BOOKLET PPT

1. Archelogy booklet
This booklet is very useful in archeological work and other
guide related stuff and related ideology
wrote-Pugalenthi 25.08.2023

2. Archelogy ideology
• Archaeology is the study of the human past using material remains.
These remains can be any objects that people created, modified, or used.
.The two main types are prehistoric and historic archaeology. Prehistoric
archaeology refers to the study of human prehistory, or the period of human
history before written records existed. This comprises most of our human past.
The human family can be traced back at least five million years.

3. Types and stages of archelogy.
• The best way to preserve a site is to leave it in its original state. Before field
or laboratory work begins, archaeologists plan their research in six general
stages: research design, implementation, data acquisition, processing
aA selective list of sub-disciplines distinguished by time-period or region of
study might include: African archaeology, Archaeology of the Americas,
Australian archaeology, European archaeology: focuses on archaeologic
study concerning the location of the findings.and analysis, interpretation,
and publication.

4. paleontology
• Paleontology is the study of ancient life, from dinosaurs to prehistoric
plants, mammals, fish, insects, fungi, and even microbes. Fossil
evidence reveals how organisms changed over time and what our planet was
like long ago.

5. anthropology
• Anthropology is the study of the origin and development of human
societies and cultures. Culture is the learned behavior of people, including
their languages, belief systems, social structures, institutions, and material
goods.

6. paleography
• Paleography ('old writing') is the study of pre-modern manuscripts: hand-
written books, rolls, scrolls and single-sheet documents.they are researched
on different type of language also.

7. numismatics
• Numismatics is the study of coins and other currency units and is usually
associated with the appraisal and collection of rare coins. Numismatists
study the physical properties, production technology, and historical context
of specimens of currency.

8. epigraphy
• epigraphy, the study of written matter recorded on hard or durable
material. The term is derived from the Classical Greek epigraphic (“to write
upon, incise”) and epigraph (“inscription”).

9. Tools and operatory
• Tools found in a typical archaeological toolbox include dental picks,
trowels, brushes, measuring tapes, line levels, storage bags, pens, and
pencils. conjunction with a tape measure that allows for more precise
measurements to be taken on an archaeological site.

10. Times and dating
• Prehistory-when no written records are available
• Protohistory-a period of time when some culture or civilization had some
chance of written records but which are not able to decode properly or able
to understand.
• History-is a period when we can find a perfect records and artefacts which
similarly matches to our time period
• BC-before Christ .AD-anno domain CE-common era

11. Life ideology in history
• Early cities and villages flourished near the banks of rivers because the early
inhabitants of the river valley civilization depended heavily on farming ,their
close proximity to the river provided them easy access to water that, was
needed for the crops .in the absence of road ,rivers and oceans were the only
means of transport.

12. Sources of information
Archeological sources Literary sources
monuments religious
inscriptions Secular
coins Foreign accounts
artefacts

13. ARCHELOGICL SOURCES
• Monuments-are old budlings or other old structures which are important for their
historical legacy .they include temple, church, mosques, forts. They provide
information about political, religious, social, cultural.
• Inscriptions-are the type of writings on seals, temple wall, pillars, wooden tablets
bricks.
• Artefacts-are old pieces of things, weapons ,jeweler, which are the belongings of the
people which remain with them in their entire course of life.
• Coins-coins are metallurgical round objects which are made up of Bronze, Copper,
Gold and Silver.

14. Mappings and plannings
a archeological map planning for
excavation at river side basin of Mayans
Which depicts all places .Main from the
stones to the recent excavator pits of
archeologist.

15. .CASE STUDY OF INDIA.
.SECTION 1 PROPER INFORMATRY STUDY OF. .HISTROCIAL ARCHELOGCIAL COUNTERS.
.HARAPPAN,MOHENJO-DARO,DHOLAVARI,INDUS,SINDH,KASHMIR,TAMILNADU.

16. Classic ideology of Harappa
• The Indus Valley Civilization[1] (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilization, was
a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from
3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.[2][a]
Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early
civilizations of the Near East and South Asia, and of the three, the most
widespread, its sites spanning an area from much of Pakistan, to northeast
Afghanistan, and northwestern India.[3][b] The civilization flourished both in the
alluvial plain of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and
along a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of
the Ghaggar-Hakra, a seasonal river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.

