Methods of Software Testing There are two basic methods of performing software testing: 1. Manual testing 2. Automated testing Manual Software Testing As the name would imply, manual software testing is the process of an individual or individuals manually testing software. This can take the form of navigating user interfaces, submitting information, or even trying to hack the software or underlying database. As one might presume, manual software testing is labor-intensive and slow.
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not. In simple words, testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing requirements in contrary to the actual requirements.
This paper describes the different techniques of testing the software. This paper explicitly addresses the idea for testability and the important thing is that the testing itself-not just by saying that testability is a desirable goal, but by showing how to do it. Software testing is the process we used to measure the quality of developed software. Software Testing is not just about error-finding and their solution but also about checking the client requirements and testing that those requirements are met by the software solution. It is the most important functional phase in the Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC) as it exhibits all mistakes, flaws and errors in the developed software. Without finding these errors, technically termed as ‘bugs,’ software development is not considered to be complete. Hence, software testing becomes an important parameter for assuring quality of the software product. We discuss here about when to start and when to stop the testing of software. How errors or Bugs are formed and rectified. How software testing is done i.e. with the help of Team Work.
Software testing is an activity which is aimed for evaluating quality of a program and also for improving it, by identifying defects and problems. Software testing strives for achieving its goal (both implicit and explicit) but it has certain limitations, still testing can be done more effectively if certain established principles are to be followed. In spite of having limitations, software testing continues to dominate other verification techniques like static analysis, model checking and proofs. So it is indispensable to understand the goals, principles and limitations of software testing so that the effectiveness of software testing could be maximized.
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not. In simple words, testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing requirements in contrary to the actual requirements.
This paper describes the different techniques of testing the software. This paper explicitly addresses the idea for testability and the important thing is that the testing itself-not just by saying that testability is a desirable goal, but by showing how to do it. Software testing is the process we used to measure the quality of developed software. Software Testing is not just about error-finding and their solution but also about checking the client requirements and testing that those requirements are met by the software solution. It is the most important functional phase in the Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC) as it exhibits all mistakes, flaws and errors in the developed software. Without finding these errors, technically termed as ‘bugs,’ software development is not considered to be complete. Hence, software testing becomes an important parameter for assuring quality of the software product. We discuss here about when to start and when to stop the testing of software. How errors or Bugs are formed and rectified. How software testing is done i.e. with the help of Team Work.
Software testing is an activity which is aimed for evaluating quality of a program and also for improving it, by identifying defects and problems. Software testing strives for achieving its goal (both implicit and explicit) but it has certain limitations, still testing can be done more effectively if certain established principles are to be followed. In spite of having limitations, software testing continues to dominate other verification techniques like static analysis, model checking and proofs. So it is indispensable to understand the goals, principles and limitations of software testing so that the effectiveness of software testing could be maximized.
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
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Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
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Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
Types of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating systemTypes of operating system
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Youtube video download using python project report.pdfKamal Acharya
In order to form a clear sketch of this project, here's a brief introduction of the features and scope of YouTube Video Downloader. This project consists of three modules which are inter-linked to each other. Each of the above modules has certain specific task to perform. Tkinter is the standard GUI library for Python. Python when combined with Tkinter provides a fast and easy way to create GUI applications. Tkinter provides a powerful object- oriented interface to the Tk GUI toolkit. Tkinter provides various controls, such as buttons, labels and text boxes used in a GUI application. These controls are commonly called widgets.Pytube library makes the video downloading very easy. Create the object of the YouTube module by passing the link as the parameter. Then, get the appropriate extension and resolution of the video. You can set the name of the file as your convenience, in another case original name will be kept. After that, download the file using the download function which has one parameter which is the location where to download the file. Python, this task is very easy. Few lines of code will download the video from YouTube for you.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Library management system project report II..pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of Library Management Pro system is to provide a medium for the public libraries to computerize their entire functioning and would contribute as a first step in digitalizing their libraries!
