2. Environmental Degradation
Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the
environment through
Depletion of resources such as air, water and soil;
The destruction of ecosystems;
Habitat destruction;
The extinction of wildlife; and
Pollution
3.
4. Industrial Pollution
Industrial pollution is the release of wastes and
pollutants generated by industrial activities into the
natural environments including air, water, and
land.
Industrial pollution is linked to the degradation of
the natural environment.
5. Contd..
If the processing of waste is a cost prohibitive one, then
the industrialist throws the waste into the environment in
the form of gas, liquid or solid.
The gases are usually released into the atmosphere,
the liquids are discharged into aquatic bodies like
canals, rivers or sea and
solid wastes are either dumped on the land or in aquatic
bodies.
6. Contd…
SLNO INDUSTRY WASTES PRODUCED TYPE OF POLLUTION
1 Caustic Soda Mercury, Chlorine gas Air, water and land
2 Distillery Organic waste Land and water
3 Fertilizers Ammonia, cyanide, Air and water
4 Dye Inorganic waste pigment Land and water
5 Iron and steel Smoke, gases, coal dust, fly ash,
fluorine
Air, water and land
6 Pesticides Organic and inorganic waste Water and land
7 Oil Refineries Smoke, toxic gases, organic waste Air and water
8 Paper and Pulp Smoke, organic waste Air and water
9 Sugar Organic waste, molasses Land and water
10 Textiles Smoke, particulate matter Land and water
11 Tanneries Organic waste Water
12 Thermal power Fly ash, SO2 gas Air and water
13 Nuclear power station Radioactive wastes Water and land
14 Food processing Alkalies, phenols chromates, organic
wastes
Water and land
7. Types of Industrial Pollution
Air Pollution.
Noise Pollution.
Water Pollution.
Soil Pollution.
Nuclear Pollution
8. Types of Industrial Pollution
Air Pollution
Air pollution occurs when different toxic gases like
Sulpher Di Oxide, carbon Di Oxide, Nitrogen Di
Oxide etc. get emitted from different industries and
mix with atmosphere and cause environmental
hazard.
9. Water Pollution
Water pollution is caused by emission of domestic or
urban sewage, agricultural waste, and industrial effluents
into water bodies.
Nowadays, one of the main sources of water pollution is
the waste material discharged by industrial units, known
as industrial water pollution.
10. Soil Pollution
Large quantity of solid wastes like unused and
rejected chemicals (calcium carbonate, magnesium
sulphate, fly ashes & bottles) unwanted industrial
wastes generated (rejection, plastic or wooden
solids) are dumped over on the surface of soil by
almost all industries with difference in degree.
11. Noise Pollution
Industrial noise is usually considered mainly from the
point of view of environmental health and safety, rather
than nuisance, as sustained exposure can cause permanent
hearing damage and raises systolic blood pressure.
12. Nuclear Pollution
It is a new form of Industrial pollution which has
been seen in the recent centuries.
Nuclear pollution takes place in the form of
radioactivity evolved from radioactive wastes from
nuclear reactors. Like, Nuclear Bomb, War etc.
13. Industrial wastes
Broadly the industrial wastes may be divided into
two groups:
⮚ Process waste;
⮚ Chemical waste.
14. Process Waste
The waste generated in an industry during washing and
processing of raw materials is known as process waste.
The process waste may be organic or inorganic in nature
depending upon the raw materials used and nature of the
industry.
Both organic and inorganic process wastes are toxic to
living organisms.
15. Chemical Wastes
The chemical substance generated as a by-product
during the preparation of a product is known as
chemical waste product.
The chemical waste include heavy metals and their
ions, detergents, acids and alkalis and various other
toxic substances.
These are usually produced by the industries like
fertilizer factories, paper and pulp industries, iron
and steel industries, distilleries, sugar mills etc.
These are usually liberated into nearby water bodies like
rivers, lakes and seas and sometimes into lands
16. Industrial Pollution Impact
Industrial pollution has great impact on the ecological
balance of the atmosphere along with biological impacts
in this planet.
Some of it are given bellow.
Ecological impacts
Biological Impacts
17. Ecological Impacts
Loss of fertility of soil
Decreases the level of dissolved oxygen
Acid Rain
Global warming
Environmental hazards
18. Biological Impacts:
Endangers flora and fauna
Cause water borne diseases
Skin Cancer on human beings
Respiratory diseases
19. Control of Industrial Pollution
1. Control at Source:
2. Selection of Industry Site
3. Treatment of Industrial Waste
4. Plantation
5. Stringent Government Action
6. Assessment of the Environmental Impacts
7. Strict Implementation of Environmental Protection
Act
20. Managing industrial pollution-
Solid Wastes
Depending upon the characteristics of the wastes,
different types of disposal methods can be used for
hazardous and non-hazardous industrial wastes.