17. Main ideology of Harappa
• The term Harappan is sometimes applied to the Indus civilization after its type site
Harappa, the first to be excavated early in the 20th century in what was then the
Punjab province of British India and is now Punjab, Pakistan.[5][c] The discovery of
Harappa and soon afterwards Mohenjo-daro was the culmination of work that had
begun after the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj in
1861.[6] There were earlier and later cultures called Early Harappan and Late
Harappan in the same area. The early Harappan cultures were populated from
Neolithic cultures, the earliest and best-known of which is Mehrgarh, in
Balochistan, Pakistan.[7][8] Harappan civilization is sometimes called Mature Harappan
to distinguish it from the earlier cultures.

18. Planning of Harappa
• The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their urban planning, baked brick
houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-
residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and metallurgy.Mohenjo-daro
and Harappa very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals, and
the civilization may have contained between one and five million individuals during
its florescence.[A gradual drying of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may
have been the initial stimulus for its urbanization. Eventually it also reduced the
water supply enough to cause the civilization's demise and to disperse its population
to the east.

19. Spreading idea
• Although over a thousand Mature Harappan sites have been reported and nearly a
hundred excavated,[12][f][14][15] there are five major urban centres:[16][g] Mohenjo-daro
in the lower Indus Valley (declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980 as
"Archaeological Ruins at Mohenjo-Daro"), Harappa in the western Punjab region,
Ganeriwala in the Cholistan Desert, Dholavira in western Gujarat (declared a
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021 as "Dholakia: A Harappan City"), and
Rakhigarhi in Haryana.[17][h] The Harappan language is not directly attested, and its
affiliations are uncertain, as the Indus script has remained undeciphered.[18] A
relationship with the Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family is favored by a
section of scholars.

20. Etymology
• The Indus civilization is named after the Indus river system in whose alluvial plains the early sites of the civilization were
identified and excavated.[21][i]
• Following a tradition in archaeology, the civilization is sometimes referred to as the Harappan, after its type site, Harappa,
the first site to be excavated in the 1920s; this is notably true of usage employed by the Archaeological Survey of India after
India's independence in 1947.[22][j]
• The term "Ghaggar-Hakra" figures prominently in modern labels applied to the Indus civilization on account of a good
number of sites having been found along the Ghaggar-Hakra River in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.[23] The terms
"Indus-Sarasvati Civilization" and "Sindhu-Saraswati Civilization" have also been employed in the literature after a posited
identification of the Ghaggar-Hakra with the river Saraswati described in the early chapters of Rigveda, a collection of
hymns in archaic Sanskrit composed in the second-millennium BCE.[24][25]
• Recent geophysical research suggests that unlike the Sarasvati, whose descriptions in the Rig Veda are those of a snow-fed
river, the Ghaggar-Hakra was a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers, which became seasonal around the time that the
civilization diminished, approximately 4,000 years ago.[4][k]

21. Extent
• The Indus Valley Civilization was roughly contemporary with the other riverine civilizations of the ancient world: Ancient
Egypt along the Nile, Mesopotamia in the lands watered by the Euphrates and the Tigris, and China in the drainage basin
of the Yellow River and the Yangtze. By the time of its mature phase, the civilization had spread over an area larger than
the others, which included a core of 1,500 kilometers (900 mi) up the alluvial plain of the Indus and its tributaries. In
addition, there was a region with disparate flora, fauna, and habitats, up to ten times as large, which had been shaped
culturally and economically by the Indus.[26][l]
• Around 6500 BCE, agriculture emerged in Baluchistan, on the margins of the Indus alluvium.[27][m][28][n] In the following
millennia, settled life made inroads into the Indus plains, setting the stage for the growth of rural and urban
settlements.[29][o] The more organized sedentary life, in turn, led to a net increase in the birth rate.[27][p] The large urban
centres of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa very likely grew to containing between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals, and during
the civilization's florescence, the population of the subcontinent grew to between 4–6 million people.[27][q] During this
period the death rate increased, as the close living conditions of humans and domesticated animals led to an increase in
contagious diseases.[28][r] According to one estimate, the population of the Indus civilization at its peak may have been
between one and five million.[30][s]

22. Extent [continuous]
• The civilization extended from Balochistan in the west to western Uttar Pradesh in the east,
from northeastern Afghanistan in the north to Gujarat state in the south.[24] The largest
number of sites are in the Punjab region, Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir states,[24] Sindh, and Balochistan.[24] Coastal settlements extended from
Sutkagan Dor[31] in Western Baluchistan to Lothal[32] in Gujarat. An Indus Valley site has
been found on the Oxus River at Shortugai,[33] in the Gomal River valley in northwestern
Pakistan,[34] at Manda, Jammu on the Beas River near Jammu,[35] and at Alamgirpur on the
Hindon River, only 28 km (17 mi) from Delhi.[36] The southernmost site of the Indus Valley
Civilization is Daimabad in Maharashtra. Indus Valley sites have been found most often on
rivers, but also on the ancient seacoast,[37] for example, Balakot (Kot Bala),[38] and on islands,
for example, Dholavira.