As till now in India, public libraries (medium and small scale) had their entire records on paper which again required maintenance and the problem of finding relevant information proved to be a herculean task. Even if the required information was found it was usually at cost of much valuable time.
Library Management Pro would not only simplify this process but also speedup the entire functioning of the library. It will also contribute towards increasing the efficiency of the library as a whole, right from the data entry to maintaining the historical records.
One major purpose is to provide user or the library members the opportunity to not only search through the books but to reserve books that are issued by other users and also request newer books.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Web chatting application project report management system.pdfKamal Acharya
One year ago we was reading an article about Teleconferencing / chatting, which as we said it is a method of using technology to bring people and ideas “together” despite of the geographic barriers. From that time and on we started wondering if we can participate in that technology and how?
The idea of creating a chat server was initiated and it has two dimensions, one to have an experience in network programming and the other is to let people conduct meetings with others in different locations. Such that it crosses time zones, can reach many people, and reduce the paper flood.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Chat application through client server management system project.pdfKamal Acharya
This project focused on creating a chatting application with communication environment. The objective of our project is to build a chatting system to facilitate the communication between two or more clients to obtain an effective channel among the clients themselves. For the application itself, this system can serve as a link to reach out for all clients. The design of the system depends on socket concept where is a software endpoint that establishes bidirectional communication between a server program and one or more client programs. Languages that will be used for the development of this system: Java Development Kit (JDK): is a development environment for building applications and components using the Java programming language.
Toll tax management system project report..pdfKamal Acharya
Toll Tax Management System is a web based application that can provide all the information related to toll plazas and the passenger checks in and pays the amount, then he/she will be provided by a receipt. With this receipt he/she can leave the toll booth without waiting for any verification call.
The information would also cover registration of staff, toll plaza collection, toll plaza collection entry for vehicles, date wise report entry, Vehicle passes and passes reports b/w dates.
Online resume builder management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
This project aims at the Introduction to app Service Management.
This software is designed keeping in mind the user’s efficiency & ease of handling and maintenance , as and secured system over centralized data handling and providing with the features to get the complete study and control over the business.
The report depicts the basics logic used for software development long with the Activity diagrams so that logics may be apprehended without difficulty.
For detailed information, screen layouts, provided along with this report can be viewed.
Although this report is prepared with considering the results required these may be across since the project is subjected to future enhancements as per the need of organizations.
Online dating system management project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The objective of our project is to develop an application that offers online dating services where individuals or users can find and contact each other over the internet to arrange a date usually with the objective of developing a romantic, personal and sexual relationship.
Users of an online dating service would currently provide personal information, to enable them to search the service provider's database for other individuals. Members use grade other members set, such as age range, gender and location.
Online blood donation management system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Donation Management System is a web database application that enables the public to make online session reservation, to view nationwide blood donation events online and at the same time provides centralized donor and blood stock database. This application is developed
by using ASP.NET technology from Visual Studio with the MySQL 5.0 as the database management system. The methodology used to develop this system as a whole is Object Oriented Analysis and Design; whilst, the database for BDMS is developed by following the steps in Database Life Cycle. The targeted users for this application are the public who is eligible to donate blood ,'system moderator, administrator from National Blood Center and the staffs who are working in the blood banks of the participating hospitals. The main objective of the development of this application is to overcome the problems that exist in the current system, which are the lack of facilities for online session reservation and online advertising on the nationwide blood donation events, and also decentralized donor and blood stock database. Besides, extra features in the system such as security protection by using password, generating reports, reminders of blood stock shortage and workflow tracking can even enhance the efficiency of the management in the blood banks. The final result of this project is the development of web database application, which is the BDMS.
