The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization located in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It was one of three early civilizations in the Old World, along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The civilization was highly advanced and urbanized, with well-planned cities containing sophisticated water and drainage systems. Trade networks extended across Afghanistan, Persia, and parts of India and Mesopotamia. While the precise form of governance is unknown, archaeological evidence suggests the presence of a central authority. The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1300 BCE, possibly due to environmental changes.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 4000-1000 BC along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had impressive urban planning with organized streets and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in agriculture along the river and extensive trade. It declined around 1900-1300 BC due to various proposed factors such as flooding or drought.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE. Farming settlements began around 4000 BCE and around 3000 BCE there appeared the first signs of urbanization. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established, and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River and Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is now Pakistan and northwest India from 3300 BC to 1700 BC. Major cities of the civilization included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade with Mesopotamia and other regions. While much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered evidence of their advanced urban planning, systems of weights and measures, arts and crafts, and religious symbols.
This document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It flourished around 4000-1000 BCE along the Indus River valley. Key traits included the development of large urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, advanced sanitation systems, and extensive trade networks connecting it to other regions. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE for currently unknown reasons, but its roots stretch back even earlier and influenced later cultures in the region.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were centers of this advanced civilization, which engaged in extensive trade, used wheeled vehicles and sea-faring craft, and developed a sophisticated system of weights, measures, and an as yet undeciphered writing system. The Indus Valley people practiced agriculture and domesticated crops like wheat and barley. Remains also provide evidence of well-developed arts and crafts.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished between 3300 BCE and 1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. The civilization was spread out along the Indus River valley, and two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had populations of up to 40,000 people. The civilization developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft and had a sophisticated urban culture with standardized brick sizes, street grids, and sewage systems. While the writing of the Indus civilization remains undeciphered, excavations have revealed evidence of advanced engineering and infrastructure. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BCE may have been caused by environmental changes like
Indus Valley civilization also know as harappan civilization was one of the oldest urban civilization of the world, which flourished in the fertile plains of Indus river and its tributaries.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, located along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. At its height, the civilization's cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations over 5 million and sophisticated urban planning with drainage and water supply systems. While its writing remains undeciphered, the civilization developed new crafts and trade. By 1800 BCE, the civilization began declining as its connections with other regions were lost and some cities were abandoned, possibly due to flooding of the Saraswati River. Around 1500 BCE, nomadic Aryan groups migrated into the region, introducing new languages and religious
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 4000-1000 BC along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had impressive urban planning with organized streets and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in agriculture along the river and extensive trade. It declined around 1900-1300 BC due to various proposed factors such as flooding or drought.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE. Farming settlements began around 4000 BCE and around 3000 BCE there appeared the first signs of urbanization. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established, and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River and Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is now Pakistan and northwest India from 3300 BC to 1700 BC. Major cities of the civilization included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade with Mesopotamia and other regions. While much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered evidence of their advanced urban planning, systems of weights and measures, arts and crafts, and religious symbols.
This document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It flourished around 4000-1000 BCE along the Indus River valley. Key traits included the development of large urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, advanced sanitation systems, and extensive trade networks connecting it to other regions. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE for currently unknown reasons, but its roots stretch back even earlier and influenced later cultures in the region.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were centers of this advanced civilization, which engaged in extensive trade, used wheeled vehicles and sea-faring craft, and developed a sophisticated system of weights, measures, and an as yet undeciphered writing system. The Indus Valley people practiced agriculture and domesticated crops like wheat and barley. Remains also provide evidence of well-developed arts and crafts.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished between 3300 BCE and 1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. The civilization was spread out along the Indus River valley, and two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had populations of up to 40,000 people. The civilization developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft and had a sophisticated urban culture with standardized brick sizes, street grids, and sewage systems. While the writing of the Indus civilization remains undeciphered, excavations have revealed evidence of advanced engineering and infrastructure. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BCE may have been caused by environmental changes like
Indus Valley civilization also know as harappan civilization was one of the oldest urban civilization of the world, which flourished in the fertile plains of Indus river and its tributaries.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, located along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. At its height, the civilization's cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations over 5 million and sophisticated urban planning with drainage and water supply systems. While its writing remains undeciphered, the civilization developed new crafts and trade. By 1800 BCE, the civilization began declining as its connections with other regions were lost and some cities were abandoned, possibly due to flooding of the Saraswati River. Around 1500 BCE, nomadic Aryan groups migrated into the region, introducing new languages and religious
This presentation contains the history origin, evolution and decline of Indus Valley civilization - one of the great civilization took placed on earth.
The Harappan civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan from around 3300 BC to 1700 BC. It was centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture and urban planning including organized streets and drainage systems. The Harappan people engaged in agriculture, domesticated animals, developed trade networks, and had a literate society with skilled artisans. At its peak, the Harappan civilization was one of the most advanced ancient civilizations.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into northern India, influencing the Harappan culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda, and introduced the caste system. The Upanishads later expanded Vedic philosophy, introducing concepts like samsara, karma, and moksha.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan nomads began migrating into northern India, bringing with them their Indo-European language and religion centered around gods like Indra. They established themselves throughout the region and influenced the collapse of the Indus civilization. Their migrations helped establish Vedic culture and the beginnings of the caste system in India.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and northwestern India between 2600-1900 BCE. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had populations of around 40,000 people and were laid out in an organized grid pattern with advanced water and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade of materials and surplus agricultural goods. While the writing system remains undeciphered, artifacts provide evidence of a complex society and political system that governed through trade and religion rather than military force.
Gandhara was an ancient civilization located in what is now northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. It existed from the 1st millennium BCE to the 2nd millennium CE. Gandhara's main cities included Peshawar, Taxila, and Charsadda. The civilization developed a distinctive artistic tradition under the Kushan Empire in the 1st century CE, most notably in Buddhist sculpture and architecture like stupas. Stupas followed a standard construction process and contained relics of the Buddha. Archaeological sites across Gandhara contain remains of stupas, monasteries, sculptures, and other artifacts that demonstrate the region's Gandhara art and architecture.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world, located along the Indus River valley in what is now Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. Some key points about this civilization include that it developed from nomadic settlers who established agricultural cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa along the Indus River, which had advanced architecture made of standardized baked bricks. While the civilization remains not fully understood, aspects of its urban planning, trade, and religion are evident from archaeological findings.
