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1 
Introduction to 
Physiology 
Lecture 1 
By 
Dr: Nassar Ayoub
Section I WWhhaatt iiss PPhhyyssiioollooggyy?? 
• PPhhyyssiioollooggyy:: bbiioollooggiiccaall sscciieenncceess 
• ddeeaalliinngg wwiitthh tthhee nnoorrmmaall lliiffee pphheennoommeennaa 
2 
eexxhhiibbiitteedd bbyy aallll lliivviinngg oorrggaanniissmmss.. 
• HHuummaann pphhyyssiioollooggyy:: bbaassiicc sscciieenncceess 
• ddeeaalliinngg wwiitthh nnoorrmmaall lliiffee pphheennoommeennaa ooff tthhee 
hhuummaann bbooddyy.. 
• GGooaall ooff pphhyyssiioollooggyy:: 
• eexxppllaaiinn tthhee pphhyyssiiccaall aanndd cchheemmiiccaall ffaaccttoorrss 
tthhaatt aarree rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr tthhee oorriiggiinn,, 
ddeevveellooppmmeenntt aanndd pprrooggrreessssiioonn ooff lliiffee..
3 
Human Physiology 
PPhhyyssiioollooggyy:: ((GGrreeeekk)) TThhee ssttuuddyy ooff nnaattuurree,, tthhee – 
..iinnvvoollvveemmeenntt ooff PPhhyyssiiccss aanndd CChheemmiissttrryy 
TThhee bbaassiiss ffoorr 
PPaatthhoopphhyyssiioollooggyy 
PPhhaarrmmaaccoollooggyy 
IImmmmuunnoollooggyy 
BBiioocchheemmiissttrryy 
MMiiccrroobbiioollooggyy
WWhhyy ddoo wwee ssttuuddyy PPhhyyssiioollooggyy?? 
UUnnddeerrssttaanndd tthhee pphhyyssiioollooggiicc pprriinncciippllee 
uunnddeerrlliiee nnoorrmmaall ffuunnccttiioonn iinn oorrddeerr ttoo 
ccuurree tthhee iimmppaaiirrmmeennttss (( (( ..خخلللل 
4
5 
Different Level of Physiological Research 
Organization of the human body 
Tissues O 
Cells 
Organ 
systems 
rgans 
Organisms 
(Human body)
The integration between systems of the body 
6
Section II Internal Environment and Homeostasis 
11// 
33 
7 
TToottaall bbooddyy wwaatteerr == 6600 %% BBWW 
BBlloooodd PPllaassmmaa 
EExxttrraacceelllluullaarr fflluuiidd 
IInntteerrssttiittiiaall fflluuiidd 
IInnttrraacceelllluullaarr fflluuiidd 
== 4400 %% BBWW 
22//33 
11//55 
44//55
8 
Internal environment 
PPllaassmmaa 
Intracellular 
fluid 
IInntteerrssttiittiiaall fflluuiidd 
Extracellular fluid directly baths body cells 
Internal environment = Extracellular fluid
9 
Extracellular fluids 
Intracellular 
fluid 
22.. PPllaassmmaa 
11.. IInntteerrssttiittiiaall fflluuiidd 
33.. FFlluuiidd ooff ssppeecciiaall ccoommppaarrttmmeennttss:: 
ppeerriiccaarrddiiaall fflluuiidd,, pplleeuurraall fflluuiidd,, cceerreebbrroossppiinnaall fflluu 
iidd
10 
HHoommeeoossttaassiiss 
• Maintenance of Relatively Constant Chemical/Physical 
Conditions ooff tthhee iinntteerrnnaall eennvviirroonnmmeenntt.. 