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Online movie ticket booking system for movies is a web-based program. This application allows users to purchase cinema tickets over the portal. To buy tickets, people must first register or log in. This website's backend is PHP and JavaScript, and the front end is HTML and CSS. All phases of the software development life cycle are efficiently managed in order to design and implement software. On the website, there are two panels: one for administrators and one for customers/users. The admin has the ability to add cinemas, movies, delete, halt execution, and add screens, among other things. The website is simple to navigate and appealing, saving the end user time.
A case study of cinema management system project report..pdfKamal Acharya
A computer reservation system or central reservation system is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or activities. These systems typically allow users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as activities and tours. They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets, although these are not always integrated with the main system. For these systems to be accessible on mobile phones and computers outside the premises of the airport, cinema, train station or stadiums, they need to be on the internet or a network.
This project focuses on the design and implementation of a web based cinema management system for the allocation of seat tickets online. The system would feature the registration of users, use of serial numbers and pins gotten from scratch cards sold and a printed slip. The system would have a store of all the seats and automate the generation of fresh serial numbers and pins.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. [1]
Methods of Software Testing
There are two basic methods of performing software testing:
1. Manual testing
2. Automated testing
Manual Software Testing
As the name would imply, manual software testing is the process of an individual or individuals
manually testing software. This can take the form of navigating user interfaces, submitting
information, or even trying to hack the software or underlying database. As one might presume,
manual software testing is labor-intensive and slow. There are some things for which manual
software testing is appropriate, including:
User interface or usability testing
Exploratory/ad hoc testing (where testers do not follow a 'script', but rather testers 'explore'
the application and use their instincts to find bugs)
Testing areas of the application which experience a lot of change.
User acceptance testing (often, this can also be automated)
The time commitment involved with manual software testing is one of its most significant
drawbacks. The time needed to fully test the system will typically range from weeks to months.
Variability of results depending on who is performing the tests can also be a problem. For these
reasons, many companies look to automation as a means of accelerating the software testing
process while minimizing the variability of results.
Automated Software Testing
Automated software testing is the process of creating test scripts that can then be run
automatically, repetitively, and through many iterations. Done properly, automated software
testing can help to minimize the variability of results, speed up the testing process, increase test
coverage (the number of different things tested), and ultimately provide greater confidence in the
quality of the software being tested.
There are, however, some things for which automated software testing is not appropriate. These
include:
End user usability testing is not typically a good candidate for automated testing.
Tests which will not be run more than a couple of times are typically not a good candidate for
automated tasting, since the payoff of in test automation comes after many test executions.
Tests for areas of the application which experience a lot of change are also not a good
candidate for automation since this can lead to substantial maintenance of test automation
scripts. Such areas of the application may be more effectively tested manually.
It is important to note that test automation is software, and just like the software you are building
for internal or external customers, it must be well-architected. A good test automation
architecture, such as a keyword-driven testing framework, will reduce the overall cost of
ownership of your test automation by minimizing maintenance expense and increasing the
number of automated tests, allowing your organization to run more tests (and achieve higher
quality) for the same investment of time and money.
2. [2]
Testing is a process used to help identify the correctness, completeness and quality of developed
computer software. With that in mind, testing can never completely establish the correctness of
computer software.
There are many approaches to software testing, but effective testing of complex products is
essentially a process of investigation, not merely a matter of creating and following rote
procedure. One definition of testing is "the process of questioning a product in order to evaluate
it", where the "questions" are things the tester tries to do with the product, and the product
answers with its behavior in reaction to the probing of the tester. Although most of the
intellectual processes of testing are nearly identical to that of review or inspection, the word
testing is connoted to mean the dynamic analysis of the product—putting the product through its
paces.
The quality of the application can and normally does vary widely from system to system but
some of the common quality attributes include reliability, stability, portability, maintainability
and usability. Refer to the ISO standard ISO 9126 for a more complete list of attributes and
criteria.
Testing helps is Verifying and Validating if the Software is working as it is intended to be
working. Thins involves using Static and Dynamic methodologies to Test the application.