The document summarizes the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the three oldest civilizations in the ancient world. It discusses the geography and timeline of the civilization, revealing aspects of its urban planning, sanitation systems, arts, religion, and eventual decline around 1800 BCE. The causes of the decline are unknown but may have included drought or the arrival of the Aryans. Regional cultures emerged in the aftermath, blending with Vedic traditions, and the region later came under the control of successive empires until the arrival of Islam in 712 CE.
The Harappan civilization arose along the Indus River valley around 2700 BC and lasted until 1700 BC. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro which had populations over 35,000. Cities featured planned neighborhoods and streets laid out in grids, along with sophisticated drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and had a standardized system of weights, measures, and brick sizes. Though stratified, there is no evidence of warfare or rulers claiming victories. The decline of the civilization may have been due to shifting river patterns and flooding, as well as changes in trade routes.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in Northwestern India and Pakistan along the Indus River. It was one of the largest ancient civilizations, covering over 1 million square kilometers, with major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro housing up to 80,000 people each. The civilization had advanced urban planning with standardized brick architecture and drainage systems. They practiced agriculture including wheat, barley and cotton. While the writing system remains undeciphered, artifacts provide evidence of a sophisticated culture with organized cities, skilled craftspeople, and long-distance trade networks. The decline of the civilization around 1900 BC may have been due to ecological disturbances, natural disasters, or invasions.
The document provides an overview of the Gandhara civilization located in northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. It discusses the geography, history, culture, religion, art, and architecture of the Gandhara kingdom from its rise in the 1st millennium BC under Buddhist rule to its fall in the 10th-11th century after Muslim conquests. Key periods discussed include the Persian, Greek, Mauryan, Kushan, and Turkish rule over the region before its decline.
The document summarizes the key findings and aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It details that burnt bricks found in the region were later discovered to be ruins of a great past civilization through excavations led by the Archaeological Survey of India. Major sites uncovered include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, and Lothal, revealing structures, drainage systems, granaries, figures of animals and tools, and seals used for trade. The civilization developed advanced skills in arts, crafts, agriculture, and script, but began declining around 1700 BCE due to potential causes like flooding, invasions, environmental degradation, and disease.
The Indus Valley Civilization was discovered in 1921 in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. It consisted of over 1,500 sites spread across 1.3 million square kilometers, including major cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal. The civilization demonstrates sophisticated urban planning and infrastructure, including standardized bricks, streets, drainage systems, and water supply. Residents practiced agriculture and domesticated animals, and engaged in regional trade of materials, shells, and other goods. Though the script remains undeciphered, the civilization likely had its own religious beliefs and language. It declined around 1500 BCE possibly due to environmental changes like floods. Recent excavations continue adding to understanding of the advanced Bronze Age
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the discovery of major sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and their advanced features like standardized town planning with broad streets and drainage systems. It outlines residential and public buildings, including the Great Bath. The civilization engaged in agriculture, trade, crafts like metalworking, and had social hierarchies reflected in ornaments. The document provides insights into the developed nature of this early civilization while its eventual decline remains unknown.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed around cities along the Indus River valley between 3300-1300 BCE. Two major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, buildings, roads, sewage systems, and an advanced drainage system. Mohenjo-Daro, one of the largest cities, was divided into the citadel area for public buildings and the lower city for homes. The civilization declined around 1300 BCE due to unknown reasons like flooding or invasion.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished between 3300 BC to 1300 BC, with its mature period from 2600 BC to 1900 BC. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization had advanced urban planning with straight streets, flush toilets, and sewer systems. They excelled in arts, science, trade, and agriculture. While their writing still remains undeciphered, it is believed to have influenced later Sumerian and Egyptian scripts. The decline of the civilization started around 1800 BC due to potential factors like climate change, invasion, and shifts in river courses.
Chalcolithic cultures of India/ full description of the things related to it. Pottery artifacts tools all are included in it.Major informations are added in it. Chalcolithic period basic and important points.Easy for everyone to know about the culture and its importance so read it and gain knowledge.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2600-1900 BC along the Indus River valley. At its peak, it had over 5 million inhabitants living in well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture including water and sewage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and developed new techniques in metallurgy. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization, archaeologists have uncovered artifacts that provide insights into its writing system, religious practices, and material culture, including tools, clothing, and pottery.
The document provides an overview of the history of arts in the Indus Valley Civilization. It discusses the discovery and excavation of Harappa in 1842 and provides a timeline of the major eras and phases of the Indus Valley Civilization from 7000 BCE to 1300 BCE, including the Early Food Producing Era, Regionalization Era, Integration Era, and Indo-Gangetic Tradition. It also includes images of artifacts found at sites like Mohenjo-Daro depicting things like the "dancing girl" and "Priest King" statue.
This presentation contains the history origin, evolution and decline of Indus Valley civilization - one of the great civilization took placed on earth.
The Harappan civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan from around 3300 BC to 1700 BC. It was centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture and urban planning including organized streets and drainage systems. The Harappan people engaged in agriculture, domesticated animals, developed trade networks, and had a literate society with skilled artisans. At its peak, the Harappan civilization was one of the most advanced ancient civilizations.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into northern India, influencing the Harappan culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda, and introduced the caste system. The Upanishads later expanded Vedic philosophy, introducing concepts like samsara, karma, and moksha.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan nomads began migrating into northern India, bringing with them their Indo-European language and religion centered around gods like Indra. They established themselves throughout the region and influenced the collapse of the Indus civilization. Their migrations helped establish Vedic culture and the beginnings of the caste system in India.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and northwestern India between 2600-1900 BCE. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had populations of around 40,000 people and were laid out in an organized grid pattern with advanced water and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade of materials and surplus agricultural goods. While the writing system remains undeciphered, artifacts provide evidence of a complex society and political system that governed through trade and religion rather than military force.
