2. Learning Objectives
What is an aneurysm? How may it occur? What is a
dissecting aneurysm?
List possible manifestations of an aneurysm. How can
an aneurysm be treated?
Compare and contrast Raynaud’s disease and
Raynaud’s phenomenon.
3. Aneurysm
An aneurysm is a localized, balloon-like swelling in the
wall of an artery.
caused by weakening of the arterial wall. Aneurysm
may occur in any artery, but the aorta is most
susceptible to aneurysm due to the constantly high
pressure on the walls of that vessel.
4. Cerebral aneurysms may also occur. They are most
frequently located in the circle of Willis
of the cerebral circulation.
5. causes of aneurysm
A leading is cause isatherosclerosis,
The formation of lipid plaques can erode arterial walls
and compromise their integrity.
Aneurysms may also be associated with
hypertension,
vascular infections
the normal aging process.
6. Types of Aneurysms
True aneurysms:
Are Aneurysms that involve all three layers of the
blood vessel wall.
There are other types of arterial distention that may
occur from external injury or trauma.
A dissecting aneurysm :
is a very severe condition in which there is a tear in
the inner layers of the blood vessel (tunica intima
and tunica media) and as a result bleeding occurs in
the space below the adventitia( Walls) of the vessel.
7.
8. Clinical manifestations of aneurysm
Depending upon size and location, aneurysms may be
completely asymptomatic or may be associated with
severe pain.
• Aneurysms in the thoracic aorta most commonly
present with back or neck pain, cough, difficulty
swallowing or compression of the trachea.
9. Clinical manifestations of aneurysm
Aneurysms in the abdominal aorta are often
asymptomatic until they cause pain from compression
on spinal nerves or abdominal organs.
10. Clinical manifestations of aneurysm
Aneurysms of the cerebral arteries often present
with symptoms that are characteristic of increased
intracranial pressure. Stroke can result if the abnormal
blood vessel ruptures and bleeding occurs into the
brain tissue.
11. Treatment of aneurysms
Reduction of blood pressure and blood volume with
appropriate drugs.
Surgical grafting to strengthen arterial walls.
Dissecting aneurysms are acutely life- threatening
and require immediate surgical repair.
12.
13. Vasospastic conditions
Two common vasospastic disorders are
1. Raynaud’s disease.
2. Raynaud’s phenomenon.
These disorders are characterized by vasospasm of
small cutaneous blood vessels in the fingers and toes
14. Raynaud’s disease
is a primary vasospastic disorder whose etiology is
uncertain.
It occurs most frequently in otherwise healthy young
women.
It is often precipitated by strong emotions or
exposure to cold.
15. Raynaud’s phenomenon 1
in contrast, it is a vasospastic condition that occurs
secondarily to other underlying diseases such as:
scleroderma.
Malignancy.
Blood vessel injury due to vibrations (jackhammers)
Prolonged cold exposure (of butchers to low
temperatures, frostbite).
16. Raynaud’s phenomenon 2
Localized vasospasm of arterial walls can acutely
block blood flow to a particular region of tissue
leading to numbness and discoloration.
17. Clinical Manifestations
Severe or prolonged attacks of Raynaud’s disease or
syndrome may result in
cyanosis
ulceration and gangrene of fingers or toes.
18. Treatment of Raynaud’s disease
and Phenomenon
Avoidance of precipitating factors such as cold and
strong emotions.
Vasodilator drugs or calcium channel blockers may be
used to prevent vasoconstriction in Raynaud’s
phenomenon. In severe cases the sympathetic nerves
that innervate the local vasculature may be surgically
severed.
19.
20. Arterial inflammation
Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)
is an inflammatory disorder that can affect the
aorta or peripheral arteries.
It occurs most often in young heavy cigarette smoker
men. The exact etiology of this disorder is uncertain
but it manifests with inflammatory lesions of the
arteries that may result in vasospasm, occlusion and
thrombus formation.
21. Treatment of Burger’s Disease
cessation of smoking
Improve blood flow and reduce vasospasm through
the use of vasodilator drugs.