Because of the fallibility of its human designers and its own abstract, complex nature, software
development must be accompanied by quality assurance activities. It is not unusual for
developers to spend 40% of the total project time on testing. For life-critical software (e.g. flight
control, reactor monitoring), testing can cost 3 to 5 times as much as all other activities
combined. The destructive nature of testing requires that the developer discard preconceived
notions of the correctness of his/her developed software.
Software Testing Fundamentals
Testing objectives include
1. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error.
2. A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error.
3. A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error.
Testing should systematically uncover different classes of errors in a minimum amount of time
and with a minimum amount of effort. A secondary benefit of testing is that it demonstrates that
the software appears to be working as stated in the specifications. The data collected through
testing can also provide an indication of the software's reliability and quality. But, testing cannot
show the absence of defect -- it can only show that software defects are present
3. [3]
Testing Start Process
Testing is sometimes incorrectly thought as an after-the-fact activity; performed after
programming is done for a product. Instead, testing should be performed at every development
stage of the product. Test data sets must be derived and their correctness and consistency should
be monitored throughout the development process.
If we divide the lifecycle of software development into “Requirements Analysis”, “Design”,
“Programming/Construction” and “Operation and Maintenance”, then testing should accompany
each of the above phases. If testing is isolated as a single phase late in the cycle, errors in the
problem statement or design may incur exorbitant costs. Not only must the original error be
corrected, but the entire structure built upon it must also be changed. Therefore, testing should not
be isolated as an inspection activity. Rather testing should be involved throughout the SDLC in
order to bring out a quality product.
Testing Activities in Each Phase
The following testing activities should be performed during the phases:
1. Requirements Analysis
- Determine correctness
- Generate functional test data.
2. Design
- Determine correctness and consistency
- Generate structural and functional test data.
3. Programming/Construction
- Determine correctness and consistency
- Generate structural and functional test data
- Apply test data
- Refine test data
4. Operation and Maintenance
- Retest
Requirements Analysis
The following test activities should be performed during this stage:
1.1 Invest in analysis at the beginning of the project - Having a clear, concise and formal
statement of the requirements facilitates programming, communication, error analysis and test
data generation.
4. [4]
The requirements statement should record the following information and decisions:
a. Program function - What the program must do?
b. The form, format, data types and units for input.
c. The form, format, data types and units for output.
d. How exceptions, errors and deviations are to be handled.
e. For scientific computations, the numerical method or at least the required accuracy of the
solution.
f. The hardware/software environment required or assumed (e.g. the machine,
theoperating system, and the implementation language).
Deciding the above issues is one of the activities related to testing that should be performed
during this stage.
1.2 Start developing the test set at the requirements analysis phase - Data should be generated
that can be used to determine whether the requirements have been met. To do this, the
input domain should be partitioned into classes of values that the program will treat in a similar
manner and for each class a representative element should be included in the test data.
In addition, following should also be included in the data set:
(1) boundary values
(2) any non-extreme input values that would require special handling.
The output domain should be treated similarly.
Invalid input requires the same analysis as valid input.
1.3 The correctness, consistency and completeness of the requirements should also be analyzed -
Consider whether the correct problem is being solved, check for conflicts and inconsistencies
among the requirements and consider the possibility of missing cases.
5. [5]
Design
The design document aids in programming, communication, and error analysis and test data
generation. The requirements statement and the design document should together give the
problem and the organization of the solution i.e. what the program will do and how it will be
done.
The design document should contain:
Principal data structures.
Functions, algorithms, heuristics or special techniques used for processing.
The program organization, how it will be modularized and categorized into external and
internal interfaces.
Any additional information.
Here the testing activities should consist of:
- Analysis of design to check its completeness and consistency - the total process should be
analyzed to determine that no steps or special cases have been overlooked. Internal interfaces,
I/O handling and data structures should specially be checked for inconsistencies.