The most predominant and widely practiced methods for
wastes disposal are
a. Landfill
b. Incineration
c. Composting.
21. a. Land Fill
A landfill site, also known as a tip, dump, rubbish
dump, garbage dump, or dumping ground, is a site for the
disposal of waste materials.
Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste
disposal
22. b. Incineration
Incineration is the process of burning hazardous materials
at temperatures high enough to destroy contaminants.
23. c. Composting
Composting is an aerobic method of decomposing organic
solid wastes. It can therefore be used to recycle organic
material.
The process involves decomposing organic material into a
humus-like material, known as compost, which is a good
fertilizer for plants.
25. Air Pollution Management
Airborne particles can be removed from a polluted
airstream by a variety of physical processes.
Common types of equipment for collecting fine
particulates include cyclone separators , scrubbers,
electrostatic precipitators, and bag house filters.
The biological treatment of air pollution depends on
aerobic microorganisms--mostly mesophilic bacteria--that
feed on both organic and inorganic compounds in the
waste gas.
There are two main types of biological treatment
technologies: Biofilter and Bioscrubber.
26. Electronic waste management
Electronic-waste is created when an electronic product is
discarded after the end of its useful life.
27. TOXIC CONSTITUENTS
COMPONENTS CONSTITUENTS
Printed circuit boards Lead and cadmium
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) Lead oxide and Cadmium
Switches & flat screen monitors Mercury
Capacitors and transformers Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls
Computer batteries Cadmium
Cable insulation/coating PVC
Printed circuit boards, plastic Brominated flame retardant
28. Effect Of E-Waste on Humans and
Environment
These practices can expose workers to high levels of
contaminants such as Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and
Arsenic, which can lead to irreversible health effects,
including cancers, miscarriages, neurological damage .
When E-waste gets buried at a landfill, it can dissolve in
microscopic traces into the gross sludge that permeates at
the landfill causing leaching.
Leaching poisons nearby water.
29. The solder present on the motherboard of computers and
TV contain high levels of Lead.
Even the glass panels of computer monitors and of
course, the lead batteries contaminate air, water, and soil.
In addition, they distort the process of brain
development, while posing danger to central nervous
system and kidneys.
Other than lead, motherboards also have high levels of
Mercury.
30. The cables and PVC panels as well as glass, causes
breathing difficulty, immune system etc.
The motherboard circuits can cause lung cancer when
you breathe air polluted by the fumes released when the
motherboard elements react and create Beryllium.
It is also responsible for skin diseases, including warts
and certain forms of dangerous allergies.
31. Treating E-Waste
The two methods for proper treatment of e-waste are
recycling and refurbishing.
For recycling, there may be products that cannot be
recycled completely.
PVC layers, for example, stay as such for ages and
cannot be recycled.
If electronics are refurbished, they can be sold again at a
lower price.
32. Waste Management
Disposal of waste or the management of wastes is an
uphill task for any governments and organizations.
Bhopal tragedy in 1984 led the Government of India to
review the practices in waste management.
Enactment of Environment Protection Act 1986 was one
of the outcomes of Bhopal tragedy.
33. Types of Wastes
i. Domestic Source-Garbage
ii. Agricultural Source- Agricultural Residues, fertilizers &
pesticides
iii. Construction sites- Debris and Unused Material
iv. Power Stations- Fly ash
v. Industry- Both Hazardous and Non-hazardous materials
vi. Radio active wastes from nuclear installations
vii. Mining and Quarrying
viii. Sewage Sludge
ix. Bio-Medical wastes
34. Integrated System for Waste
Management
Agenda 21 addressed the problem of waste management
stating that proper management of wastes is among the
major environmental issues for maintaining the quality of
earth.
Accordingly waste management is done through the
following systems.
i. Minimum production of wastes
ii. Maximizing reuse of waste and recycling
iii. Promoting environmentally sound waste and recycling
iv. Extending waste management services
35. Waste Management
Best method of waste treatment - recovery and
recycling the wastes
⮚ Ensures conservation of the environmental
resources
⮚ Reduces the cost of production
⮚ Creates opportunity for employment
⮚ Eliminates the load of pollution
36. Waste Hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse
and recycle, which classify waste management
strategies according to their desirability in terms of
waste minimization.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the
maximum practical benefits from products and to
generate the minimum amount of waste.
38. 1. Reduce
Waste reduction is anything that reduces waste by using
less material in the first place.