23. Discovery and history of excavation
• The first modern accounts of the ruins of the Indus civilization are those of Charles Masson, a deserter
from the East India Company's army.[41] In 1829, Masson traveled through the princely state of Punjab,
gathering useful intelligence for the Company in return for a promise of clemency.[41] An aspect of this
arrangement was the additional requirement to hand over to the Company any historical artifacts acquired
during his travels. Masson, who had versed himself in the classics, especially in the military campaigns of
Alexander the Great, chose for his wanderings some of the same towns that had featured in Alexander's
campaigns, and whose archaeological sites had been noted by the campaign's chroniclers.[41] Masson's major
archaeological discovery in the Punjab was Harappa, a metropolis of the Indus civilization in the valley of
Indus's tributary, the Ravi river. Masson made copious notes and illustrations of Harappa's rich historical
artifacts, many lying half-buried. In 1842, Masson included his observations of Harappa in the book
Narrative of Various Journeys in Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab. He dated the Harappa ruins to a period
of recorded history, erroneously mistaking it to have been described earlier during Alexander's campaign.[41]
Masson was impressed by the site's extraordinary size and by several large mounds formed from long-
existing erosion.[41][t]

24. DHE -continuous
• Two years later, the Company contracted Alexander Burnes to sail up the Indus to assess the feasibility of water travel for
its army.[41] Burnes, who also stopped in Harappa, noted the baked bricks employed in the site's ancient masonry, but noted
also the haphazard plundering of these bricks by the local population.[41]
• Despite these reports, Harappa was raided even more perilously for its bricks after the British annexation of the Punjab in
1848–49. A considerable number were carted away as track ballast for the railway lines being laid in the Punjab.[43] Nearly
160 km (100 mi) of railway track between Multan and Lahore, laid in the mid-1850s, was supported by Harappan bricks.[43]
• In 1861, three years after the dissolution of the East India Company and the establishment of Crown rule in India,
archaeology on the subcontinent became more formally organized with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India
(ASI).[44] Alexander Cunningham, the Survey's first director-general, who had visited Harappa in 1853 and had noted the
imposing brick walls, visited again to carry out a survey, but this time of a site whose entire upper layer had been stripped in
the interim.[44][45] Although his original goal of demonstrating Harappa to be a lost Buddhist city mentioned in the seventh
century CE travels of the Chinese visitor, Xuan Zang, proved elusive,[45] Cunningham did publish his findings in 1875.[46]
For the first time, he interpreted a Harappan stamp seal, with its unknown script, which he concluded to be of an origin
foreign to India.[46][47]

25. DHE -continuous.
• Archaeological work in Harappa thereafter lagged until a new viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, pushed through the Ancient
Monuments Preservation Act 1904, and appointed John Marshall to lead the ASI.[48] Several years later, Hiranand Sastri,
who had been assigned by Marshall to survey Harappa, reported it to be of non-Buddhist origin, and by implication more
ancient.[48] Expropriating Harappa for the ASI under the Act, Marshall directed ASI archaeologist Daya Ram Sahni to
excavate the site's two mounds.[48]
• Farther south, along the main stem of the Indus in Sind province, the largely undisturbed site of Mohenjo-daro had
attracted notice.[48] Marshall deputed a succession of ASI officers to survey the site. These included D. R. Bhandarkar
(1911), R. D. Banerji (1919, 1922–1923), and M. S. Vats (1924).[49] In 1923, on his second visit to Mohenjo-daro, Baneriji
wrote to Marshall about the site, postulating an origin in "remote antiquity", and noting a congruence of some of its
artifacts with those of Harappa.[50] Later in 1923, Vats, also in correspondence with Marshall, noted the same more
specifically about the seals and the script found at both sites.[50] On the weight of these opinions, Marshall ordered crucial
data from the two sites to be brought to one location and invited Banerji and Sahni to a joint discussion.[51] By 1924,
Marshall had become convinced of the significance of the finds, and on 24 September 1924, made a tentative but
conspicuous public intimation in the Illustrated London News:[21]