- Analysis of design to check whether it satisfies the requirements - check whether both
requirements and design document contain the same form, format, units used for input and
output and also that all functions listed in the requirement document have been included in the
design document. Selected test data which is generated during the requirements analysis phase
should be manually simulated to determine whether the design will yield the expected values.
- Generation of test data based on the design - The tests generated should cover the structure as
well as the internal functions of the design like the data structures, algorithm, functions,
heuristics and general program structure etc. Standard extreme and special values should be
included and expected output should be recorded in the test data.
- Re-examination and refinement of the test data set generated at the requirements analysis
phase.
The first two steps should also be performed by some colleague and not only the
designer/developer.
6. [6]
Programming/Construction
Here the main testing points are:
- Check the code for consistency with design - the areas to check include modular structure,
module interfaces, data structures, functions, algorithms and I/O handling.
- Perform the Testing process in an organized and systematic manner with test runs dated,
annotated and saved. A plan or schedule can be used as a checklist to help
theprogrammer organize testing efforts. If errors are found and changes made to the program, all
tests involving the erroneous segment (including those which resulted in success previously)
must be rerun and recorded.
- Asks some colleague for assistance - Some independent party, other than the programmer of the
specific part of the code, should analyze the development product at each phase. The
programmer should explain the product to the party who will then question the logic and search
for errors with a checklist to guide the search. This is needed to locate errors the programmer has
overlooked.
- Use available tools - the programmer should be familiar with various compilers and interpreters
available on the system for the implementation language being used because they differ in their
error analysis and code generation capabilities.
- Apply Stress to the Program - Testing should exercise and stress the program structure, the data
structures, the internal functions and the externally visible functions or functionality. Both valid
and invalid data should be included in the test set.
- Test one at a time - Pieces of code, individual modules and small collections of modules should
be exercised separately before they are integrated into the total program, one by one. Errors are
easier to isolate when the no. of potential interactions should be kept small. Instrumentation-
insertion of some code into the program solely to measure various program characteristics – can
be useful here. A tester should perform array bound checks, check loop control variables,
determine whether key data values are within permissible ranges, trace program execution, and
count the no. of times a group of statements is executed.
- Measure testing coverage/When should testing stop? - If errors are still found every time the
program is executed, testing should continue. Because errors tend to cluster, modules appearing
particularly error-prone require special scrutiny.
The metrics used to measure testing thoroughness include statement testing (whether each
statement in the program has been executed at least once), branch testing (whether each exit from
each branch has been executed at least once) and path testing (whether all logical paths, which
may involve repeated execution of various segments, have been executed at least once).
7. [7]
Statement testing is the coverage metric most frequently used as it is relatively simple to
implement.
The amount of testing depends on the cost of an error. Critical programs or functions require
more thorough testing than the less significant functions.
Operations and Maintenance
Corrections, modifications and extensions are bound to occur even for small programs and testing
is required every time there is a change. Testing during maintenance is termed regression testing.
The test set, the test plan, and the test results for the original program should exist.
Modifications must be made to accommodate the program changes, and then all portions of the
program affected by the modifications must be re-tested. After regression testing is complete, the
program and test documentation must be updated to reflect the changes.
SDLC models
Introduction
There are various software development approaches defined and designed which are
used/employed during development process of software, these approaches are also referred as
"Software Development Process Models".
Each process model follows a particular life cycle in order to ensure success in process of
software development.
Waterfall Model
Waterfall approach was first Process Model to be introduced and followed widely in Software
Engineering to ensure success of the project. In "The Waterfall" approach, the whole process of
software development is divided into separate process phases.
The phases in Waterfall model are: Requirement Specifications phase, Software Design,
Implementation and Testing & Maintenance. All these phases are cascaded to each other so that
second phase is started as and when defined set of goals are achieved for first phase and it is
signed off, so the name "Waterfall Model". All the methods and processes undertaken in
Waterfall Model are more visible.
