Meningitis In Children
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This document summarizes meningitis in children, including the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It most commonly affects infants and children under 5 years old. Bacteria such as pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae are common causes. Signs include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and culture of spinal fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccines can help prevent certain bacterial types. Complications may include neurological deficits if not treated promptly.
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Refer to other reference books for clarity.
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- The highest incidence is between birth and 2 years of age, especially immediately after birth and between 3-8 months. Increased exposure to infections and underlying immune problems increase risk.
- Bacteria enter the meninges through the bloodstream from sites like the ears, sinuses, skull fractures, or pneumonia. Common causes vary by age but include E. coli, Group B Strep, and H. influenzae type b.
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3. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms like blood pressure and swelling through bed rest, fluid management, and medications. Antibiotics may be given if caused by a streptococcal infection.
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- Bronchopneumonia is an inflammatory process involving the lung parenchyma that is primarily spreading inflammation of terminal bronchioles and their related alveoli.
- It is commonly caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Common bacteria include streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus, and haemophilus influenzae.
- Symptoms include fever, respiratory distress, grunting, and retractions of the ribs. Diagnosis involves physical examination, chest x-rays, and laboratory tests.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen supplementation, maintaining hydration and nutrition, and supportive care. Complications can include sepsis, lung abscesses, and respiratory failure. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance and
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This document discusses severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children. It defines SAM and describes its etiology as primarily being due to inadequate dietary intake, though secondary causes like infection can also play a role. The pathophysiology involves a vicious cycle between undernutrition and infection that impacts multiple organ systems. Complications of SAM include hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and electrolyte imbalances. The principles of management outline a 10 step process including stabilization, infection treatment, rehydration, micronutrient supplementation, refeeding, and follow up care. Refeeding syndrome is also discussed as a potential complication.
diabetes mellitus in children
This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
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This document discusses dehydration in pediatrics. It defines dehydration and explains its pathophysiology and types based on severity and fluid/electrolyte loss. Causes of dehydration include diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating, diabetes and burns. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests to check electrolyte levels. Signs and symptoms range from mild thirst to severe complications depending on the percentage of fluid loss. Treatment involves oral or IV fluid replacement depending on severity. Nursing care focuses on monitoring fluid intake and output, providing skin care and educating families on prevention.
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- Risk factors for seizures in infants and children include age under 1 year, fever, infections, preterm birth, and family history of seizures or epilepsy. Causes may be non-recurrent like fever or infections, or recurrent like genetic factors, injuries, or metabolic disorders.
- Diagnosis involves history, exam, blood tests, imaging, and EEG to evaluate for underlying conditions and rule out other causes. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, addressing the underlying cause, and preventing complications and recurrence.
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This presentation focuses on Acute Bacterial Meningitis.
Viral and fungal cause is mentioned but focus is on bacterial meningitis in Pediatrics Patient.
Feel free to correct if there is any error.
Refer to other reference books for clarity.
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This document provides information about meningitis, including what it is, its causes, symptoms, and importance for public health. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other factors. Bacterial meningitis requires urgent antibiotic treatment and can be life-threatening. Common symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and rash. Public education is important for raising awareness of meningitis signs and encouraging timely medical care. Challenges for public health include educating the public and timely reporting, while opportunities include strengthening communication and partnerships.
Cns
Microbial diseases can infect the nervous system through breaks in the skull or backbone, medical procedures, along peripheral nerves, or through the bloodstream. Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium tetani, and Haemophilus influenzae can cause meningitis (inflammation of the meninges) or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) by infecting the cerebrospinal fluid and nervous tissue. Vaccinations exist to help prevent certain types of bacterial meningitis caused by H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and C. tetani. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care
Cns infections Lecture
The document outlines key information about infections of the central nervous system, including various bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal infections that can cause meningitis or encephalitis. It discusses the typical presentation, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of different types of meningitis and how they vary depending on the causative pathogen and patient age.
meninigitis in pediatrics ppt=.pptx
This document provides an overview of meningitis in pediatrics. It discusses the demography and epidemiology, with the highest incidence being in neonates infected during birth. The most common causes vary by age. Clinical features include fever, irritability, and headache. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture to examine CSF. Bacterial causes include pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae. Treatment involves high dose IV antibiotics for 7-14 days. Complications can include seizures, cerebral edema, and death if not treated promptly. Prevention involves vaccination and antibiotic prophylaxis for contacts of cases.