Reducing waste can be as simple as using both sides of a
sheet of paper, using ceramic mugs instead of disposable
cups, or buying in bulk rather than individually packaged
items.
39.
40. 2.Re-use
a) Biological reprocessing
Recoverable materials that are organic in nature,
such as plant material, food scraps, and paper
products, can be recovered through composting and
digestion processes to decompose the organic matter.
The resulting organic material is then recycled as
mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping
purposes.
In addition, waste gas from the process (such as
methane) can be captured and used for generating
electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximising
efficiencies.
41. b) Energy recovery
Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-
recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or
fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion,
gasification, pyrolyzation, anaerobic digestion, and
landfill gas recovery.
This process is often called waste-to-energy.
Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous
waste management hierarchy.
42. Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the heating of an organic material, such as
biomass, in the absence of oxygen.
The pyrolysis process is the thermal decomposition of
materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere.
43. Gasification
Gasification is a unique process that transforms a carbon-
based material, such as MSW or biomass, into other forms
of energy without actually burning it.
Instead, gasification converts the solid and liquid waste
materials into a gas through a chemical reaction.
44. Industrially Recovered from Waste
⮚ Potassium from distillery waste
⮚ Vitamin b-12 from sewage waste
⮚ Pharmaceutical ingredients like tocopherol, phytin and
lecithin from rice bran
⮚ Sodium silicate from paddy husk
⮚ Bromelain from pine-apple waste
⮚ Saw dust - waste from timber industry - utilized in
manufacturing active carbon and molding powder
⮚ Fly ash - waste from thermal power station - utilized in
manufacturing fly ash brick and pozzolanic cement
45. 3.Recycle
Recycling has been a common practice for most of
human histroy, with recorded advocates as far back as
Plato in 400 BC.
In pre-industrial times, there is evidence of scrap bronze
and other metals being collected in Europe and melted
down for perpetual reuse.
The growing steel and automobile industries purchased
scrap in the early twentieth century.
46. Wartime Recycling : Resources shortages caused by the
world wars, and other such war- changing occurrences
greatly encouraged recycling.
Post- war recycling : The next big investment in
recycling occurred in 1970’s, due to rising energy costs.
Government- mandated demand : Legislation has also
been used to increase and maintain a demand for
recycled materials.
Four methods of such legislation exist: - Minimum
recycled content mandates, Utilization rates,
Procurement policies and Recycled product labelling.
47. Steps in Recycling
Waste brought to a collection center
Then sorted
Cleaned and
Reprocessed into new material
48. Developing Recycling
Technologies
Recycling involves processing used or unwanted
materials (waste) into new products
It helps -
⮚ To prevent waste of useful material
⮚ Reduce the consumption of fresh raw material
⮚ Reduce energy usage
⮚ Reduce air pollution
⮚ Reduce water pollution
⮚ Reduce the need of conventional waste disposal (land
filling)
⮚ Lower greenhouse gas emissions
49. TYPES OF RECYCLING
Closed loop recycling
Up cycling
Down cycling
Use of salvage of certain materials
50. Closed Loop Recycling
• Closed Loop Recycling normally means, that a
company manufactures a product, customers buy
the product and then return it at the end of its useful
life.
• The company then recycles all the materials back
into the same product, ready for resale.
• No new raw materials are used in this process. This
is a closed system.
• Eg. PET (polyethylene terephthalate) soft drinks
bottle
51. Up cycling
When a product comes to the end of its life cycle, it
is dismantled and its components / parts are reused
to produce high quality products, often a higher
quality than the original product.
For example, reclaimed plastic drainage tubing can
be reworked to produce ‘funky’ storage units
52. Down cycling
Materials and components that are reclaimed from
discarded products, are recycled into lower quality
products
Eg. Plastics, paper etc
53. Use of salvage of certain
materials
Another form of recycling is the use of salvage of
certain materials from complex products either
due to their intrinsic value or due to their
hazardous nature
Eg. Lead from car batteries, reuse of mercury
from various items
54. Categories of Waste Collection
Methods
The three main categories of collection are
1. Drop-off centers
2. Buy-back centers
3. Curbside collection
55. Drop-off centers
Drop-off centers are the collection centers in which
the waste producer to carry the products to be
recycled to a central location, either an installed or
mobile collection station or the reprocessing plant
itself.
56. Buy-back centers
Buy-back centers are facilities that pay a fee to waste
collectors for the delivery of recyclables in the areas
which they operate.
The post-processed material can then be sold on,
hopefully creating a profit.
Unfortunately government subsidies are necessary to
make buy-back centers a viable enterprise
58. Curbside Collection
Curbside Collection encompasses many subtly
different systems, which differ mostly on where in
the process the recyclates are sorted and cleaned.
