This document provides an overview of cluster computing. It defines a cluster as a group of loosely coupled computers that work together closely to function as a single computer. Clusters improve speed and reliability over a single computer and are more cost-effective. Each node has its own operating system, memory, and sometimes file system. Programs use message passing to transfer data and execution between nodes. Clusters can provide low-cost parallel processing for applications that can be distributed. The document discusses cluster architecture, components, applications, and compares clusters to grids and cloud computing.

1. Presented by
120630107090 Bhandari Anjali Dilipbhai
MBICT,VVnagar
CLUSTER COMPUTING

2.  Introduction
 History
 Cluster architecture
 How Clusters Computer works ?
 Types of cluster
 Components of clusters
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Issuse to be considered
 Application
 Difference Between Cluster, Grid and cloud
Computing
 Conclusion
OVERVIEW

3.  Cluster computing is a group of loosely coupled
computers that work together closely so that in many
respects it can be viewed as though it were a single
computer.
 Clusters are commonly connected through fast local
area networks.
CLUSTER COMPUTING

4.  Clusters are usually deployed to improve speed and/or
reliability over that provided by a single computer, while
typically being much more cost effective than single
computer the of comparable speed or reliability .
 In cluster computing each node within a cluster is an
independent system, with its own operating system,
private memory, and, in some cases, its own file
system.
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5.  Because the processors on one node cannot directly
access the memory on the other nodes, programs or
software run on clusters usually employ a procedure
called "message passing" to get data and execution
code from one node to another.
 Cluster computing can also be used as a relatively low-
cost form of parallel processing for scientific and other
applications that lend themselves to parallel
operations.
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6.  Greg Pfister is a computer scientist and worked a lot
for cluster computing, according to him clusters were
not invented by any specific vendor but by customers.
 The first commodity clustering product was ARC
net(Attached Resource Computer Network), developed
by Datapoint in 1977.
 The next product was VAXcluster,released by DEC in
1980’s.
 Microsoft, sun microsystems, and other leading
hardware and software companies offer clustering
packages.
HISTORY

7.  A cluster is a type of parallel /distributed processing system,
which consists of a collection of interconnected stand-alone
computers cooperatively working together a single,
integrated computing resource.
 A node:
• A single or multiprocessor system with memory, I/O
facilities, &OS
• Generally 2 or more computers (nodes) connected together
• In a single cabinet, or physically separated & connected via
a LAN
• Appear as a single system to users and applications
• Provide a cost-effective way to gain features and benefits
CLUSTERS ARCHITECTURE

8. CLUSTER ARCHITECTURE

9. HOW CLUSTER COMPUTERS WORKS
Fig :- Cluster Computer at short Glance

10.  In the above arrangement of clusters the machines are
arranged through the common high speed bus in a
manner that they can communicate with each other.
 A simple High speed LAN can be used to connect these
machines through which these machines can be
accessed via web or these machines can access the
web.
 LAN arrangement contains numbers of busses for the
flow of traffic in circuit,CPU’s to process the data,
memory to storage devices to store the unprocessed
(received) data and processed (transmitted) data, and
shared memory will have data from number of CPU’s.
WORKING

11.  High performance clusters
 High availability cluster or Failover Clusters
 Load balancing cluster
TYPES OF CLUSTER

12.  Start from 1994
 Donald becker of nasa assembled this cluster.
 Also called beowulf cluster.
• Dependable parallel computers
• Application like data mining , simulations , parallel
processing , weather modeling etc.
HIGH PERFORMANCE CLUSTER

13. Fig :- High performance Cluster

14.  Avoid single point of failure.
 Designed to provide uninterrupted availability of data or
services to the end
 This requires atleast two nodes a primary and a
backup.
 Always with redundancy.
 Almost all load balancing cluster are with HA capability.
 Used to implement database, mail, file print, web
application servers.
HIGH AVAILABILITY CLUSTERS OR
FAILOVER CLUSTERS

15. Fig :- High Availability Cluster

16.  Pc cluster deliver load balancing performance.
 It distributes incoming requests for resources or content
among multiple nodes running the same programs or
having the same content
 Each node in cluster is able to handle requests for the
same content or application.
 Both the high availability and load balancing cluster
technologies can be combined to increase the reliability,
availability , and scalability of application and data
resources that are widely deployed for web , mail or FTP
services.
LOAD BALANCING CLUSTER