Bacterial meningitis
Bacterial meningitis can be severe and cause long term effects like hearing loss or learning disabilities, while viral meningitis is generally less severe and resolves without treatment. It is important to determine if meningitis is bacterial or viral and, if bacterial, to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection in order to guide treatment and preventative measures. Meningitis is diagnosed through spinal fluid analysis to check for signs of inflammation and look for bacteria. While some forms of bacterial meningitis can be transmitted between people, viruses that cause meningitis are not as contagious.
Meningitis
This document discusses meningitis, specifically focusing on bacterial meningitis. It defines meningitis as an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The most common causes are bacteria and viruses. Bacterial meningitis requires immediate treatment to prevent complications like brain damage, coma, or death. The document outlines the types, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment including antibiotics, and management of bacterial meningitis.
Infectious diseases
This document discusses several infectious diseases, including meningitis, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, mumps, tetanus neonatorum, and pertussis. It describes the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of each disease. Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Encephalitis is usually caused by viruses and may cause seizures, behavioral changes, and neurological deficits. Poliomyelitis is caused by polioviruses and can cause flu-like symptoms or potentially paralysis.
Meningococcal meningitis (dr.yla)
This document provides information on meningococcal meningitis, a potentially deadly bacterial infection. It discusses the causal organism, Neisseria meningitidis, its transmission through respiratory droplets, and symptoms including fever, neck stiffness, and rash. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is important but even so 10-15% of patients may die and 20% may suffer long-term disabilities. Vaccines can help prevent infections from some common strains. During outbreaks, identifying cases, tracing contacts, vaccinating at-risk groups, and communicating findings are important control measures.
Meningococcal meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide. It commonly causes epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and sporadic cases elsewhere. Clinical features include sudden onset of fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis is made by identifying the bacteria in spinal fluid. Antibiotics like penicillin and ceftriaxone are effective treatments but prevention through vaccination is important for controlling outbreaks.
Meningitis
This document discusses meningitis, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Common bacterial causes include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck and confusion. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and examining cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics and managing increased intracranial pressure. Prevention focuses on isolation, chemoprophylaxis for contacts, and vaccination.
5.Meningitis (2).ppt
1. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, while encephalitis is an infection of brain tissue. Meningoencephalitis involves both.
2. Bacterial meningitis is the most common form in developed countries, where Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are leading causes. However, in Africa, N. meningitidis causes most cases and epidemics occur every 7-10 years.
3. Symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, neck stiffness, nausea, and rash. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture to analyze cerebrospinal fluid for signs of infection and inflammation. Treatment depends on the
Meningitis
Overview, Types of meningitis - bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic and non infectious, pathology, clinical presentation, investigations and treatment
#StaySafe: Alert Points for Meningococcal Meningitis
This week, cerebrospinal meningitis is on the news. This disease, which is majorly prevalent during the dry season has been reported to be ravaging five states in the North-West region of Nigeria including- Zamfara, Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina and Niger States.
Management of Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Left untreated, meningitis can lead to brain damage, coma, and death. The most common causes of bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. A thorough history and physical exam are important to identify symptoms such as fever, neck stiffness, altered mental status, and seizures. A lumbar puncture is required to diagnose meningitis by examining cerebrospinal fluid. Aggressive antibiotic treatment is needed to prevent complications from the infection.
Fever with rashes, decribing various types of fever presenting with rash
Fever with rashes presentation
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#StaySafe: Alert Points for Meningococcal Meningitis
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More from Dr Harim Mohsin
Mhid sept 2017
1) A 35-year-old female with mild intellectual disability was referred to the mental health team with complaints of agitation, lack of communication, poor appetite, sleeplessness, bizarre behavior, suspiciousness, and incontinence over the past 5 days.
2) Her history and presentation are reviewed, including previous psychiatric admissions. On examination, she appeared anxious, frightened and perplexed with no eye contact or communication.
