II BIOSENSOR PRINCIPLE APPLICATIONS AND WORKING II

UNIT NO – 1
LECTURE NO -2
TOPIC – BIOSENSOR
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
BP- 605T
MR. ARPIT GUPTA
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
(DR. RML INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY)
7599900257 AG PHARMACY arpitguptapwn23@gmail.com

CONTENTS
Introduction
Main components of biosensor
Working principle
Types of biosensor
Application
Important questions
References

INTRODUCTION
Biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection
of a chemical substance, that combines a biological
component with a physicochemical detector. The sensitive
biologicalelement,e.g.tissue,microorganisms,organelles,cell
receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.
 It is a biologically derived material or biomimetic
component that interacts with, binds with, or recognizes the
analyte under study. The biologically sensitive elements
can also be created by biological engineering.

MAIN COMPONENTS OF
A BIOSENSOR
• Sensor
• Transducer
• Amplifier
• Processor
• Display unitit

 Sensor-It is a sensitive biological element (biological material
(eg. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes,
antibodies, nucleicacids,etc).
 Transducer- Transducer is a device that converts energy from
oneformto another form.
 Amplifier- An amplifier, electronic amplifier or
(informally) amp is an electronic device that can increase
the power of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current)
 Processor- Its basic job is to receive input and provide the
appropriate output .
 Display Unit- Performs signal conditioning such as amplification
and conversion of signals from analogue into the digital form. The
processed signals are then quantified by the display unit of
the biosensor

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 Biosensors are operated based on the principle
ofsignal transduction.
 Bioreceptor, is allowed to interact with a specific analyte. The
transducer measures this interaction and outputs a signal.
 The intensity of the signal output is proportional to the
concentration of the analyte. The signal is then amplified and
processed by the electronicsystem.

FEATURES OF A BIOSENSOR
a) It should be highly specificfor theanalyte.
b) Thereactionusedshouldbeindependentofmanageable
factors likepH,temperature,stirring,etc.
c) Theresponseshouldbelinearoverausefulrangeof
analyte concentrations.
d) Thedeviceshould be tinyandbio-compatible.
e) Thedeviceshouldbecheap,small,easytouseandcapable
of repeateduse.

TYPES OF BIOSENSOR
1. Calorimetric Biosensors
2. Potentiometric Biosensors
3. Acoustic Wave Biosensors
4. Amperometric Biosensors
5. Optical Biosensors

1. Calorimetric Biosensor-
 Many enzyme catalysed reactions are exothermic, generating
heat which may be used as a basis for measuring the rate of
reaction and,hence,the analyteconcentration.
 The analyte solution is passed through a small packed bed
column containing immobilized enzyme; the temperature of
the solution is determined just before entry of the solution into
the column and just as it is leaving the column using separate
thermistors.
 An example is the use of glucose oxidase for determination of
glucose.

2. Potententiometric Biosensor
Potentiometric biosensors are developed by combining a
biorecognition element (essentially an enzyme) with a
transducer that senses the variation in protons (or other ions)
amount, the recorded analytical signal being logarithmically
correlated with the analyte concentration.
Potentiometric biosensors make use of ion-selective
electrodes in order to transduce the biological reaction into an
electrical signal.
In the simplest terms this consists of an immobilised
enzyme membrane surrounding the probe from a pH-meter ,
where the catalysed reaction generates or absorbs hydrogen
ions .

3.Acoustic Wave Biosensors
(Piezoelectric Biosensors)
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses
the piezoelectric effect to measure changes
in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force
by converting them to an electrical charge. The
prefix piezo- is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze’.
A piezoelectric sensor that could reliably detect the
mycobacterial antigen in biological fluids would be of
enormous use.

4. Amperometric Biosensors
 Amperometric biosensors are self-contained
integrated devices based on the measurement of the
current resulting from the oxidation or reduction of
an electroactive biological element providing
specific quantitative analytical information.

5. Optical Biosensors:-
 These involve determining changes in light absorption
between the reactants and products of a reaction, or
measuring the light output by a luminescentprocess.
 A most promising biosensor involving luminescence uses
firefly enzyme luciferase for detection of bacteria in food or
clinical samples.

APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSOR
• Foodanalysis
• Study of
Biomolecules and
their interactions
• Drugdevelopment
• Crimedetection
• Medicaldiagnosis
• Environmental field
monitoring
• Industrial processcontrol
• Manufacturing of
pharmaceuticals
and replacementof
organs
• Monitoring glucoselevelin
diabetespatients
• Proteinengineering
• Wastewatertreatment

:
Biosensors in Food Industry
 Biosensors areusedforthedetectionofpathogensinfood.
 Presence of Escherichia coli in vegetables,is a bioindicator of faecal
contaminationin food.
 E. coli has been measured by detecting variation in pH caused by
ammonia(producedbyurease–E.
 coli antibody conjugate) using potentiometric alternating biosensing
systems.
 Enzymaticbiosensorsarealsoemployedinthedairyindustry.

Biosensors in Medical field
 Glucosebiosensors arewidelyusedin clinicalapplicationsfor
diagnosis of diabetesmellitus.
 A novelbiosensor,basedonhafniumoxide(HfO2),hasbeen usedfor
earlystagedetectionofhumaninterleukin.
 Thesearealso used fordetectionof cardiovasculardiseases.

Biosensors in Drug Discovery and Drug Analysis
 Enzyme‐basedbiosensors canbe applied inthe pharmaceutical
industry for monitoring chemicalparametersin the production
process (inbioreactors).
 Affinity biosensors aresuitable for high‐throughput screeningof
bioprocess‐produced antibodies and for drugscreening.
 Oligonucleotide‐immobilizedbiosensors for interactionsstudies
betweenasurfacelinkedDNAandthetargetdrugorfor
hybridization studies.

THANK YOU
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II BIOSENSOR PRINCIPLE APPLICATIONS AND WORKING II

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