 CCllaauuddee BBeerrnnaarrdd____ TThhee ffaatthheerr ooff mmooddeerrnn PPhhyyssiioollooggyy 
......TThhee iinntteerrnnaall eennvviirroonnmmeenntt rreemmaaiinnss rreellaattiivveellyy ccoonnssttaanntt 
tthhoouugghh tthheerree aarree cchhaannggeess iinn tthhee eexxtteerrnnaall eennvviirroonnmmeenntt 
 ssttaabbllee ==//== rriiggiiddiittyy,, ccaann vvaarryy wwiitthhiinn nnaarrrrooww lliimmiitt 
((nnoorrmmaall pphhyyssiioollooggiiccaall rraannggee)) 
 TThhee ggoollddeenn ggooaall ooff eevveerryy oorrggaann :: ttoo mmaaiinnttaaiinn 
hhoommeeoossttaassiiss ((ccoonncceepptt ooff RREEGGUULLAATTIIOONN))
NNoorrmmaall PPhhyyssiioollooggiiccaall rraannggeess 
IInn ffaassttiinngg bblloooodd 
AArrtteerriiaall ppHH 77..335--77..445 
BBiiccaarrbboonnaattee 2244--228 mmEEqq//LL 
OO22 ccoonntteenntt 1177..22--2222..00 mmll//110000 mmll 
TToottaall lliippiidd 440000--80000 mmgg//110000 mmll 
GGlluuccoossee 775--111100 mmgg//110000 mmll 
11
Homeostasis  Controls 
•Successful 
compensation 
•Homeostasis 
reestablished 
•Failure to compensate 
•Pathophysiology 
12 
•Illness 
•Death
Section 3 Regulation of the Body Functions 
 Regulation- the ability of an organism to maintain a stable 
internal conditions in a constantly changing environment 
 -Three types: 
13 
1. Chemical (hormonal) Regulation- a regulatory process 
performed by hormone or active chemical substance in blood or 
tissue. 
-It response slowly, acts extensively and lasts for a long time. 
2. Nervous Regulation- a process in which body functions are 
controlled by nerve system 
- Pathway: nerve reflex 
- Types: unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflex
14 
- Example: baroreceptor reflex of arterial blood pressure 
- Characteristics: response fast; acts exactly or locally, last for a 
short time 
3. Autoregulation – a tissue or an organ can directly respond to 
environmental changes that are independent of nervous and 
hormonal control 
Characteristics : 
Amplitude of the regulation is smaller than other two types. 
Extension of the effects is smaller than other two types. 
In the human body these three regulations have coordinated 
and acts as one system, “feedback control system”.
Section 4 Control System 
1. Non-automatic Control 
Open-loop system 
2. Feedback Control 
The word “feedback” means a process in which a part of 
output (feedback signal) from controlled organ returns to 
affect or modify the action of the control system. 
Feedback control mechanism consists of two forms: negative 
and positive feedback control. 
15
NNeeggaattiivvee ffeeeeddbbaacckk 
The ffeeeeddbbaacckk ssiiggnnaallss ffrroomm ccoonnttrroolllleedd 
ssyysstteemm pprroodduucceess eeffffeecctt ooppppoossiittee ttoo tthhee 
aaccttiioonn ooff tthhee ccoonnttrrooll ssyysstteemm.. 
TThhee ooppppoossiittee eeffffeecctt iiss mmaaiinnllyy 
““iinnhhiibbiittoorryy aaccttiioonn””.. 
16
Negative Feedback: Inhibitory. 
Stimulus triggers response to counteract further change in the 
same direction. 
Negative-feedback mechanisms prevent small changes from 
becoming too large. 
17
Importance: 
Maintenance of the homeostasis 
18
PPoossiittiivvee ffeeeeddbbaacckk 
TThhee ffeeeeddbbaacckk ssiiggnnaall oorr oouuttppuutt ffrroomm tthhee 
ccoonnttrroolllleedd ssyysstteemm iinnccrreeaasseess tthhee aaccttiioonn ooff 
tthhee ccoonnttrrooll ssyysstteemm 
EExxaammpplleess:: BBlloooodd cclloottttiinngg,, MMiiccttuurriittiioonn,, 
ddeeffeeccaattiioonn,, NNaa++ iinnffllooww iinn ggeenneessiiss ooff nneerrvvee 
ssiiggnnaallss,, CCoonnttrraaccttiioonn ooff tthhee uutteerruuss dduurriinngg 
cchhiillddbbiirrtthh ((ppaarrttuurriittiioonn)).. 
19
20 
Positive Feedback: Stimulatory. 
Stimulus trigger mechanisms that amplify the 
response and reinforces the stimulus.
Importance: 
1) Enhance the action of original stimulus 
or amplify or reinforce change, promote 
an activity to finish 
2) It is known as a vicious (viSHəs ) circle 
because it can lead to instability or even 
death 
21
3. Feed-forward control 
Concept: a direct effect of stimulus on the 
control system before the action of 
feedback signal occurs. 
Here the direct effect of the stimulus is 
termed disturb signal or interfere signal. 