3) Potential differential diagnoses discussed include acute stress disorder, PTSD, acute psychotic episode, mood disorder with psychosis, physical/organic illness, and transient psychotic disorders. Further investigation and treatment are needed.
Sleep disorders
Sleep is essential to our overall health and well-being. It is key to our ability to perform cognitive and physical tasks, engage fully in life, and function productively and safely. The average sleep requirement varies by age, from 16-20 hours for infants to 6-8 hours for adults. There are two main types of sleep disorders - dyssomnias which affect sleep amount, timing or quality, and parasomnias which involve abnormal physical or experiential events during sleep. Sleep disorders can be treated through lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapies, medication, and treating any underlying medical conditions. Maintaining good sleep hygiene is important for promoting healthy sleep.
Bipolar disorder
This document provides information about bipolar disorder, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Some key points:
- Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings from mania to depression. It has a significant public health impact due to high treatment costs and non-adherence to medication.
- Symptoms of mania include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, and risky behavior. Symptoms of depression include low mood, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep.
- Causes are thought to involve genetic and biological factors like neurotransmitter levels. Stressful life events can also trigger episodes.
- Treatment involves medication
ABA- Applied behavior analysis
1) Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is a scientific approach for modifying behaviors that uses principles of learning theory. ABA breaks tasks into small steps and uses techniques like positive reinforcement to teach skills.
2) ABA is used to help people with intellectual or developmental disabilities by systematically introducing skills in small steps and rewarding correct responses while ignoring incorrect ones.
3) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques can also help patients adjust to chronic illness by addressing thoughts, monitoring triggers, and changing distressing beliefs. Supportive psychotherapy provides comfort and helps patients cope.
Health psychology
The document discusses various topics related to adolescent and elderly health, including common physical, emotional, social, and cognitive changes that occur during adolescence and aging. It also outlines some of the main health issues faced by adolescents like STIs, substance abuse, and nutrition deficiencies and by the elderly like dementia, depression, and physical decline. The document emphasizes the importance of addressing both the physical and mental health needs of adolescents and the elderly.
Dpt health & psychology
Mental health is determined by socioeconomic and environmental factors as well as being linked to behavior. Factors like income level, community environment, and lifestyle choices can impact one's mental health and well-being. How people behave and conduct themselves also relates to their mental state.
Interviewing
The document discusses different types of clinical interviews and assessment techniques. It describes the purpose and process of conducting intake interviews, case history interviews, mental status examinations, crisis interviews, and diagnostic interviews. The key steps of clinical assessment include evaluating a client's strengths and weaknesses, conceptualizing the problem and potential causes, and developing a treatment plan. Effective interviewing requires establishing rapport, using open-ended and clarifying questions, taking notes, and practicing good communication and listening skills. The overall goal of clinical assessment interviews is to better understand the client and determine how to help alleviate any problems.
Theories of personality
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development describes 8 stages of personality development across the lifespan. The document summarizes the key aspects of the first 7 stages:
1. Trust vs Mistrust (infancy): Developing trust in caregivers to meet needs. Successful stage leads to hope.
2. Autonomy vs Shame (early childhood): Gaining independence and will through exploration. Leads to sense of autonomy.
3. Initiative vs Guilt (preschool): Taking initiative in activities and developing a sense of purpose.
4. Industry vs Inferiority (school age): Developing competence through skills and confidence. Leads to competency.
5. Identity vs Role
Reaction to stressful situations
This document discusses different types of reactions to stressful situations:
1. Acute stress reaction - a transient disorder developing in response to exceptional stress that usually subsides within hours or days. Symptoms include withdrawal, anger, and grief.
2. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - a delayed response to a traumatic event causing intrusive memories, avoidance, and hyperarousal for over a month.
3. Adjustment disorder - distress interfering with functioning in response to a significant life change, with symptoms like depressed mood and anxiety lasting less than 6 months.
Ethics & ethical issues in psychiatry
The document discusses the history and principles of medical ethics. It outlines the Hippocratic Oath and four main principles of ethics: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. Key issues in medical ethics include informed consent, confidentiality, and ethical dilemmas. The document also covers patient rights and responsibilities, models of the doctor-patient relationship, and factors important for professionalism in healthcare such as knowledge, skills, and attitudes.