Gandhara was an ancient civilization located in what is now northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. It existed from the 1st millennium BCE to the 2nd millennium CE. Gandhara's main cities included Peshawar, Taxila, and Charsadda. The civilization developed a distinctive artistic tradition under the Kushan Empire in the 1st century CE, most notably in Buddhist sculpture and architecture like stupas. Stupas followed a standard construction process and contained relics of the Buddha. Archaeological sites across Gandhara contain remains of stupas, monasteries, sculptures, and other artifacts that demonstrate the region's Gandhara art and architecture.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world, located along the Indus River valley in what is now Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. Some key points about this civilization include that it developed from nomadic settlers who established agricultural cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa along the Indus River, which had advanced architecture made of standardized baked bricks. While the civilization remains not fully understood, aspects of its urban planning, trade, and religion are evident from archaeological findings.
The document summarizes the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the three oldest civilizations in the ancient world. It discusses the geography and timeline of the civilization, revealing aspects of its urban planning, sanitation systems, arts, religion, and eventual decline around 1800 BCE. The causes of the decline are unknown but may have included drought or the arrival of the Aryans. Regional cultures emerged in the aftermath, blending with Vedic traditions, and the region later came under the control of successive empires until the arrival of Islam in 712 CE.
The Harappan civilization arose along the Indus River valley around 2700 BC and lasted until 1700 BC. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro which had populations over 35,000. Cities featured planned neighborhoods and streets laid out in grids, along with sophisticated drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and had a standardized system of weights, measures, and brick sizes. Though stratified, there is no evidence of warfare or rulers claiming victories. The decline of the civilization may have been due to shifting river patterns and flooding, as well as changes in trade routes.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in Northwestern India and Pakistan along the Indus River. It was one of the largest ancient civilizations, covering over 1 million square kilometers, with major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro housing up to 80,000 people each. The civilization had advanced urban planning with standardized brick architecture and drainage systems. They practiced agriculture including wheat, barley and cotton. While the writing system remains undeciphered, artifacts provide evidence of a sophisticated culture with organized cities, skilled craftspeople, and long-distance trade networks. The decline of the civilization around 1900 BC may have been due to ecological disturbances, natural disasters, or invasions.
The document provides an overview of the Gandhara civilization located in northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. It discusses the geography, history, culture, religion, art, and architecture of the Gandhara kingdom from its rise in the 1st millennium BC under Buddhist rule to its fall in the 10th-11th century after Muslim conquests. Key periods discussed include the Persian, Greek, Mauryan, Kushan, and Turkish rule over the region before its decline.
The document summarizes the key findings and aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It details that burnt bricks found in the region were later discovered to be ruins of a great past civilization through excavations led by the Archaeological Survey of India. Major sites uncovered include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, and Lothal, revealing structures, drainage systems, granaries, figures of animals and tools, and seals used for trade. The civilization developed advanced skills in arts, crafts, agriculture, and script, but began declining around 1700 BCE due to potential causes like flooding, invasions, environmental degradation, and disease.
The Indus Valley Civilization was discovered in 1921 in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. It consisted of over 1,500 sites spread across 1.3 million square kilometers, including major cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal. The civilization demonstrates sophisticated urban planning and infrastructure, including standardized bricks, streets, drainage systems, and water supply. Residents practiced agriculture and domesticated animals, and engaged in regional trade of materials, shells, and other goods. Though the script remains undeciphered, the civilization likely had its own religious beliefs and language. It declined around 1500 BCE possibly due to environmental changes like floods. Recent excavations continue adding to understanding of the advanced Bronze Age
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the discovery of major sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and their advanced features like standardized town planning with broad streets and drainage systems. It outlines residential and public buildings, including the Great Bath. The civilization engaged in agriculture, trade, crafts like metalworking, and had social hierarchies reflected in ornaments. The document provides insights into the developed nature of this early civilization while its eventual decline remains unknown.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed around cities along the Indus River valley between 3300-1300 BCE. Two major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, buildings, roads, sewage systems, and an advanced drainage system. Mohenjo-Daro, one of the largest cities, was divided into the citadel area for public buildings and the lower city for homes. The civilization declined around 1300 BCE due to unknown reasons like flooding or invasion.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished between 3300 BC to 1300 BC, with its mature period from 2600 BC to 1900 BC. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization had advanced urban planning with straight streets, flush toilets, and sewer systems. They excelled in arts, science, trade, and agriculture. While their writing still remains undeciphered, it is believed to have influenced later Sumerian and Egyptian scripts. The decline of the civilization started around 1800 BC due to potential factors like climate change, invasion, and shifts in river courses.
Chalcolithic cultures of India/ full description of the things related to it. Pottery artifacts tools all are included in it.Major informations are added in it. Chalcolithic period basic and important points.Easy for everyone to know about the culture and its importance so read it and gain knowledge.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2600-1900 BC along the Indus River valley. At its peak, it had over 5 million inhabitants living in well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture including water and sewage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and developed new techniques in metallurgy. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization, archaeologists have uncovered artifacts that provide insights into its writing system, religious practices, and material culture, including tools, clothing, and pottery.
The document provides an overview of the history of arts in the Indus Valley Civilization. It discusses the discovery and excavation of Harappa in 1842 and provides a timeline of the major eras and phases of the Indus Valley Civilization from 7000 BCE to 1300 BCE, including the Early Food Producing Era, Regionalization Era, Integration Era, and Indo-Gangetic Tradition. It also includes images of artifacts found at sites like Mohenjo-Daro depicting things like the "dancing girl" and "Priest King" statue.
The Indus Valley Civilization had advanced architectural features for its time. Cities were carefully planned with broad streets intersecting at right angles, and divided into blocks. Houses were built with standardized bricks around a courtyard, while public buildings including baths were larger. An advanced drainage system and water supply helped maintain sanitation.
The Indus Valley Civilization arose around 3300 BCE and included the major cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. These cities had populations over 10,000 and were laid out on a grid pattern with advanced water and drainage systems. Though the civilization declined around 1900 BCE, it established innovations like urban sanitation systems. Residents practiced agriculture and crafts like pottery while being led by priest-kings and worshipping animal gods. While the cause of the civilization's decline is unknown, flooding and climate change may have contributed to its eventual fall.