Example: Shivering before diving into the 
cold water 
22
Significance of Feedback-forward : 
adaptive feedback control. 
makes the human body to foresee and adapt 
the environment promptly(prämptlē) and 
exactly 
(prepare the body for the change). 
23

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Homoestasis

  • 1. 1 Introduction to Physiology Lecture 1 By Dr: Nassar Ayoub
  • 2. Section I WWhhaatt iiss PPhhyyssiioollooggyy?? • PPhhyyssiioollooggyy:: bbiioollooggiiccaall sscciieenncceess • ddeeaalliinngg wwiitthh tthhee nnoorrmmaall lliiffee pphheennoommeennaa 2 eexxhhiibbiitteedd bbyy aallll lliivviinngg oorrggaanniissmmss.. • HHuummaann pphhyyssiioollooggyy:: bbaassiicc sscciieenncceess • ddeeaalliinngg wwiitthh nnoorrmmaall lliiffee pphheennoommeennaa ooff tthhee hhuummaann bbooddyy.. • GGooaall ooff pphhyyssiioollooggyy:: • eexxppllaaiinn tthhee pphhyyssiiccaall aanndd cchheemmiiccaall ffaaccttoorrss tthhaatt aarree rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr tthhee oorriiggiinn,, ddeevveellooppmmeenntt aanndd pprrooggrreessssiioonn ooff lliiffee..
  • 3. 3 Human Physiology PPhhyyssiioollooggyy:: ((GGrreeeekk)) TThhee ssttuuddyy ooff nnaattuurree,, tthhee – ..iinnvvoollvveemmeenntt ooff PPhhyyssiiccss aanndd CChheemmiissttrryy TThhee bbaassiiss ffoorr PPaatthhoopphhyyssiioollooggyy PPhhaarrmmaaccoollooggyy IImmmmuunnoollooggyy BBiioocchheemmiissttrryy MMiiccrroobbiioollooggyy
  • 4. WWhhyy ddoo wwee ssttuuddyy PPhhyyssiioollooggyy?? UUnnddeerrssttaanndd tthhee pphhyyssiioollooggiicc pprriinncciippllee uunnddeerrlliiee nnoorrmmaall ffuunnccttiioonn iinn oorrddeerr ttoo ccuurree tthhee iimmppaaiirrmmeennttss (( (( ..خخلللل 4
  • 5. 5 Different Level of Physiological Research Organization of the human body Tissues O Cells Organ systems rgans Organisms (Human body)
  • 6. The integration between systems of the body 6
  • 7. Section II Internal Environment and Homeostasis 11// 33 7 TToottaall bbooddyy wwaatteerr == 6600 %% BBWW BBlloooodd PPllaassmmaa EExxttrraacceelllluullaarr fflluuiidd IInntteerrssttiittiiaall fflluuiidd IInnttrraacceelllluullaarr fflluuiidd == 4400 %% BBWW 22//33 11//55 44//55
  • 8. 8 Internal environment PPllaassmmaa Intracellular fluid IInntteerrssttiittiiaall fflluuiidd Extracellular fluid directly baths body cells Internal environment = Extracellular fluid
  • 9. 9 Extracellular fluids Intracellular fluid 22.. PPllaassmmaa 11.. IInntteerrssttiittiiaall fflluuiidd 33.. FFlluuiidd ooff ssppeecciiaall ccoommppaarrttmmeennttss:: ppeerriiccaarrddiiaall fflluuiidd,, pplleeuurraall fflluuiidd,, cceerreebbrroossppiinnaall fflluu iidd
  • 10. 10 HHoommeeoossttaassiiss • Maintenance of Relatively Constant Chemical/Physical Conditions ooff tthhee iinntteerrnnaall eennvviirroonnmmeenntt.. CCllaauuddee BBeerrnnaarrdd____ TThhee ffaatthheerr ooff mmooddeerrnn PPhhyyssiioollooggyy ......TThhee iinntteerrnnaall eennvviirroonnmmeenntt rreemmaaiinnss rreellaattiivveellyy ccoonnssttaanntt tthhoouugghh tthheerree aarree cchhaannggeess iinn tthhee eexxtteerrnnaall eennvviirroonnmmeenntt ssttaabbllee ==//== rriiggiiddiittyy,, ccaann vvaarryy wwiitthhiinn nnaarrrrooww lliimmiitt ((nnoorrmmaall pphhyyssiioollooggiiccaall rraannggee)) TThhee ggoollddeenn ggooaall ooff eevveerryy oorrggaann :: ttoo mmaaiinnttaaiinn hhoommeeoossttaassiiss ((ccoonncceepptt ooff RREEGGUULLAATTIIOONN))
  • 11. NNoorrmmaall PPhhyyssiioollooggiiccaall rraannggeess IInn ffaassttiinngg bblloooodd AArrtteerriiaall ppHH 77..335--77..445 BBiiccaarrbboonnaattee 2244--228 mmEEqq//LL OO22 ccoonntteenntt 1177..22--2222..00 mmll//110000 mmll TToottaall lliippiidd 440000--80000 mmgg//110000 mmll GGlluuccoossee 775--111100 mmgg//110000 mmll 11
