The Indus Valley Civilization was discovered in 1921 in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. It consisted of over 1,500 sites spread across 1.3 million square kilometers, including major cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal. The civilization demonstrates sophisticated urban planning and infrastructure, including standardized bricks, streets, drainage systems, and water supply. Residents practiced agriculture and domesticated animals, and engaged in regional trade of materials, shells, and other goods. Though the script remains undeciphered, the civilization likely had its own religious beliefs and language. It declined around 1500 BCE possibly due to environmental changes like floods. Recent excavations continue adding to understanding of the advanced Bronze Age

1. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
HARAPPAN CULTURE:BRONZE
AGE

5. HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION WAS
DISCOVERED IN 1921 IN
PROVINCE OF WEST PUNJAB IN
PAKISTAN. IT IS SPREAD IN THE
AREA FOR ABOUT
1,299,600sqkm
(1500 Harappan sites are known
so far)

6. Most important cities found:
• HARAPPA in PUNJAB
• MOHENJO-DARO in SINDH
• CHANHU DARO in SINDH (130km in
south from Mohenjo-Daro)
• LOTHAL in GUJARAT
• DOLAVIRA in KUTCH area.

7. FEATURES OF THIS CIVILIZATION
• Accounts of Alexander Cunningham.
• Whole city was set up with great
architechure skills and fine skills.
• Mohenjo-daro was rebuilt almost nine
times.

8. TOWN PLANNING AND STRUCTURES
‘MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION:
baked bricks, mud bricks, stones’.
• Water table, grid plan, defensive walls,
stairs, streets, markets ,crafts workshops,
small private house ,citadel.
• Planning was achived through
development of compass, plum
bob&scale.
• Great bath, granary, drainage system,
bathroom ,courtyard, streets drains,man
holes

11. DRAINAGE SYSTEM

12. AGRICULTURE
• Wheat
• Barely
• Rai
• Peas
• Sesamum (Lothal)
• Cotton(earliest producer)

13. DOMESTICATION OF
ANIMALS(fauna)
• Tiger, Rhinoceros, Elephant,Buffalo,
Humped bull, Goats, Sheeps ,Pigs and
even Cats and Dogs were there.

14. TECHNOLOGY AND CARAFTS
• AXES,SAWS,KNIVES,SPHERES were
found and this age is known as Bronze
age.
• WEAVERS,MASONS,GOLDSMITHS,POT
TERY,
BEAD MAKERS these occupations were
seen, evidence are found in areas of
Baluchistan.

17. TRADE
• Trade relations with areas of Rajastan,
Afganistan, East Iran.
• SHELLS,STONES and METALS were
trade products of those days.
• Barter system was followed.
• Navigation system was also there which
shows ships and boats were available.

18. TRADING

19. Political-Social Aspects.
• Ornaments, cosmetics, woven clothes,
artists were popular in those times.
• The way things are organised and setup of
everything and availibilty of everything
shows that there was some centre powers
to maintain.

21. RELIGION
• They had astral religion which means they
worshipped stars, believed in naksatra
system and believed in BRAHMA,
RUDRA, BALRAM, KRISHNA etc..

22. SCRIPTS
• 3,000 SCRIPTS ARE FOUND OVER
ALL(seals, tablets, grafitto on pottery)
• Direction of writing was from right to left.
• Dravidian language could be the languge
of the script said by marshall.

24. POTTERY
• Amri-culture(dull yellow)with black paint.
• Bright or dark red and well baked.
• Orche – coloured pottery (orche wash).
• Painted grey ware (iron age culture).
• Seals around 2000 were found with
carvings of animals and gods.
• Pots were found which were beautifully
painted and pictography was done.

26. END OF CIVILISATION WITH
ESTIMATED REASONS.
• Floods
• Desserted
• Aryan invaders on citadels
• Over utilization of land

29. FACTS
• 1.Discovery of Indus Valley Civilization
• 2 .Origins of Indus Valley Civilization
• 3 .Geography of Indus Valley Civilization
• 4. Nature of Urbanization
• 5 .Trade and Commerce and Links with
Outside World
• 6. Theories Concerning the Decline of the
Indus Valley Civilization.

31. RESEARCHES
• THE HINDU NEWSPAPER RECTLY
PUBLISHED THIS NEWS OF NEW
EXCAVATION IN KARNATAKA WHICH IS
PREDICTED TO BE A PART OF INDUS
VALLEY CIVILIZATION.
• Prof.A.R KHAN did a research which
showed the unique existence of fisher-
gatherer settlement at SONARI.

32. SOURCES OF THIS PPT
• ARTICLE OF MUHAMMAD BIN NAVEED.
• NCERT INDIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOK
• INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION BY ASHIM
KUMAR ROY AND N.N.GIDWANI.
• PICTURES(GOOGLE)

33. THANK YOU
NEHA VISHWAKARMA
TYBA
HISTORY
94.
KJ.SOMAIYA ARTS AND COMMERCE.