The Indus Valley Civilization was located in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India from 3300-1300 BCE. It featured large cities built with mud-brick houses along with sophisticated water and drainage systems. Trade was important, with goods imported and exported. While little is known about their culture and beliefs, the advanced nature of the IVC cities and infrastructure has led historians to describe it as one of the most advanced civilizations of its time. Preserving remains is important for continued research and study of this still mysterious Bronze Age society.
The document discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, which arose around 2700 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. Two major cities of the civilization were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had planned streets laid out in a grid pattern and structures like granaries, wells, and public baths. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization due to its undeciphered writing system, archaeologists have uncovered evidence that its people engaged in agriculture, crafts like pottery, and may have mysteriously disappeared due to ecological disasters or invasions by other groups.
The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished around the Indus River basin from 3300-1300 BCE. At its peak between 2600-1900 BCE, the civilization extended over 1 million square kilometers across parts of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, making it one of the largest ancient civilizations. The Indus cities had sophisticated urban planning and sanitation systems, and the people developed new techniques in crafts like seal carving and metallurgy. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BCE remains unclear, but it was contemporaneous with other early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
The document provides an overview of the Indus Valley Civilization, including its rediscovery in the 19th century, characteristics such as its large urbanized cities built on a grid pattern, and advanced cultural achievements. It then describes the civilization's decline around 1500 BC due to environmental changes and possible invasions by Aryan pastoralists. The Aryans gradually settled across the Indus region and established a new society, aspects of which are documented in their oral traditions that later became known as the Vedas. This led to the development of Hinduism and the imposition of the caste system to organize this new social order.
The document provides details from a presentation on the Indus Valley Civilization given by four students. It summarizes key facts about the mature phase of the civilization from 2600-1900 BCE, including its location along the Ghaggar-Hakra river and major sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It describes architectural features like the Great Bath, pillared halls, and wells, and artifacts found including a dancing girl figurine, toy cart, and seals. Photos illustrate reconstructed and preserved buildings, structures, and objects from this ancient civilization.
The document discusses different aspects of technology used in the Indus Civilization based on archaeological artifacts that have been discovered. It describes a ladle made from conch shell, standardized stone weights used for trade and taxation, ornaments made from materials like gold, copper and gems showing sophisticated metallurgy and stone-working techniques. It also mentions triangular terracotta cakes that were likely used for pottery firing or cooking and may have had religious significance in fire rituals. In conclusion, the technology of the Indus Civilization was less advanced than today but utilized materials and techniques appropriate to the time period.
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Harappan civilization that existed along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan. It describes how the Harappan cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations of around 40,000 people each and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and organized drainage systems. The Harappans developed advanced civic architecture including granaries, wells, and public baths, demonstrating sophisticated urban planning and municipal government. However, the civilization's written records remain undeciphered, limiting understanding of its social and political structure.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization from its origins along the Nile River around 1500 BC to its fall to the Roman Empire in 30 BC. Some of Egypt's greatest achievements included monumental architecture like the pyramids and temples of Luxor, advanced irrigation methods for agriculture, and accomplishments in art, mathematics, and medicine. The civilization progressed through stable kingdoms separated by unstable intermediate periods and ultimately came under rule of the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty before becoming a Roman province.
The document discusses the Indus River Valley civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It formed along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan around 2500 BC. The civilization included major urban settlements like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had populations of 30,000-40,000 people and were laid out in an organized grid pattern. The Harappan civilization developed new technologies and engaged in trade, but its writing system remains undeciphered and it declined around 1900 BC for unknown reasons.
The document summarizes the key events of the French Revolution in six steps:
1. The meeting of the Estates General resulted in the formation of the National Assembly and the beginning of the revolution in a relatively democratic manner without violence.
2. The National Assembly formed a new constitution, though it only granted rights to certain groups and excluded women and non-property owners.
3. The storming of the Bastille marked increased violence as the revolutionaries seized the fortress jail. The Catholic Church also lost power and land.
The Vedic period began after 2000 BC when the Aryans migrated to India from Central Asia through the Khyber Pass and settled in the Punjab region. They established the beginnings of Vedic civilization as they moved east toward the Gangetic Valley. The Vedic age is divided into the Early Vedic period from 2000 BC to 1000 BC, and the Later Vedic period from 1000 BC to 600 BC, which saw the development of Vedic culture and civilization across Northern India.
Settlement features of indus valley civilisationprince goyal
Division of Settlement
Introduction to Indus Valley Civilization
Division Of Harappan Civilization
Town Planning Features of Harappans
Layout Of Harappan City
The Citadels
The Lower Town
The Great Bath
Granaries
The Drainage System
Harappan Wells
Courtyards
Streets
Nature of Harappan Cities
Typical and atypical aspects of the civilisation
Bibliography
Buddhism originated from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha. The two main branches are Theravada and Mahayana. Theravada is prominent in Southeast Asia while Mahayana is found in East Asia. Early Buddhist architecture included stupas to house relics and mark important sites. The Great Stupa at Sanchi, built in the 3rd century BC, exemplifies the architectural elements of stupas including a hemispherical dome, circular terraces, and carved gateways. Monasteries like Takht-i-Bahai featured courtyards, stupas, chapels, and residential quarters for monks. Chaitya halls provided worship spaces
FINAL PPT HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION XII BY BEENA BAWA.pptxJoeSteve8
The document provides details about the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE. It discusses the initial discoveries of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the 1920s, and describes some key aspects of the civilization, including their large urban settlements that often had populations of tens of thousands, advanced systems of infrastructure like sanitation, and sophisticated town planning with standardized bricks and streets. The civilization declined around 1300 BCE, but left behind archaeological sites that provide insights into its advanced urban culture.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, flourishing from 3300-1300 BC along the Indus River valley. At its peak, the civilization had over five million inhabitants living in well-planned urban centers with sophisticated sanitation systems. Though much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered extensive artwork, advanced agricultural practices, a system of uniform weights and measures, and evidence of religious practices. The causes of the civilization's decline around 1800 BC remain unclear but may have included climate change or invasion.
The document outlines an initial script for a documentary about the Indus Valley Civilization. It provides background on the civilization, noting that it began in the Indus River valley around 3300 BCE, evolving from early villages. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, have been excavated that show extensive trade and urban planning. The script covers topics like society, artifacts, language, and the civilization's eventual decline around 1900 BCE, likely due to drought and climate change reducing trade. The documentary aims to showcase that the Indus civilization is uniquely still alive today in the region's culture.