A waste collection vehicle generally picks up the
waste, mixed in with the rest of the waste, and the
desired material is then sorted out and cleaned at a
central sorting facility.
The main categories are : - mixed waste collection,
commingled or single stream system recyclables and
source separation.
59. Various Waste Disposal
Problems
• Production of too much waste: According to the World Bank
report, the average global municipal solid waste (MSW)
generation per person on daily basis is about 1.2 kg and the
figure is expected to rise up to 1.5 kg by 2025.
• Most of the waste is toxic: contain toxic chemicals, such as
Bisphenol-A (BPA) – often present in plastic toys -
approximately 40% of the waste is plastic which is never
biodegradable
• Landfills are a problem as well: Most landfills lack proper
on-site waste management thereby contributing to additional
threats to the environment.
• Regulations are based on vested interests: Industry officials
collaborate with vested interest regulators thereby creating a
big problem in the effective regulation of waste disposal.
60. Contd..
• Reliance of dying technologies to reduce and recycle
waste: Waste disposal and management facilities as well
as state resources have continued to rely on myopic and
quickie solutions instead of developing effective recycling
and waste reduction programs.
• Some of the technologies marked as “green” are not
true in actual sense: Burning waste to produce energy is
considered green because it does not involve the use fossil
fuel, but it still releases toxic materials into the
environment
61. Waste Disposal Solutions
Eco-responsibility – “Reduce, Re-use, Recycle”
Effective waste disposal and management
Control and monitoring of land filling and fly-tipping
activities.
Waste Diversion Plans
Improvements of thermal waste treatment
Polluter pays principle and eco-product responsibility
62. What is Development?
• Development is the gradual growth of a
situation that becomes more advanced and
strong than previous one
• Development is intended to bring a positive
change for human being and its surroundings.
• Development may take place by bringing
about a change in policy, projects and
legislation.
63. Sustainable Development
• Brundtland commission definition - “ meeting the
needs of the present generation without
compromising the needs of future generation.”
• The term “sustainable development” first came to
prominence in the World Conservation Strategy
(WCS) in 1980.
• It achieved a new status with the publication of two
significant reports by Brundtalnd on: North and
South: a programme for survival and common crisis
(1985)
64. Sustainable Development
• Gro Harlem Brundtland first introduced the
concept of sustainable development in 1987.
• He was then the Prime Minister of Norway
and chairman of the World Commission on
Environment and Development.
66. Weak & Strong Sustainability
• Although related subjects, sustainable
development and sustainability are different
concepts.
• Weak sustainability is characterised by a
non-declining combined stock of capital and
assumes that man-made capital can be
replaced with natural capital.
• Strong sustainability gives priority to the
preservation of ecological goods, and
functioning of ecosystems.
67. Contd….
• Weak sustainability, based on the work of
neoclassical economists Robert Solow and John
Hartwick, suggest that sustainability is based on
the aggregate stock of man-made and natural
capital, i.e. that there is a certain amount of
substitutability between man-made and natural
capital.
• Proponents of “strong” sustainability insist that
natural capital cannot be substituted with other
forms of capital.
68. Evolution of SD Concept
1) 1972 Stockholm Conference on the
Human Environment
• The landmark event in the evolution of the
concept of sustainable development convened
by the United Nations
• The report of the World Commission on
Environment and Development
(WCED),
69. Contd….
2) Our Common Future and the 1992 United
Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) or Rio Earth Summit
• The many activities between successive
landmark events sought to build on the outcome
of the previous event, to clarify issues, and to
provide inputs into the preparatory process of
the following events.
70. Contd….
• 3) Commission on Sustainable Development
The UN established the Commission on
Sustainable Development (CSD) in December
1992
• To ensure an effective follow-up of UNCED and to
monitor and report on the implementation of the
Earth Summit agreements at the local, national,
regional, and international levels
71. Contd
4) (Rio+5) Special Session of the General
Assembly
• Held on June 1997, adopted a comprehensive
programe for further implementation of Agenda
21 as well as the work program of the CSD for
1997- 2002.
5) The Kyoto Protocol
• Adopted in December 1997 and the Conferences
of the Parties (COPs), held over the years, have
made some advances relating to clarification of
various aspects of financing and implementing
sustainable development globally.
72. Objectives of Sustainable
Development
• Maximizing the probability of achieving
sustainable development.
• Minimizing the chances of environmental
degradation
79. Principles Of Sustainable
Development
• The Manitoba Round Table on Environment
and Economy promotes the following
Principles and Guidelines of Sustainable
Development.
