This document outlines the typical structure and sections of a thesis or dissertation. It discusses the key parts including preliminaries, text/body, and references. The body typically contains five major sections: introduction, literature review, methodology, results and discussion, and conclusions. Each section is then described in more detail, outlining what they should contain such as the problem statement, objectives, data collection procedures, analysis methods, and more. Sample paragraphs and examples are provided for many of the sections.

1. WRITING THESIS / DISSERTATION

2. Parts
A.Preliminaries
B.Text/Body
C.References

3. B. The Text
Five Major Sections
I.Introduction
II.Review of Related Literature
III.Methodology
IV.Results and Discussion
V.Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Note: In any section, if you’ll mention an idea which is not yours please always rephrase and write your source.

4. I. Introduction
introductory statement about the study
presents a general statement about the study (can be an issue or claim)
presents support about the general statement (organization or beneficiaries can be introduce also)
last paragraph contains either the aims or problems that the study would want to achieve or solve
a. Statement of the Problem
b. Significance of the Study
c. Objectives of the Study
d. Time and Place of the Study
e. Scope and Limitation
f. Definition of Terms

5. Example of introductory statement

6. a. Statement of the Problem
•describes the problems to be investigated
•contains a general problem written in the form of a statement followed by the specific questions or sub- problems

7. Example of statement of problem

8. b. Significance of the Study
•discusses the reasons in conducting the research
•if you have few beneficiaries you can just write it in one or two paragraph (why is it important to conduct the study & all the beneficiaries and how they can benefit from the study)
•but if you have many beneficiaries write the following:
1st paragraph (Why is it important to conduct this study)
2nd paragraph – main beneficiary (organization)
3rd paragraph – secondary beneficiary
4th paragraph – importance to the proponents/researchers
5th paragraph – importance to the future researchers

9. Example of significance of the study

10. c. Objectives of the Study
•includes both the general and specific objectives (must be parallel to your SOP)

11. Example of objectives of the study

12. d. Time and Place of the Study
•includes the period when the study was conducted starting from the preparation of outline, data gathering (preliminary interview & RRL), conduct of survey to writing of the manuscript

13. Example of time and place of the study

14. e. Scope and Limitation
•describes the extent of the study
actual place where the study will only be conducted
duration of the conduct of the study
inclusions of the study (only specific aspect of the study or topic)
limit of the number of respondents
area limit (if applicable)

15. Example of scope and limitation

16. f. Definition of Terms
•key terms or phrases only used in the study
•brief but clear definitions

17. Example of definition of terms

18. Chapter II – Review of Related Literature
•there should have a short introductory statement (could be one paragraph only) that describes what could be seen under this part
Reminders
get facts/ideas from a reliable source (encourage a source with author)
jot down your source for reference writing later
make rephrasing a habit
write only those which are relevant to your study
at the end of each topic, write a paragraph which explains its significance or relevance to your topic

19. Chapter III - Methodology
•discusses how the study was or will be conducted
•there should have a short introductory statement (could be one paragraph only) that describes what could be seen under this part
a. Research Design
b. Sources of Data
c. Data Gathering Procedure
d. Data Analysis
e. Statistical Treatment
f. Research Instrument

20. a. Research Design
•write the type of research methodology you’ll employ with your study (reason out)
•write also the step by step procedure that you are going to do to conduct the research
Descriptive/Qualitative - this type of research methods involve describing in details specific situation using research tools like interviews, surveys, and Observations. It focuses on gathering of mainly verbal data rather than measurements.
Descriptive/Quantitative - this type of research methods requires quantifiable data involving numerical and statistical explanations. Quantitative analysis hinges on researchers understanding the assumptions inherent within different statistical models. It generates numerical data or information that can be converted into numbers. The presentation of data is through tables containing data in the form of numbers and statistics.

21. Correlation/Regression Analysis – this research methodology involves determining the strength of the relationship between two or more variables (e.g. are violent video games correlated with aggression in children).
Quasi-Experimental - this research involves the comparison of two groups, one which is influenced by an external source and another which is not.
Experimental - involves the use of random assignment to place participants in two groups: an experimental group which receives intervention, and another control group without any intervention. It is using a positive control for you to base it or compare it in your result.
Meta-Analysis - this research method is useful for finding out the average impact of several different studies on a hypothesis.

22. b. Sources of Data
•provides information about the respondents / samples
•mention also the description of population (write also the total number of population)
•and write also how much percentage of the population was used as the respondents and mention only what formula did you use in order to get the number of respondents
•indicate also the sampling technique (manner employed in the selection of respondents / samples)

23. Sampling Technique
a. Probability sampling
Simple random sampling - each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process
Systematic sampling - a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame (criteria or reference/sequence of selection)
Stratified sampling - the population embraces a number of distinct categories, the frame can be organized by these categories into separate "strata." Each stratum is then sampled as an independent sub-population, out of which individual elements can be randomly selected.
These various ways of probability sampling have two things in common:
•every element has a known non-zero probability of being sampled; and
•involves random selection at some point.

24. Sampling Technique
b. Non-probability sampling
Quota sampling - the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion.
Accidental sampling - (sometimes known as grab, convenience or opportunity sampling) is a type of nonprobability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand
Panel sampling - the method of first selecting a group of participants through a random sampling method and then asking that group for (potentially the same) information several times over a period of time.

25. c. Data Gathering Procedure
•explains the detailed description of how data used in the study were collected (step by step)

26. d. Data Analysis
•write here how the gathered data were presented and analyzed (usually through tables and graphs or charts)

27. e. Statistical Treatment
•mention and write the statistical method used in conducting the study from identifying the respondents to analyzing of data

28. f. Research Instrument
•describes the instrument (survey questionnaire or interview form, etc.)