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, including its origins and major sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It notes that the earliest settlements began around 6,500 BC in the Indus Valley. By 3,000 BC, there were hundreds of settled communities that grew into large walled cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa by 2,600 BC, marking the beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shared similarities in urban planning, architecture, and standardized bricks, indicating a highly organized government. The civilization declined around 1900 BC possibly due to environmental factors or invasion.
The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India, and is now in Pakistan.
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this power point presentation is about Indus valley its culture traditions customs and religion also it is about geography and location of the valley
hope it is beneficial to you
➢ Introduction ➢ Historical Importance ➢ Harappa ➢ Mohenjo-Daro ➢ Excavations and Discovery ➢ Conclusion
The first recognised urban civilisation on the Indian subcontinent is the Indus valley civilization, commonly referred to as the Indus civilization or Harappan civilization. Although the southern sites may have persisted later into the second millennium BCE, the civilization's nuclear dates appear to be between 250 to 1700 BCE.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Harappan civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It discusses how the civilization was named after its type site of Harappa. Major cities included Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal, where excavations beginning in the 1920s uncovered evidence of the civilization. The Harappan civilization developed between 2600-1800 BCE along the Indus River valley, with large urban settlements, standardized weights and measures, advanced drainage systems, and international trade networks. While much remains unknown about the civilization due to its undeciphered writing system, archaeological findings provide insights into its urban planning, architecture, arts, and eventual decline around 1800 BCE.
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The document provides information on archeology and related fields such as paleontology, anthropology, numismatics, epigraphy, and tools used in archeology. It discusses the Indus Valley civilization, including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro as major urban centers. It details the discovery and early excavations of Harappa in the 19th century. The Indus Valley civilization spanned most of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, with over 1,000 sites of the Mature Harappan period dated from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
1. The Indus Valley Civilization PreviewNathan Mathis
The document provides background information on the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the early cultures that contributed to the development of Hinduism. Some key points:
- The Indus Valley Civilization flourished between 2600-1900 BCE in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, with major cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa home to tens of thousands.
- Archaeological evidence shows the cities were carefully planned and organized, with advanced water and sewage systems, suggesting a centralized authority.
- Artifacts reveal the culture had an intense focus on ritual purity, seen in private bathing facilities in homes and large public baths, likely used for purification rituals.
- Hundreds of seals found
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 4000-1000 BC along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, streets, wells, and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks. While its writing remains undeciphered, artifacts indicate it may have been an advanced civilization. Around 1500 BC, ecological disasters and Aryan migrations contributed to the decline and deurbanization of the Indus Valley civilization.
The Indus valley civilization was a large, ancient civilization located in south Asia along the Indus river valley. At its peak, it may have had over 5 million inhabitants and spanned over 1.26 million square kilometers, making it one of the largest ancient civilizations. The Indus civilization developed advanced techniques in crafts and metallurgy and was known for its large, well-planned cities built with standardized bricks and effective drainage systems.
The Indus valley civilization was a large, ancient civilization located in south Asia along the Indus river valley. At its peak, the Indus civilization had over 5 million inhabitants spread across 1,260,000 square kilometers, making it one of the largest ancient civilizations. Inhabitants developed new crafting and metallurgy techniques and built cities with brick roads, drainage systems, and multi-story houses.
The Indus valley civilization was a large, ancient civilization located in south Asia along the Indus river valley. At its peak, it may have had over 5 million inhabitants spread across over 1 million square kilometers, making it one of the largest ancient civilizations. The inhabitants developed new crafting and metallurgy techniques and built cities with brick roads, drainage systems, and multi-story houses. Archaeologists have uncovered over 1,000 sites of the civilization, providing evidence of its advanced urban planning, economic activities, and religious beliefs.
Varanasi is an ancient city located in Uttar Pradesh on the banks of the Ganges River. It has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters. The city has experienced significant growth over time, from its traditional core established by the 2nd century BC to expansion during the British colonial period and contemporary development. Varanasi is renowned for its religious importance to Hindus and 84 ghats along the Ganges where religious ceremonies are performed. The city also has a rich cultural heritage seen in its arts, crafts, architecture and educational institutions like Banaras Hindu University.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Some key aspects include its major cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, advanced sewage and water supply systems, use of standardized weights and measures, and a writing system. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE possibly due to droughts and floods from climate change or a tsunami that devastated agricultural lands.
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization.
The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron system, as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, for classifying and studying ancient societies.
The cradle of civilization is a term referring to locations where, according to current archaeological data, civilization is understood to have emerged.
Current thinking is that there was no single "cradle", but several civilizations that developed independently; with the Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia and Egypt, understood to be the earliest.
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1600 BCE) mainly in the northwestern regions of the South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.
Along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilisations of the Old World, and of the three, the most widespread.
It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another, including planets, stars and galaxies.
Since energy and mass are equivalent, all forms of energy, including light, also cause gravitation and are under the influence of it.
On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects and causes the ocean tides.
The Indigenous Aryans theory, also known as the Out of India theory, proposes that the Indo-European languages, or at least the Indo-Aryan languages, originated within the Indian subcontinent, as an alternative to the established migration model which proposes the Pontic steppe as the area of origin of the IndoEuropean languages.
The indigenist view sees the Indo-Aryan languages as having a deep history in the Indian subcontinent, and being the carriers of the Indus Valley Civilization.
This view proposes an older date than is generally accepted for the Vedic period, which is generally considered to follow the decline of Harappan culture.
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The Indigenous Aryans theory, also known as the Out of India theory, proposes that the Indo-European languages, or at least the Indo-Aryan languages, originated within the Indian subcontinent, as an alternative to the established migration model which proposes the Pontic steppe as the area of origin of the IndoEuropean languages.
The indigenist view sees the Indo-Aryan languages as having a deep history in the Indian subcontinent, and being the carriers of the Indus Valley Civilization.
This view proposes an older date than is generally accepted for the Vedic period, which is generally considered to follow the decline of Harappan culture.
Arya is a term meaning "noble" which was used as a self-designation by Indian and Iranian or Indo-Iranian people.