1. Integration of environmental and economic
decisions
2. Environmental stewardship
3. Shared Responsibility
80. Contd….
4. Prevention
5. Conservation
6. Waste Minimization
7. Enhancement
8. Rehabilitation and reclamation
9. Scientific and technological innovation
10. Global Responsibility
81. Guidelines Of Sustainable
Development
1. Efficient use of resources
2. Public participation
3. Understanding and respect
4. Access to adequate information
5. Integrated decision making and planning
6. Substitution
82. Key Issues identified in
Brundtland report
• The report recommended urgent action on eight key
issues to ensure that development was sustainable -
Population and Human Resources
Industry
Food Security
Species and Ecosystems
The Urban Challenge
Managing the Commons
Energy
Conflict and Environmental Degradation
83. Brundtland Report - Strategy for
Sustainable Development
The Brundtland report suggest threefold strategy for
meeting the challenges of sustainable development:
1. Build on the positive links: polices of growth -
efficient use of resources
2. Break the negative links: effective environment
policies and institutions are essential
3. Clarify and manage the uncertain links: adoption of
precautionary measures where uncertainties are
great
84. Environment Impact Statement
(EIS)
All projects on government land or project funded
by government to be examined from the point of
view of their impact on the environment
In USA, the national environment policy act 1969
makes it a requirement for project to receive EIS
Both short and long term impact is assessed
In other countries called Environment Impact
Assessment (EIA)
85. Steps in EIA
1. Screening often results in a categorization of the project and from
this a decision is made on whether or not a full EIA is to be
carried out.
2. Scoping is the process of determining which are the most critical
issues to study and will involve community participation to some
degree. It is at this early stage that EIA can most strongly
influence the outline proposal.
3. Detailed prediction and mitigation studies follow scoping and
are carried out in parallel with feasibility studies.
4. The main output report is called an Environmental Impact
Statement, and contains a detailed plan for managing and
monitoring environmental impacts both during and after
implementation.
5. Finally, an audit of the EIA process is carried out some time after
implementation. The audit serves a useful feedback and learning
function.
86. EIA Layout
An EIS/EIA typically has four sections:
1. An Introduction including a statement of the Purpose
and Need of the Proposed Action.
2. A description of the Affected Environment.
3. A Range of Alternatives to the proposed action.
Alternatives are considered the "heart" of the EIS.
4. An analysis of the environmental impacts of each of
the possible alternatives
87. Additional Documents with
EIS
• Financial Plan for the proposed action identifying the
sources of secured funding for the action
• An Environmental Mitigation Plan is often requested by
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) if substantial
environmental impacts are expected from the preferred
alternative.
• Additional documentation to comply with state and local
environmental policy laws and secure required federal,
state, and local permits before the action can proceed.
88.
89. ISO (International Organization
for Standardization)
• ISO is an independent, non-governmental international
organization with a membership of 162 national
standards bodies.
• Through its members, it brings together experts to share
knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-based,
market relevant International Standards that support
innovation and provide solutions to global challenges.
• It give world-class specifications for products, services
and systems, to ensure quality, safety and efficiency.
90. • Founded on 23 February 1947, the
organization promotes worldwide proprietary,
industrial and commercial standards.
• ISO has published 21862 International
Standards and related documents, covering
almost every industry, from technology, to
food safety, to agriculture and healthcare
Contd
91.
92. Committees
• CSC/FIN-Council Standing Committee Finance
• CPAG- Commercial Policy Advisory Group
• ITSAG-Information Technology Advisory Group
• CASCO- Committee on Conformity Assessment
• COPOLC-Committee on Consumer Policy
• DEVCO- Committee to support Developing
Countries
93. Structure
• The General Assembly is the overarching organ
and ultimate authority of the Organization.
• It is an annual meeting attended by our members and
our Principal Officers.
• The ISO Council is the core governance body of
the Organization and reports to the General
Assembly.
• It meets three times a year and is made up of 20
member bodies, the ISO Officers and the Chairs of
the Policy Development Committees CASCO,
COPOLCO and DEVCO.
94. Contd…
• The management of the technical work is
taken care of by the Technical Management
Board (TMB), which reports to Council.
• This body is also responsible for the technical
committees that lead standard development
and any strategic advisory boards created on
technical matters.
95. WHAT IS ISO CERTIFICATION?
• ISO management standards are a series of
frameworks that help to run the business
effectively.
• ISO certification is proof that the organisation
comply with an ISO management standard.
• ISO certification gives the organisation
credibility.
96. ISO 14000
• ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management
standards developed and published by the International
Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) for
organizations.
• The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or
framework for organizations that need to systematize and
improve their environmental management efforts.