17. Fig :- Load Balancing Cluster

18.  The basic building blocks of clusters are broken down
into multiple categories:
 The cluster nodes,
 Cluster operating system,
 Network switching hardware and
 The node/switch interconnect
COMPONENTS OF CLUSTER

19.  Availability
• In case if server is having a problem another server from the
cluster takes over the server having issue. This ensure the
high availability of web applications.
 Scalable
• Server clustering is completely a scalable solution.
Resources can be addeded to the cluster accordingly.
 Load Handling and maintenance
• If a dedicated server from the cluster requires
maintenance,it can be stopped while other servers handles.
 Easy to manage
• More easy cluster management software are emerging to
manage the clusters and in present also some are available.
ADVANTAGES

20.  More Space is required
• Server clustering usually requires more servers and
hardware to manage and monitor thus increases the
infrastructure. Some web hosting providers may afford
it.
 Very expensive
• It is not a cost-effective solution, as it needs a good
server design which can be a bit expensive.
DISADVANTAGES

21.  Cluster networking
 Cluster software
 Programming
 Timing
 Network selection
 Speed selection
ISSUSE TO BE CONSIDERED

22.  Web serving/searching (google search engine)
 Email , echat , ebook, ebank
 E-commerce application(amazon.com, ebay.com)
 Weather forecasting
 Computational fluid dynamics
 Petroleum Reservoir Simulation
 Earthquake Simulation.
 Image Rendering.
APPLICATIONS

23.  Grid Computing: - It is collection of computer
resources from multiple locations to reach a common
goal.
 Cluster Computing: - It is a form of computing in
which a group of computers are linked together so that
they can act like a single entity.
 Cloud Computing :- It is a type of com putting that
relies on sharing computing resources rather than
having local servers or personal devices to handle
applications.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLOUD, GRID AND
CLUSTERS COMPUTING

24. Characteristics Systems
Clusters Grid Cloud
Population Commodity
Computers
High-end Computers
Servers, Clusters
Commodity
Computers ,High-end
Servers, and network
Attached Storage
Size/Scalability 100 1000 100 to 1000
Node OS Linux, Windows Mainly Unix Multiple OSs Running
on Virtual Machine
Ownership Single Multiple Single
InterconnectionNetwork?speed Dedicated, high-end
network with low
latency and high
bandwidth
Mostly internet snd
high latency and low
bandwidth
Dedicated, high-end
network with low
latency and high
bandwidth
Discovery Membership
Services
Centralized Indexing
and Decentralized
Information Services
Membership Services
CONTINUE…..

25. Characteristics Clusters Grid Cloud
Security/privacy Traditional
Login/password –based
Medium level of
privacy
Depend on User
privileges
Public/private key pair
based
Authentication and
mapping a User to an
account
Limited support for privacy
Each user/application is
provided with a virtual
machine high security,
High Security. Privacy is
guaranteed
Support for selling per-file
Access Control List(ACL)
User Management Centralized Decentralized, Virtual
Organization based
Centralized or
Decentralized to Third
Party
Resource Management Centralized Distributed Centralized/ Distributed
Allocation/Scheduling Centralized Decentralize Centralized/
Decentralized
Single System Image yes no Yes, But Optional
Capacity Stable and Guaranteed Varies but High Provisioned on Demand
Service Pricing Limited in Non-Open
market
Mainly Internal Pricing Pricing according to
Effects with Discount for
VIP Clients
CONTINUE…..

26. Characteristics Clusters Grid Cloud
Internet Working Multi-clustering
within an
organization
Limited High Potential,
support Third-party
solution providers
loose Coupling of
services from
Different Clouds
Standards/inter-operability Virtual Interface
Architecture Based
Some Open Grid
Standards
Web Services (Simple
Object Access
Protocol and
representational store
Transfer
Application Drivers Science, business,
enterprise
Computing Data
centers
Collaborative Scientific
and High throughput
Computing Applications
Dynamically
Provisioned Legacy
and web applications
Content Display
CONTINUE…..

27.  Clusters are promising
 Solve parallel processing paradox
 New trends in hardware and software technologies are
likely to make clusters.
 Clusters based supercomputers(Linux based clusters)
can be seen everywhere!!
CONCLUSION