The word was used by the Indic people of the Vedic period in India as an ethnic label for themselves, as well as to refer to the noble class and geographic location known as Āryāvarta where Indo-Aryan culture was based.
The closely related Iranian people also used the term as an ethnic label for themselves in the Avesta scriptures, and the word forms the etymological source of the country Iran.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization located in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The civilization was highly advanced and urbanized, with well-planned cities containing sophisticated water and drainage systems. Trade networks extended across Afghanistan, Persia, and parts of India and Mesopotamia. While the precise form of governance is unknown, archaeological evidence suggests the presence of centralized authority and administration. The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1300 BCE, possibly due to environmental changes.
The Vedic Vayupurana describes a battle waged among the ancient Aryans. It was as a result of this war that Anavs part of the Chandravanshi clan and Gurtar ( Guzar ) of suryabanshi had to immigrate to wester Aryabart area of modern Iran (Iran means "land of Aryans") to Tarim basin.
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Chandravansi known as Sythians and Suryabanshi known as Guzar/Gusur by Tibbetian , Yuezhi by Chineese , Tocharian by Romans and Tushara by Poranic Indians.
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Notes on Central Asian History during 200 BC and its effects on later history, Role of Yuezhi migration in Ancient History of Central Asia, settlement of Yuezhi after migration and various theories about current form of Ancient Yuezhi tribe: (Gurjar/Gujjar/Gujar/Gusar/Gusur/Khazar/Ughar/Gazar/Gusarova)
1. The document discusses the origins of the Yuezhi tribe, tracing them back to ancient India as part of the Chandravanshi or Lunar dynasty.
2. It describes how some members of the tribe migrated westward out of India into modern-day Iran and Central Asia around 200 BC, interacting with groups like the Scythians and playing an important role as horse traders for the Chinese empire.
3. The migrations split the Yuezhi tribe into different branches that settled across a wide region and established various kingdoms, with some migrating as far as Turkey and parts of Europe.
Notes on Central Asian History during 200 BC and its effects on later history, Role of Yuezhi migration in Ancient History of Central Asia, settlement of Yuezhi after migration and various theories about current form of Ancient Yuezhi tribe: (Gurjar/Gujjar/Gujar/Gusar/Gusur/Khazar/Ughar/Gazar/Gusarova)
Notes on Central Asian History during 200 BC and its effects on later history, Role of Yuezhi migration in Ancient History of Central Asia, settlement of Yuezhi after migration and various theories about current form of Ancient Yuezhi tribe: (Gurjar/Gujjar/Gujar/Gusar/Gusur/Khazar/Ughar/Gazar/Gusarova)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2. The Indus Valley Civilisation
• The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age
civilisation (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–
1600 BCE) mainly in the northwestern regions of the
South Asia, extending from what today is northeast
Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.
• Along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was
one of three early civilisations of the Old World, and
of the three, the most widespread.
• It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which
flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a
system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that
once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar-
Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
3. Aridification of this region during the 3rd
millennium BCE may have been the initial
spur for the urbanization associated with
the civilization, but eventually also reduced
the water supply enough to cause the
civilization's demise, and to scatter its
population eastward.
5. • The Indus Valley Civilisation is also known as
the Harappan Civilisation, after Harappa, the
first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in
what was then the Punjab province of British
India, and now is Pakistan.
• The discovery of Harappa, and soon
afterwards, Mohenjo-Daro, was the
culmination of work beginning in 1861 with
the founding of the Archaeological Survey of
India in the British Raj.
7. • Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing
since 1920, with important breakthroughs
occurring as recently as 1999.
• As of 1999, over 1,056 cities and settlements had
been found, of which 96 have been
excavated, mainly in the general region of
the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers and their
tributaries.
• Among the settlements were the major urban
centres of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO
World Heritage
Site), Dholavira, Ganeriwala in Cholistan and Rakh
igarhi.
8. The Early Food Producing Era or Period refers to
local sites with early agriculture. It is famously
known from the pre-Harappan occupation of
Mehrgarh, one of the earliest farming sites of the
Indus Valley.
During the Regionalization Era or pre-Urban
Period trade networks linked related local villages
and regional cultures, which had a unifying effect
resulting in "a full-fledged 'civilisation.'"
9. Geography
The Indus Valley Civilisation encompassed much of
Pakistan, western India, and northeastern
Afghanistan; extending from
Pakistani Balochistan in the west to Uttar
Pradesh in the east, northeastern Afghanistan to
the north and Maharashtra to the south.
The geography of the Indus Valley put the civilisations
that arose there in a highly similar situation to
those in Egypt and Peru, with rich agricultural lands
being surrounded by highlands, desert, and ocean.
Recently, Indus sites have been discovered in
Pakistan's northwestern Frontier Province as well.
10. Geography
Other IVC colonies can be found in Afghanistan while
smaller isolated colonies can be found as far away
as Turkmenistan and in Gujarat. Coastal settlements
extended from Sutkagan Dor in Western Baluchistan
to Lothal in Gujarat.
An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at
Shortughai in northern Afghanistan,in the Gomal
River valley in northwestern Pakistan,at Manda,
Jammu on the Beas River near Jammu,India, and
at Alamgirpur on the Hindon River, only 28 km
from Delhi.
Indus Valley sites have been found most often on rivers, but
also on the ancient seacoast, for example, Balakot,and on
islands, for example, Dholavira.
11. Discovery and history of excavation
The ruins of Harappa were first described in
1842 by Charles Masson in his Narrative of
Various Journeys in Balochistan,
Afghanistan, and the Punjab, where locals
talked of an ancient city extending
"thirteen cosses" (about 25 miles), but no
archaeological interest would attach to this
for nearly a century.
12. Early Food Producing Era - Mehrgarh
• Mehrgarh is a Neolithic (7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE) site to
the west of the Indus River valley, near the capital of
the Kachi District in Pakistan, on the Kacchi
Plain of Balochistan, near the Bolan Pass.
• According to Ahmad Hasan Dani, professor emeritus
at Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, the discovery of
Mehrgarh "changed the entire concept of the Indus
civilisation […] There we have the whole sequence, right
from the beginning of settled village life.”
• Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of
farming and herding in South Asia.
• According to Parpola, the culture migrated into the Indus
Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation.
14. Regionalisation Era - Early Harappan
The Early Harappan Ravi Phase, named after the
nearby Ravi River, lasted from circa 3300 BCE until
2800 BCE.
It is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the
Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley to the west, and
predates the Kot Diji Phase (2800–2600 BCE,
Harappan 2), named after a site in northern Sindh,
Pakistan, near Mohenjo Daro. The earliest
examples of the Indus script date to the 3rd
millennium BCE
15. • The mature phase of earlier village cultures is represented
by Rehman Dheri and Amri in Pakistan.
• Kot Diji represents the phase leading up to Mature
Harappan, with the citadel representing centralised
authority and an increasingly urban quality of life. Another
town of this stage was found at Kalibangan in India on the
Hakra River.
• Trade networks linked this culture with related regional
cultures and distant sources of raw materials,
including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead-making.
By this time, villagers had domesticated numerous crops,
including peas, sesame seeds, dates, and cotton, as well as
animals, including the water buffalo.
• Early Harappan communities turned to large urban centres
by 2600 BCE, from where the mature Harappan phase
started. The latest research shows that Indus Valley people
migrated from villages to cities.
17. Integration Era - Mature Harappan
• According to Giosan et al. (2012), the slow
southward migration of the monsoons across Asia
initially allowed the Indus Valley villages to develop
by taming the floods of the Indus and its
tributaries.
• Flood-supported farming led to large agricultural
surpluses, which in turn supported the
development of cities. The IVC residents did not
develop irrigation capabilities, relying mainly on the
seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods.
• Brooke further notes that the development of
advanced cities coincides with a reduction in
rainfall, which may have triggered a reorganisation
into larger urban centers
18. • According to J. G. Shaffer and D. A. Lichtenstein,the
Mature Harappan Civilisation was "a fusion of the Bagor,
Hakra, and Kot Diji traditions or 'ethnic groups' in the
Ghaggar-Hakra valley on the borders of India and
Pakistan“.
• By 2600 BCE, the Early Harappan communities turned
into large urban centres.
• Such urban centres
include Harappa, Ganeriwala, Mohenjo-Daro in modern-
day Pakistan,
and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar,
and Lothal in modern-day India .
• In total, more than 1,052 cities and settlements have
been found, mainly in the general region of the Indus
Rivers and their tributaries.
19. Cities
A sophisticated and technologically advanced
urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley
Civilisation making them the first urban centres in
the region.
The quality of municipal town planning suggests
the knowledge of urban planning and efficient
municipal governments which placed a high
priority on hygiene, or, alternatively, accessibility
to the means of religious ritual
20. • As seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and the
recently partially excavated Rakhigarhi, this urban
plan included the world's first known
urban sanitation systems: see hydraulic
engineering of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Within
the city, individual homes or groups of homes
obtained water from wells.
• From a room that appears to have been set aside
for bathing, waste water was directed to covered
drains, which lined the major streets. Houses
opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes.
• The house-building in some villages in the region
still resembles in some respects the house-building
of the Harappans.
25. Authority and governance
Archaeological records provide no immediate answers
for a centre of power or for depictions of people in
power in Harappan society. But, there are indications of
complex decisions being taken and implemented.
For instance, the majority of the cities were constructed in
a highly uniform and well-planned grid pattern,
suggesting they were planned by a central authority;
extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts as
evident in pottery, seals, weights and bricks; presence of
public facilities and monumental architecture;
heterogeneity in the mortuary symbolism and in grave
goods (items included in burials)
26. Major theories:
• There was a single state, given the similarity in
artefacts, the evidence for planned settlements,
the standardised ratio of brick size, and the
establishment of settlements near sources of raw
material.
• There was no single ruler but several: Mohenjo-
daro had a separate ruler, Harappa another, and so
forth.
• Harappan society had no rulers, and everybody
enjoyed equal status.
28. Technology
• The people of the Indus Civilisation achieved great
accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time.
• They were among the first to develop a system of
uniform weights and measures. A comparison of
available objects indicates large scale variation
across the Indus territories.
• Their smallest division, which is marked on an
ivory scale found in Lothal in Gujarat, was
approximately 1.704 mm, the smallest division
ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age.
• Harappan engineers followed the decimal division
of measurement for all practical purposes,
including the measurement of mass as revealed by
their hexahedron weights.
29. Dholavira Sophisticated Water Reservoir,
evidence for hydraulic sewage systems in the
ancient Indus Valley Civilisation.
30. • These chert weights were in a ratio of 5:2:1 with weights
of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and
500 units, with each unit weighing approximately
28 grams, similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek
uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios
with the units of 0.871. However, as in other cultures,
actual weights were not uniform throughout the area.
• The weights and measures later used
in Kautilya's Arthashastra (4th century BCE) are the same
as those used in Lothal.
• Harappans evolved some new techniques
in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead,
and tin. The engineering skill of the Harappans was
remarkable, especially in building docks.
31. Arts and crafts
• Various sculptures, seals, bronze vessels pottery, gold
jewellery, and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta,
bronze, and steatite have been found at excavation sites.
• A number of gold, terracotta and stone figurines of girls in
dancing poses reveal the presence of some dance form.
These terracotta figurines included cows, bears, monkeys,
and dogs.
• The animal depicted on a majority of seals at sites of the
mature period has not been clearly identified. Part bull,
part zebra, with a majestic horn, it has been a source of
speculation.
• As yet, there is insufficient evidence to substantiate claims
that the image had religious or cultic significance, but the
prevalence of the image raises the question of whether or
not the animals in images of the IVC are religious symbols.
33. Chanhudaro.
Fragment of Large
Deep Vessel, circa
2500 BCE. Red
pottery with red
and black slip-
painted decoration,
415/16×6⅛ in.
(12.5×15.5 cm).
Brooklyn Museum
35. Sir John Marshall reacted with surprise when he
saw the famous Indus bronze statuette of a
slender-limbed dancing girl in Mohenjo-Daro:
"When I first saw them I found it difficult to believe that
they were prehistoric; they seemed to completely upset
all established ideas about early art, and culture.