8. [8]
The stages of "The Waterfall Model" are:
Requirement Analysis & Definition: All possible requirements of the system to be developed
are captured in this phase. Requirements are set of functionalities and constraints that the end-
user (who will be using the system) expects from the system. The requirements are gathered
from the end-user by consultation, these requirements are analyzed for their validity and the
possibility of incorporating the requirements in the system to be development is also studied.
Finally, a Requirement Specification document is created which serves the purpose of guideline
for the next phase of the model.
System & Software Design: Before a starting for actual coding, it is highly important to
understand what we are going to create and what it should look like? The requirement
specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared. System
Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in defining overall
system architecture. The system design specifications serve as input for the next phase of the
model.
Implementation & Unit Testing: On receiving system design documents, the work is divided in
modules/units and actual coding is started. The system is first developed in small programs
called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its
functionality; this is referred to as Unit Testing. Unit testing mainly verifies if the modules/units
meet their specifications.
Integration & System Testing: As specified above, the system is first divided in units which are
developed and tested for their functionalities. These units are integrated into a complete system
9. [9]
during Integration phase and tested to check if all modules/units coordinate between each other
and the system as a whole behaves as per the specifications. After successfully testing
the software, it is delivered to the customer.
Operations & Maintenance: This phase of "The Waterfall Model" is virtually never ending
phase (Very long). Generally, problems with the system developed (which are not found during
the development life cycle) come up after its practical use starts, so the issues related to the
system are solved after deployment of the system. Not all the problems come in picture directly
but they arise time to time and needs to be solved; hence this process is referred as Maintenance.
Advantages
The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for departmentalization and managerial
control. A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can
proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered
on time. Development moves from concept, through design, implementation, testing, installation,
troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and maintenance. Each phase of development proceeds
in strict order, without any overlapping or iterative steps.
Disadvantages
The disadvantage of waterfall development is that it does not allow for much reflection or
revision. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go back and change
something that was not well-thought out in the concept stage. Alternatives to the waterfall model
include joint application development (JAD), rapid applicationdevelopment (RAD), synch and
stabilize, build and fix, and the spiral model.
Iterative Model
An iterative lifecycle model does not attempt to start with a full specification of requirements.
Instead, development begins by specifying and implementing just part of the software, which can
then be reviewed in order to identify further requirements. This process is then repeated,
producing a new version of the software for each cycle of the model. Consider an iterative
lifecycle model which consists of repeating the following four phases in sequence:
10. [10]
A Requirements phase, in which the requirements for the software are gathered and analyzed.
Iteration should eventually result in a requirements phase that produces a complete and final
specification of requirements. - A Design
phase, in which a software solution to meet the requirements is designed. This may be a new
design, or an extension of an earlier design.
- An Implementation and Test phase, when the software is coded, integrated and tested.
- A Review phase, in which the software is evaluated, the current requirements are reviewed, and
changes and additions to requirements proposed.
For each cycle of the model, a decision has to be made as to whether the software produced by
the cycle will be discarded, or kept as a starting point for the next cycle (sometimes referred to as
incremental prototyping). Eventually a point will be reached where the requirements are
complete and the software can be delivered, or it becomes impossible to enhance the software as
required, and a fresh start has to be made.
The iterative lifecycle model can be likened to producing software by successive approximation.
Drawing an analogy with mathematical methods that use successive approximation to arrive at a
final solution, the benefit of such methods depends on how rapidly they converge on a solution.
The key to successful use of an iterative software development lifecycle is rigorous validation of
requirements, and verification (including testing) of each version of the software against those
requirements within each cycle of the model. The first three phases of the example iterative
model is in fact an abbreviated form of a sequential V or waterfall lifecycle model. Each cycle of
the model produces software that requires testing at the unit level, for software integration,
for system integration and for acceptance. As the software evolves through successive cycles,
tests have to be repeated and extended to verify each version of the software.