• The ISO 14000 standards are not designed to aid the
enforcement of environmental laws and do not regulate
the environmental activities of organizations.
• Adherence to these standards is voluntary.
97. Contd…
• ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to
environmental management that exists to help
organizations
• minimize how their operations (processes, etc.)
negatively affect the environment
• comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other
environmentally oriented requirements; and
• continually improve in the above.
• The current version of ISO 14001 is ISO
14001:2015 which was published in September
2015.
98. History of ISO 14000
• ISO 14000 series emerged primarily as a result of the Uruguay round of
the GATT negotiations and the Rio Summit on the environment held in
1992.
• In 1996, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
created the ISO 14000 family of standards.
• The series includes the ISO 14001 standard, which provides
guidelines for the establishment or improvement of an EMS.
• ISO 14001 underwent revision in 2004.
• The current revision of ISO 14001 was published in September
2015.
• Companies can implement any or all of the ISO 14000 series
standards.
99. Facts behind ISO 14000
• They must result in better environmental management
• They must be applicable in all nations
• They should be cost effective, non prescriptive and
flexible
• As part of their flexibility, they should be suitable for
internal or external verification
• They should be scientifically based
• They should be practical useful and useable
100. ISO 14000 Steps/Principles/Strategy
(PDCA)
• Commitment and Policy Principle 1: An organization should focus
on what needs to be done -- it should ensure commitment to the
environmental management system and define its policy.
• Planning (PLAN) Principle 2: An organization should formulate
a plan to fulfill its environmental policy.
• Implementation (DO) Principle 3: For effective implementation an
organization should develop the capabilities and support
mechanisms necessary to achieve its environmental policy,
objectives, and targets.
• Measurement and Evaluation (CHECK) Principle 4: An
organization should measure, monitor, and evaluate its environmental
performance.
• Review and Improvement (ACT) Principle 5: An organization
should review and continually improve its environmental management
system, with the objective of improving its overall environmental
performance.
102. ISO 14000 standards "Organization"
and "Product" oriented
• The ISO 14000 series fall into two
major groupings:
• Organization-oriented
• Product-oriented
103. Aspects ISO 14000 Series
• Environmental Management Systems (EMS): ISO
14001–04
• Environmental Auditing & Related Investigations
(EA&RI): ISO 14010–14012
• Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE): ISO
14031
• Environmental Labels and Declarations (EL):
ISO 14020–14024
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): ISO 14040–14043
• Terms and Definitions (T&D)
104. Why ISO 14000?
• Reduces environmental liability
• Enhances public image and reputation
• Assures customers
• Satisfies investor criteria
• Meets clients’ registration requirement
• Improves industry-government relations
• Eliminating waste and inefficiency
105. Advantage of ISO Certification
• Improved corporate image
• Competitive advantage in market positioning
• Improved seconds in case of litigation
• Improves traceability to root causes of quality
problems
• Independent, impartial and professional verification
• Clearly defines responsibilities and authorities
106. ISO 14001
• The ISO 14001 standard is the most important standard
within the ISO 14000 series.
• ISO 14001 specifies the requirements of an
environmental management system (EMS) for small to
large organizations.
• An EMS is a systemic approach to handling
environmental issues within an organization.
• The ISO 14001 standard is based on the Plan-Check-Do-
Review-Improve cycle.
• ISO 14001 requires an environment policy to be in
existence with in the organization, fully supported by
senior management
107. Contd…
• It maps out a framework that a company or
organization can follow to set up an effective
environmental management system.
• It can be used by any organization regardless of its
activity or sector.
• Using ISO 14001:2015 can provide assurance to
company management and employees as well as
external stakeholders that environmental impact is
being measured and improved.
108. Basel Convention
• In the late 1980s, a tightening of environmental
regulations in industrialized countries led to a
dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous waste
disposal.
• Searching for cheaper ways to get rid of the
wastes, “toxic traders” began shipping hazardous
waste to Developing Countries and to Eastern
Europe.
• When this activity was revealed, international
outrage led to the drafting and adoption of the
Basel Convention.
109. Overview of the Basel Convention
• The Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as
the Basel Convention.
• An international treaty on “the control of
transboundary movements of hazardous
wastes and on their disposal”.
• It does not, however, address the movement of
radioactive waste.
110. Contd….
• Adopted in 1989, entered into force in 1992.
• Basel Convention was designed to reduce the
movements of hazardous waste between
nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of
hazardous waste from developed to less
developed countries (LDCs).
• Status of Participation: 187 Parties
111. Overall goal
• “To protect, by strict control, human health and
the environment against the adverse effects
which may result from the generation and
management of hazardous wastes and other
wastes. ”
112. Objectives
• To reduce transboundary movements of
hazardous waste to a minimum consistent
with their environmentally sound
management;
• To dispose hazardous wastes as close as
possible to their source of generation;
• To minimize the generation of hazardous
waste in terms of quantity and hazardousness.