Modeling such as this was unknown in the ancient world
up to the Hellenistic age of Greece, and I thought,
therefore, that some mistake must surely have been
made; that these figures had found their way into levels
some 3000 years older than those to which they properly
belonged .... Now, in these statuettes, it is just this
anatomical truth which is so startling; that makes us
wonder whether, in this all-important matter, Greek
artistry could possibly have been anticipated by the
sculptors of a far-off age on the banks of the Indus".
36. Trade and transportation
• The Indus civilisation's economy appears to have
depended significantly on trade, which was facilitated by
major advances in transport technology. The IVC may
have been the first civilisation to use wheeled transport.
• These advances may have included bullock carts that are
identical to those seen throughout South Asia today, as
well as boats. Most of these boats were probably small,
flat-bottomed craft, perhaps driven by sail, similar to
those one can see on the Indus River today; however,
there is secondary evidence of sea-going craft.
Archaeologists have discovered a massive, dredged canal
and what they regard as a docking facility at the coastal
city of Lothal in western India (Gujarat state).
• An extensive canal network, used for irrigation, has
however also been discovered by H.-P. Francfort
38. • During 4300–3200 BCE of the chalcolithic period (copper
age), the Indus Valley Civilisation area shows ceramic
similarities with southern Turkmenistan and northern Iran
which suggest considerable mobility and trade. During the
Early Harappan period (about 3200–2600 BCE), similarities
in pottery, seals, figurines, ornaments, etc. document
intensive caravan trade with Central Asia and the Iranian
plateau.
• Judging from the dispersal of Indus civilisation artefacts,
the trade networks, economically, integrated a huge area,
including portions of Afghanistan, the coastal regions of
Persia, northern and western India, and Mesopotamia.
Studies of tooth enamel from individuals buried at Harappa
suggest that some residents had migrated to the city from
beyond the Indus valley.
• There is some evidence that trade contacts extended
to Crete and possibly to Egypt
39. Subsistence
• Some post-1980 studies indicate that food production
was largely indigenous to the Indus Valley. It is known
that the people of Mehrgarh used domesticated wheats
and barley, and the major cultivated cereal crop was
naked six-row barley, a crop derived from two-row
barley (see Shaffer and Liechtenstein 1995, 1999).
• Archaeologist Jim G. Shaffer (1999: 245) writes that the
Mehrgarh site "demonstrates that food production was
an indigenous South Asian phenomenon" and that the
data support interpretation of "the prehistoric
urbanisation and complex social organisation in South
Asia as based on indigenous, but not isolated, cultural
developments".
40. Language
• It has often been suggested that the bearers of the IVC
corresponded to proto-Dravidians linguistically, the break-up
of proto-Dravidian corresponding to the break-up of the Late
Harappan culture.
• Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola concludes that the
uniformity of the Indus inscriptions precludes any possibility
of widely different languages being used, and that an early
form of Dravidian language must have been the language of
the Indus people.
• Today, the Dravidian language family is concentrated mostly
in southern India and northern and eastern Sri Lanka, but
pockets of it still remain throughout the rest of India and
Pakistan (the Brahui language), which lends credence to the
theory.
41. • According to Heggarty and Renfrew, Dravidian
languages may have spread into the Indian
subcontinent with the spread of farming.
• According to David McAlpin, the Dravidian
languages were brought to India by immigration
into India from Elam.
• In earlier publications, Renfrew also stated that
proto-Dravidian was brought to India by farmers
from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent, but
more recently Heggarty and Renfrew note that "a
great deal remains to be done in elucidating the
prehistory of Dravidian." They also note that
"McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus
his claims, remain far from orthodoxy."
42. Religion
The religion and belief system of the Indus valley
people have received considerable attention,
especially from the view of identifying precursors
to deities and religious practices of Indian
religions that later developed in the area.
However, due to the sparsity of evidence, which is
open to varying interpretations, and the fact that
the Indus script remains undeciphered, the
conclusions are partly speculative and largely
based on a retrospective view from a much later
Hindu perspective.
43. Religion
An early and influential work in the area that set the
trend for Hindu interpretations of archaeological
evidence from the Harapan sites was that of John
Marshall, who in 1931 identified the following as
prominent features of the Indus religion:
a Great Male God and a Mother Goddess; deification or
veneration of animals and plants;
symbolic representation of the phallus (linga) and vulva
(yoni);
use of baths and water in religious practice. Marshall's
interpretations have been much debated, and sometimes
disputed over the following decades.
48. One Indus valley seal shows a seated
figure with a horned headdress,
possibly tricephalic and
possibly ithyphallic, surrounded by
animals. Marshall identified the figure
as an early form of the Hindu
god Shiva (or Rudra), who is associated
with asceticism, yoga, and linga;
regarded as a lord of animals; and
often depicted as having three eyes.
49. The seal has hence come to be
known as the Pashupati Seal,
after Pashupati(lord of all animals),
an epithet of Shiva.
While Marshall's work has earned
some support, many critics and even
supporters have raised several
objections.
50. Localisation Era - Late Harappan
• Around 1800 BCE signs of a gradual decline began
to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE most of the
cities had been abandoned.
• Recent examination of human skeletons from the
site of Harappa has demonstrated that the end of
the Indus civilisation saw an increase in inter-
personal violence and in infectious diseases like
leprosy and tuberculosis.
51. Post-Harappan
• Previously, scholars believed that the decline of
the Harappan civilisation led to an interruption of
urban life in the Indian subcontinent. However,
the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear
suddenly, and many elements of the Indus
Civilisation appear in later cultures.
• The Cemetery H culture may be the manifestation
of the Late Harappan over a large area in the
south, and the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture its
successor. David Gordon White cites three other
mainstream scholars who "have emphatically
demonstrated" that Vedic religion derives
partially from the Indus Valley Civilisations.
52. Post-Harappan
• As of 2016, archaeological data suggests that
the material culture classified as Late Harappan
may have persisted until at least c. 1000–900
BCE and was partially contemporaneous with
the Painted Grey Ware culture.
• Harvard archaeologist Richard Meadow points
to the late Harappan settlement of Pirak, which
thrived continuously from 1800 BCE to the time
of the invasion of Alexander the Great in 325
BCE