The document summarizes key aspects of the Harappan civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It discusses how the civilization was named after its type site of Harappa. Major cities included Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal, where excavations beginning in the 1920s uncovered evidence of the civilization. The Harappan civilization developed between 2600-1800 BCE along the Indus River valley, with large urban settlements, standardized weights and measures, advanced drainage systems, and international trade networks. While much remains unknown about the civilization due to its undeciphered writing system, archaeological findings provide insights into its urban planning, architecture, arts, and eventual decline around 1800 BCE.

1. Presented by,
LIJITHA T
SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. CIVILIZATION

3. The civilization was named the
Harappan Civilization according to the
usual practice of archaeology . When an
ancient culture is studied ,it is usual to
name it after its ‘type site’, that is the
place where the evidence of that
civilization was obtained first . Harappan
civilization is also known as the Indus
valley civilization since it was spread over
the banks of the Indus and its tributaries .

4. The Harappan civilization is a greatculture
Which came in to being about 3000B.C .
The Harappan Civilization rose in a vast
geographical area in which there were
big cities , small towns and numerous villages
Which were related to another
The evidence of this civilization was
obtained From archaeological excavations
conducted at Harappa and MohenjoDaro.
Excavations were started in 1921 in
these Places .

5. site The person
who
discovered
year
Harappa Daya Ram
sahni
1921
MohenjoDaro R.D Banerjee 1922
Amri Oral Staine 1927
Chanhudaro N.G Majumdar 1931
Rupar Y.D. Sharma 1955-56
Kalibangan A.Ghosh 1953
Lothal S.R.Rao 1957
Benvali R.S. Bisht 1973
Dholavia J.P.Joshy 1960’s

7. Indus valley civilizations –Estimated time
scale
5500 -3500 B.C - The Neolithic Age
3500 -2600 B.C - Pre-harappan
2600 – 1800 B.C - Mature Harappan
culture
1800 B.C onwards - Late Harappan
culture

8. The city of Harappa is divided into two parts
,with a citadel on ground raised by filling it with
mud and down below , the houses of the common
people .

9. cities
Citadel
Lower Part Of
The City
Public
Buildings
Houses of
The common
people

10.  The houses were of different sizes
varying from a palatial building to one
with two small rooms .
 The houses had a well , a bathroom and
coverd drain in the street .
 The houses were furnished with paved
floors and were provided with doors and
windows .
 The roofs were made of mud , reed and
wood .

12.  A large granary found in Harappa gives
evidence of the control of resources
exercisedd by that society .
 These rectangular buildings stood close
to the river ,so that grain could be
transported easily and cheepily .

13.  Mohenjo Daro is situated in the Larkana
district of sind .
 This city on the banks of the Indus
river is the biggest city in the Harappan
Culture .
 A special features of this city is the great
bath .
 It had six entrances .

15.  The remains of a wharf found in lothal
in Gujarat given indisputable evidence of
the foreign trade conducted by the people
of this culture.
 For the import of precious stones,different
metals and other articals they had established
connections with southern india,eastern india
and kashmir.

17.  The drainage system of the indus valley
civilizaation was very advanced.
 The drains were covered with slabs.
 House drains which ran under the main
streets and below many lanes.
 The indus valley people knew well that such
drains were not be left open.

19.  A regular system of weights and measures
was used for trade and other transactions .
 Numerous articles used for weights such
as chert , lime stone , steatite etc . have
been found .
 These give information about this
civilization.Pictures and a script are seen on
the seals.

23.  The most interesting part of the discovery
relates to the seals-more than 2000 in
number made of soap stone,terracotta and
copper.
 Their engravings of various animals on the
numerous seals are very remarkable .
 The treatment of animals like the buffalo,the
bison,the rhinocerous,the tiger,the deer and
especially the humped bull is superb and full
of realism.

25.  The harappan people developed their on
script or art of writing
 This script continues to be a puzzle to
historians and thus the riches of the
civilization remain unrevealed until this script
is interpreted.

27.  Many statues and fugurines, both of animals
and men, that have been found at various
sites in the indus valley,clearly prove that
these people had made great progress in the
art of sculpture.
 A statue of a yogi,droped in a shawl wom
over the left shoulder and under the right arm
shows the best model of their sculpture.

28. A Harappan Priest

29. There are many theories about the end of
the harappon civilization among historians.
Some of them are given below :
 Heavy floods and earthquakes.
 River which changed their course and the
drying up of the Ghaggar-Hakra riiver.
 External invasion.
 Changes in the environment
 Collapse of trade and commerce.