11. [11]
V-Model
The V-model is a software development model which can be presumed to be the extension of the
waterfall model. Instead of moving down in a linear way, the process steps are bent upwards
after the coding phase, to form the typical V shape. The V-Model demonstrates the relationships
between each phase of the development life cycle and its associated phase of testing.
Verification Phases
1. Requirements analysis:
In this phase, the requirements of the proposed system are collected by analyzing the needs of
the user(s). This phase is concerned about establishing what the ideal system has to perform.
However, it does not determine how the software will be designed or built. Usually, the users are
interviewed and a document called the user requirements document is generated. The user
requirements document will typically describe the system’s functional, physical, interface,
performance, data, security requirements etc as expected by the user. It is one which the business
analysts use to communicate their understanding of the system back to the users. The users
carefully review this document as this document would serve as the guideline for the system
designers in the system design phase. The user acceptance tests are designed in this phase.
12. [12]
2. System Design:
System engineers analyze and understand the business of the proposed system by studying the
user requirements document. They figure out possibilities and techniques by which the user
requirements can be implemented. If any of the requirements are not feasible, the user is
informed of the issue. A resolution is found and the user requirement document is edited
accordingly.
The software specification document which serves as a blueprint for the development phase is
generated. This document contains the general system organization, menu structures, data
structures etc. It may also hold example business scenarios, sample windows, reports for the
better understanding. Other technical documentation like entity diagrams, data dictionary will
also be produced in this phase. The documents for system testing is prepared in this phase.
3. Architecture Design:
This phase can also be called as high-level design. The baseline in selecting the architecture is
that it should realize all which typically consists of the list of modules, brief functionality of each
module, their interface relationships, dependencies, database tables, architecture
diagrams, technology details etc. The integration testing design is carried out in this phase.
4. Module Design:
This phase can also be called as low-level design. The designed system is broken up in to smaller
units or modules and each of them is explained so that the programmer can start coding directly.
The low level design document or program specifications will contain a detailed functional logic
of the module, in pseudocode - database tables, with all elements, including their type and size -
all interface details with complete API references- all dependency issues- error message listings-
complete input and outputs for a module. The unit test design is developed in this stage.
Spiral Model
History
The spiral model was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article A Spiral Model of Software
Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative
development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration matters. As originally
envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a
design goal and ends with the client (who may be internal) reviewing the progress thus far.
Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the
end goal of the project.
13. [13]
The Spiral Model
The spiral model, also known as the spiral lifecycle model, is a systems development method
(SDM) used in information technology (IT). This model of development combines the features
of the prototyping model and the waterfall model. The spiral model is intended for large,
expensive, and complicated projects.
The steps in the spiral model can be generalized as follows:
1. The new system requirements are defined in as much detail as possible. This usually
involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and
other aspects of the existing system.
2. A preliminary design is created for the new system.
3. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is
usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of
the final product.
4. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: (1) evaluating the first prototype
in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, and risks; (2) defining the requirements of the
second prototype; (3) planning and designing the second prototype; (4) constructing and
testing the second prototype.
5. At the customer's option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great.
Risk factors might involve development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or
any other factor that could, in the customer's judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory
final product.
6. The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype,
and, if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold
procedure outlined above.
7. The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype
represents the final product desired.
8. The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype.
9. The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried out
on a continuing basis to prevent large-scale failures and to minimize downtime.
Advantages
1. Estimates (i.e. budget, schedule, etc.) become more realistic as work progresses, because
important issues are discovered earlier.
14. [14]
2. It is more able to cope with the (nearly inevitable) changes that software development
generally entails.
3. Software engineers (who can get restless with protracted design processes) can get their
hands in and start working on a project earlier.
Disadvantages
1. Highly customized limiting re-usability
2. Applied differently for each application
3. Risk of not meeting budget or schedule
4. Risk of not meeting budget or schedule
15. [15]
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