Behavior
This document discusses human behavior and the factors that influence it. It covers several topics related to behavior, including perception, sensation, attention, memory, thinking, and cognition. Regarding memory, it describes the different types of memory (sensory, short-term, long-term), the mechanisms that underlie memory formation and storage, and how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved from memory. It also discusses various theories of learning and conditioning that seek to explain human behavior.
Behavior, personality & coping (1)
Personality develops through stages from infancy to late adulthood according to major theorists like Freud, Erikson, Jung, and Rogers. Freud proposed the id, ego, and superego develop and interact, influencing personality. Erikson described stages of psychosocial development centered around existential questions. Jung proposed introversion/extroversion personality types. Rogers believed personality forms to reach one's potential through unconditional positive regard. Major theories also include trait, humanistic, social learning, and cognitive approaches.
Communication skill
The document discusses various aspects of communication skills. It defines communication and describes different categories including verbal, non-verbal, and written communication. It then explains the communication process, emphasizing encoding and decoding messages, feedback, and choosing appropriate channels. Barriers to effective communication are also addressed, including cultural differences and use of jargon. Interpersonal communication skills like listening, questioning, and dealing with conflict are also covered.
Other psychotic disorders
This document lists several schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders including schizotypal disorder, persistent delusional disorders, brief psychotic disorder, schizoaffective disorder, other specified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder, and shared psychotic disorder (folie à deux).
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized through biological, psychological, and social models. The biological model emphasizes genetic and neurobiological factors, such as abnormalities in dopamine, glutamate, and other neurotransmitter systems as well as structural brain changes. The psychological model focuses on personality and cognitive factors like theory of mind impairments that may contribute to symptoms. The social model examines environmental influences like family dynamics, life stressors, and psychosocial determinants of the disorder. Current hypotheses propose schizophrenia arises from complex gene-environment interactions impacting neurodevelopment and brain connectivity that increase vulnerability to stress.
Kohler’s stages of moral developmente
Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes 6 stages grouped into 3 levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. In the pre-conventional level, morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level focuses on maintaining social norms and relationships. The post-conventional level assesses morality based on social contracts and universal ethical principles. Kohlberg used the Heinz dilemma to understand how individuals at different stages would reason through a moral problem.
Consciousness, pain, sleep & associated disorders
This document discusses consciousness and altered states of consciousness. It defines consciousness as awareness of oneself and one's environment. It describes stages of consciousness including controlled processes, automatic processes, daydreaming, the unconscious, unconsciousness, and altered states. Altered states can result from meditation, hypnosis, or psychoactive drugs. The document also discusses Freud's model of consciousness, defense mechanisms, sleep architecture, dreams, pain, chronic pain, psychological factors influencing pain like locus of control and catastrophizing cognitions, and the biopsychosocial model of pain.
Personality disorders
This document discusses personality disorders and their classification and management. It defines personality disorders as inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that differ significantly from cultural norms and cause distress. Personality disorders are classified into three clusters - eccentric, dramatic, and anxious - which include disorders like paranoid, antisocial, borderline, and dependent personality disorders. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive-behavioral therapy, lifestyle management, crisis support, and addressing any co-occurring conditions.
Stress management -power point
The document discusses stress, its causes and types. It describes stress as the body's response to demands placed on it both physically and mentally. There are external stressors like work, relationships, and life events as well as internal stressors like negative thinking and personality traits. Both acute short term stress and chronic long term stress are addressed. Physical, mental, behavioral, and emotional symptoms of stress are outlined. Effective stress management involves recognizing stressors, maintaining balance between positive and negative stress, and using techniques like relaxation, time management, lifestyle changes, and alternative therapies to control stress levels.
S leep disorders
This document summarizes various sleep disorders and the normal sleep cycle. It discusses why sleep is needed, the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep, common sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea, and factors that can influence sleep such as medical, psychiatric and environmental conditions. Treatment options are provided for various sleep disorders including lifestyle changes, medications, and therapies.
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Meningitis In Children
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