  • 12. Homeostasis Controls •Successful compensation •Homeostasis reestablished •Failure to compensate •Pathophysiology 12 •Illness •Death
  • 13. Section 3 Regulation of the Body Functions Regulation- the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environment -Three types: 13 1. Chemical (hormonal) Regulation- a regulatory process performed by hormone or active chemical substance in blood or tissue. -It response slowly, acts extensively and lasts for a long time. 2. Nervous Regulation- a process in which body functions are controlled by nerve system - Pathway: nerve reflex - Types: unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflex
  • 14. 14 - Example: baroreceptor reflex of arterial blood pressure - Characteristics: response fast; acts exactly or locally, last for a short time 3. Autoregulation – a tissue or an organ can directly respond to environmental changes that are independent of nervous and hormonal control Characteristics : Amplitude of the regulation is smaller than other two types. Extension of the effects is smaller than other two types. In the human body these three regulations have coordinated and acts as one system, “feedback control system”.
  • 15. Section 4 Control System 1. Non-automatic Control Open-loop system 2. Feedback Control The word “feedback” means a process in which a part of output (feedback signal) from controlled organ returns to affect or modify the action of the control system. Feedback control mechanism consists of two forms: negative and positive feedback control. 15
  • 16. NNeeggaattiivvee ffeeeeddbbaacckk The ffeeeeddbbaacckk ssiiggnnaallss ffrroomm ccoonnttrroolllleedd ssyysstteemm pprroodduucceess eeffffeecctt ooppppoossiittee ttoo tthhee aaccttiioonn ooff tthhee ccoonnttrrooll ssyysstteemm.. TThhee ooppppoossiittee eeffffeecctt iiss mmaaiinnllyy ““iinnhhiibbiittoorryy aaccttiioonn””.. 16
  • 17. Negative Feedback: Inhibitory. Stimulus triggers response to counteract further change in the same direction. Negative-feedback mechanisms prevent small changes from becoming too large. 17
  • 18. Importance: Maintenance of the homeostasis 18
  • 19. PPoossiittiivvee ffeeeeddbbaacckk TThhee ffeeeeddbbaacckk ssiiggnnaall oorr oouuttppuutt ffrroomm tthhee ccoonnttrroolllleedd ssyysstteemm iinnccrreeaasseess tthhee aaccttiioonn ooff tthhee ccoonnttrrooll ssyysstteemm EExxaammpplleess:: BBlloooodd cclloottttiinngg,, MMiiccttuurriittiioonn,, ddeeffeeccaattiioonn,, NNaa++ iinnffllooww iinn ggeenneessiiss ooff nneerrvvee ssiiggnnaallss,, CCoonnttrraaccttiioonn ooff tthhee uutteerruuss dduurriinngg cchhiillddbbiirrtthh ((ppaarrttuurriittiioonn)).. 19
  • 20. 20 Positive Feedback: Stimulatory. Stimulus trigger mechanisms that amplify the response and reinforces the stimulus.
  • 21. Importance: 1) Enhance the action of original stimulus or amplify or reinforce change, promote an activity to finish 2) It is known as a vicious (viSHəs ) circle because it can lead to instability or even death 21
  • 22. 3. Feed-forward control Concept: a direct effect of stimulus on the control system before the action of feedback signal occurs. Here the direct effect of the stimulus is termed disturb signal or interfere signal. Example: Shivering before diving into the cold water 22
  • 23. Significance of Feedback-forward : adaptive feedback control. makes the human body to foresee and adapt the environment promptly(prämptlē) and exactly (prepare the body for the change). 23