113. Definition of Hazardous Waste
• A waste falls under the scope of the Convention if it
is within the category of wastes listed in Annex I of
the Convention and it exhibits one of the hazardous
characteristics contained in Annex III.
• In other words, it must both be listed and possess
a characteristic such as being explosive,
flammable, toxic, or corrosive.
114. What makes a waste hazardous?
Different shapes and forms
> liquids, solids, contained gases, sludge, etc.
4 main characteristics of hazardous wastes
IGNITABILITY
CORROSIVITY TOXICITY
REACTIVITY
115. 4 main characteristics of hazardous
wastes
• Ignitability. Ignitable wastes can create fires
under certain conditions or are spontaneously
combustible. Examples include waste oils and
used solvents.
• Corrosivity. Corrosive wastes are acids or
bases that are capable of corroding metal, like
storage tanks, containers, drums, and barrels.
Battery acid is a good example.
116. Contd…
• Reactivity. Reactive wastes are unstable under
“normal” conditions. They can cause explosions,
toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when mixed with
water. Examples include lithium-sulfur batteries
and explosives.
• Toxicity. Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when
ingested or absorbed. When toxic wastes are
disposed of on land, contaminated liquid may
drain from the waste and pollute ground water.
Certain chemical wastes and heavy metals are
examples of potential toxic wastes.
117. Milestones of Convention
• Framework for controlling transboundary
movements of hazardous wastes;
• Control system (based on prior written
notification);
• Developed criteria for “Environmentally
Sound Management” (ESM).
• Partnerships to increase co-operation and
strategic alliances;
118. Contd….
• Environmentally sound management and
active promotion and use of cleaner
technologies and production methods
• Further reduction of the movement of
hazardous and other wastes
• Prevention and monitoring of illegal traffic
• Improvement of institutional and technical
capabilities especially for developing and
Economies In Transition (EIT) countries
• Further development of regional and sub-
regional centres for training and technology
transfer.
119. Main Bodies of Basel Convention
• Conference of the Parties (COP)
• Basel Secretariat
• National Focal Point
• National Competent Authority
• Basel Convention Regional Centers (BCRCs)
120. Affiliated Instruments
• Basel Ban: Amendment on the control of
transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and
their disposal.
• Liability Protocol: Basel Protocol on liability
and compensation for damage resulting from
transboundary movements of hazardous waste and
their disposal.
• Environmentally Sound Management: means
taking all practical steps to minimize the generation
of hazardous wastes and strictly controlling its
storage, transport, treatment, reuse, recycling,
recovery and final disposal, the purpose of which is
to protect human health and the environment.
121. Environment Management
System (EMS)
• EMS is a systematic approach to dealing with the
environment aspects of an organization
• It is a tool that enables an organization of any size or
type to control the impact of its activities, products or
servicing on natural environment
• EMS is "a system and database which integrates
procedures and processes for training of personnel,
monitoring, summarizing, and reporting of specialized
environmental performance information to internal and
external stakeholders of a firm."
122. Goals of EMS
• The goals of EMS are to increase compliance and reduce
waste:
• Compliance is the act of reaching and maintaining
minimal legal standards. By not being compliance,
companies may face fines, government intervention or
may not be able to operate.
• Waste reduction goes beyond compliance to reduce
environmental impact. The EMS helps to develop,
implement, manage, coordinate and monitor
environmental policies. Waste reduction begins at the
design phase through pollution prevention and waste
minimization. At the end of the life cycle, waste is
reduced by recycling.
123. Features of EMS
• Served as a tool, or process, to improve
environmental performance and information mainly
"design, pollution control and waste minimization,
training, reporting to top management, and the
setting of goals
• Provides a systematic way of managing an
organization’s environmental affairs
• Is the aspect of the organization’s overall
management structure that addresses immediate and
long-term impacts of its products, services and
processes on the environment.
124. Contd…
• Gives order and consistency for organizations to address
environmental concerns through the allocation of
resources, assignment of responsibility and ongoing
evaluation of practices, procedures and processes
• Creates environmental buy-in from management and
employees and assigns accountability and responsibility.
• Sets framework for training to achieve objectives and
desired performance
• Helps understand legislative requirements to better
determine a product or service's impact, significance,
priorities and objectives
125. Contd…
• Focuses on continual improvement of the system
and a way to implement policies and objectives to
meet a desired result. This also helps with reviewing
and auditing the EMS to find future opportunities
• Encourages contractors and suppliers to establish
their own EMS
• Facilitates e-reporting to federal, state and provincial
government environmental agencies through direct
upload
126. EMS Model
• An EMS follows a Plan-Do-Check-Act, or PDCA,
Cycle.
