipal waste
 Medical waste
 Agricultural waste
 Radioactive waste
 Hazardous waste
 E-waste
 Conclusion
 Reference

3. TYPES
OF
WASTES
Industrial waste
Agricultural waste
Medical waste
Hazardous waste
Radioactive waste

5. WHAT IS WASTE???????
 Waste and wastes are unwanted or unusable
materials.
 Waste is any substance which is discarded after
primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of no
use.

6. HOW WASTE IS GENERATE???
 Wastes are generated from variety of sources viz ,
household ,commercial establishments, industrial
processes, agricultural practices and from others.
 Waste is generated in small , medium and large
cities and towns are about 0.1kg,0.3-
0.4kg,and0.5kg per day respectively.

7. INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Industrial waste is the waste produced
by industrial activity which includes any
material that is rendered useless during a
manufacturing process such as that
of factories, mills, and mining operations
It has existed since the start of the Industrial
Revolution.
Some examples of industrial wastes
are chemical solvents, paints, sandpaper,
paper products, industrial by-products,
metals, and radioactive wastes

8.  Toxic waste, chemical waste, industrial solid waste
and municipal solid waste are designations of
industrial wastes.
 Sewage treatment plants can treat some industrial
wastes, i.e. those consisting of conventional
pollutants such as biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD).
 Industrial wastes containing toxic pollutants require
specialized treatment systems.

9. INDUSTRIAL WASTE INCLUDES:
 Manufacturing
 Mining
 Coal combustion
 Oil and gas production

10. MINNING
 Like the majority of human activities,
mining operations produce waste
materials.
 “Waste” is a general term for material which
currently has little or no economic value.
 The soil and rock which is removed to gain
access to buried ore, and the material
(water, solids, and gases) left behind after
the ore has been processed to remove the
valuable commodities, are considered to be
waste materials.

11.  However, the difference in mineral content between
ore and waste rock can change depending on
market conditions and available extraction
technology, and there are a number of cases where
material that was once considered waste has
become a resource for modern mining operations.

12. COAL COMBUSTION
 Combustion is a rapid chemical reaction
between fuel and oxygen. When
combustible elements of fuel combine
with O2, heat energy comes out.
 During combustion combustible
elements like Carbon, Sulfur, Hydrogen
etc combine with oxygen and produce respective
oxides.
 The source of oxygen in fuel combustion is air.
By volume there is 21 % of Oxygen presents in
air and by weight it is 23.2 %.

13.  Although there is 79 % (by volume) nitrogen in air
but it plays no role in combustion. Actually Nitrogen
carries heat produced during combustion to steam
boiler stack.
 As per combustion theory the quantity of air
required for combustion is that which provides
sufficient O2 to completely oxidize combustible
elements of fuel. This quantity of air is normally
known as STOICHIOMETRIC AIR requirement.
This amount of air depends upon the nature of fuel.

14. OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
 Production is the operation that brings
hydrocarbons to the surface and
prepares them for processing.
 Production begins after the well is drilled.
The mixture of oil, gas and water from the
well is separated on the surface.
 The water is disposed of and the oil and gas
are treated, measured, and tested. Production
operations include bringing the oil and gas to
the surface, maintaining production, and
purifying, measuring, and testing.

15.  The petroleum industry include the global
processes of exploration, extraction, refining,
transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and
marketing petroleum products.
 The largest volume products of the industry are fuel
oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum (oil) is also the
raw material for many chemical products, including
pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and
plastics.
 The industry is usually divided into three major
components: upstream, midstream and downstream

17. MUNICIPAL WASTE
 MSW is defined as any waste generated
by household, commercial and/or
institutional activities and is not
hazardous
Municipal solid waste (MSW),
commonly known as trash or garbage in
the U.S. and as refuse or rubbish in the
UK, is a waste type consisting of
everyday items that are discarded by
the public. “
 Garbage" can also refer specifically to
food waste, as in a garbagedisposal;
the two are sometimes collected
separately.

18. Depending upon the source, MSW is categorized into
three types A.
Residential or household waste which arises from
domestic areas from individual houses;
B. commercial wastes and/or institutional wastes
which arise from individually larger sources of
MSW like hotels, office buildings, schools, etc.;
municipal services wastes which arise from area
sources like streets, parks, etc. MSW usually
contains food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics,
textiles, glass, metals, wood, street sweepings,
landscape and tree trimmings, general wastes
from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas
. Sometimes other household wastes like batteries
and consumer electronics also get mixed up with
MSW

24. HAZARDOUS WASTE
 A material is a HAZARDOUS WASTE if due to its
quantity, concentration, physical, chemical or
infectious characteristics it possesses a substantial
present,or potential hazard to human health and
environment and has no use

26. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
 Radioactive waste is any material
that is either radioactive itself or is
contaminated by radioactivity, for
which no further use is envisaged.
 Government policy means that
certain nuclear materials such as
uranium, plutonium and
spent nuclear fuel have not been
declared as wastes by their owners.

30. CONCLUSION
 A continuing rise in the rate of waste production is
no longer acceptable – hazardous waste affects the
health of millions of people and poisons large areas
of our planet.
 In many places people live surrounded by garbage
and landfills.
 It is essential that governments and corporations
face up to waste, using what we know about
reduction, recycling and reuse, but also developing
new technologies that eliminate waste.

33. REFERWNCES
 Environmental science: Dr.S.C Santra
 Environmemtal management:Kahn D and Grass
.D
 www.Google.com