• It includes the process of first developing an
environmental policy, planning the EMS, and then
implementing it.
• The process also includes checking the system and acting
on it.
• The model is continuous because an EMS is a process of
continual improvement in which an organization is
constantly reviewing and revising the system.
• This is a model that can be used by a wide range of
organizations — from manufacturing facilities to service
industries to government agencies.
127. Eco-friendly Manufacturing &
Packaging
• Earth friendly / environment friendly
• The products that contribute to green living or
practice that help conserve resources like water and
energy.
• Eco-friendly / environmentally friendly, are
sustainability and marketing terms referring to goods
and services, laws, guidelines and policies that claim
reduced, minimal, or no harm upon ecosystems or
the environment.
128. ECO FRIENDLY
MANUFACTURING
Protects the planet from exploitation and conserves natural resources.
Products are made from sustainable materials , while waste is reduced
through manufacturing, reuse and recycle.
Being eco-friendly can reduce a business' costs through reduced
energy use.
Zero Environmental pollution in manufacturing sectors.
The environmental health and safety, engineers make sure that
factories adhere to environmental regulations through factory
inspections.
These eco-friendly manufacturing processes help factories produce
goods using the most environmentally friendly method possible.
An eco-friendly process is dependent on how and what a factory
produces.
129. Steps in Eco-friendly
Manufacturing Process
• Energy Audit : Conduct an energy audit to find where
improvements can are necessary
• Renewable Energy : Use renewable energy. Renewable energy
is energy generated from resources that are replenished
naturally, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, biomass and
geothermal heat.
• Waste Reduction : Make use of leftovers, dispose of them
properly or remove them from your manufacturing process
altogether.
• Conserve Water : Implement a water-efficiency program to
conserve water and to save money on buying, heating, treating
and disposing of water.
• Other considerations : “Eco-friendly" products are made of
environmentally-friendly materials, including recycled
materials or "rapid renewables,"
130. Environmentally Friendly
Packaging
• Environmentally friendly packaging definition: “Eco-
friendly packaging is easily recycled, and is safe for
individuals and the environment.
• It makes use of renewable energy, and uses as much
renewable or recycled materials as possible.
• It is also known as green packaging, or sustainable
packaging
131. Contd..
One of the most common disposable items in a landfill is a
product’s packaging.
Harmful items to dispose in a landfill.
Using recyclable packaging can be reused to create new items.
Recycling product packaging can also save you money from
buying new products such as reusing plastic bottles.
Eco packaging causes less damage to the environment than
other types of packaging due to falling in to one of 3 possible
categories:
1. It can be reused
2. It can be recycled
3. It’s biodegradable
132. Eco-labels
• Eco-labels and Green Stickers are labeling systems for
food and consumer products.
• Eco-labels are voluntary, but green stickers are mandated
by law(e.g. using energy star in major appliances and
automobiles).
• Some labels quantify pollution or energy consumption by
way of index scores or units of measurement
• While others assert compliance with a set of practices or
minimum requirements for sustainability or reduction of
harm to the environment.
• Eco-labeling systems exist for both food and consumer
products.
134. Zero Carbon Cities
• A zero-carbon city runs entirely on renewable energy;
• It has no carbon footprint and will in this respect not
cause harm to the planet.
• To become a zero carbon city, an established modern
city must collectively reduce emissions of greenhouse
gases to zero and all practices that emit greenhouse
gases must cease.
• Also, renewable energy must supersede other non-
renewable energy sources and become the sole source of
energy, so a zero-carbon city is a renewable-energy-
economy city.
135. • Cities are currently both climate-culprit and
climate-victim.
• They are responsible for 70 percent of global
energy-related greenhouse gas emissions and
65 percent of global energy demand; they
account for more than three-quarters of
electricity use by 2030.
• But cities also can become climate-solvers,
they can be zero carbon
136. • Most cities throughout the world produce
energy by burning coal, oil and gas,
unintentionally emitting carbon.
• But a Zero-carbon city runs entirely on
renewable energy; it has no carbon footprint
and does not cause harm to the planet.
• There are two places that are prototyped to
become zero-carbon cities: Masdar City, Abu
Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and Dongtan,
China
138. Steps to Zero Carbon City
• Optimize: Make urban energy use more
efficient across all sectors
• Electrify: Switch from fossil fuels to electricity
for all transportation and buildings.
• Decarbonize: Cities should incentivize a
transition to clean.