26. DHE -continuous
• In the next issue, a week later, the British Assyriologist Archibald Sayce was able to
point to very similar seals found in Bronze Age levels in Mesopotamia and Iran,
giving the first strong indication of their date; confirmations from other
archaeologists followed.[52] Systematic excavations began in Mohenjo-Daro in 1924–
25 with that of K. N. Dikshit, continuing with those of H. Hargreaves (1925–1926),
and Ernest J. H. Mackay (1927–1931).[49] By 1931, much of Mohenjo-Daro had
been excavated, but occasional excavations continued, such as the one led by
Mortimer Wheeler, a new director-general of the ASI appointed in 1944, and
including Ahmad Hasan Dani.[53]

27. DHE - continuous
• After the partition of India in 1947, when most excavated sites of the Indus Valley Civilization lay in
territory awarded to Pakistan, the Archaeological Survey of India, its area of authority reduced, carried out
large numbers of surveys and excavations along the Ghaggar-Hakra system in India.[54][u] Some speculated
that the Ghaggar-Hakra system might yield more sites than the Indus river basin.[55] According to
archaeologist Ratnagar, many Ghaggar-Hakra sites in India and Indus Valley sites in Pakistan are actually
those of local cultures; some sites display contact with Harappan civilization, but only a few are fully
developed Harappan ones.[56] As of 1977, about 90% of the Indus script seals and inscribed objects
discovered were found at sites in Pakistan along the Indus river, while other sites accounts only for the
remaining 10%.[v][57][58] By 2002, over 1,000 Mature Harappan cities and settlements had been reported, of
which just under a hundred had been excavated,[13][14][15][59] mainly in the general region of the Indus and
Ghaggar-Hakra rivers and their tributaries; however, there are only five major urban sites: Harappa,
Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Ganeriwala and Rakhigarhi.[59] As of 2008, about 616 sites have been reported in
India,[24] whereas 406 sites have been reported in Pakistan.[24]

28. DHE -continuous
• Unlike India, in which after 1947, the ASI attempted to "Indianise" archaeological work in
keeping with the new nation's goals of national unity and historical continuity, in Pakistan
the national imperative was the promotion of Islamic heritage, and consequently
archaeological work on early sites was left to foreign archaeologists.[60] After the partition,
Mortimer Wheeler, the Director of ASI from 1944, oversaw the establishment of
archaeological institutions in Pakistan, later joining a UNESCO effort tasked to conserve the
site at Mohenjo-daro.[61] Other international efforts at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa have
included the German Aachen Research Project Mohenjo-daro, the Italian Mission to Mohenjo-daro,
and the US Harappa Archaeological Research Project (HARP) founded by George F. Dales.[62]
Following a chance flash flood which exposed a portion of an archaeological site at the foot
of the Bolan Pass in Baluchistan, excavations were carried out in Mehrgarh by French
archaeologist Jean-François Jarrige and his team in the early 1970s.[63]

29. Metallurgical works
• The people of the Indus civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and
time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures.[dubious
– discuss] A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus
territories. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal in
Gujarat, was approximately 1.704 mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the
Bronze Age.[citation needed] Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement
for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their
hexahedron weights.[citation needed]
• These chert weights were in a ratio of 5:2:1 with weights of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20,
50, 100, 200, and 500 units, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the
English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios
with the units of 0.871 .

30. Art and crafts
• Many Indus Valley seals and items in pottery and terracotta have been found, along with a
very few stone sculptures and some gold jewellery and bronze vessels. Some anatomically
detailed figurines in terracotta, bronze, and steatite have been found at excavation sites, the
former probably mostly toys.[122] The Harappans also made various toys and games, among
them cubical dice (with one to six holes on the faces), which were found in sites like
Mohenjo-daro.[123]
• The terracotta figurines included cows, bears, monkeys, and dogs. The animal depicted on a
majority of seals at sites of the mature period has not been clearly identified. Part bull, part
zebra, with a majestic horn, it has been a source of speculation. As yet, there is insufficient
evidence to substantiate claims that the image had religious or cultic significance, but the
prevalence of the image raises the question of whether or not the animals in images of the
IVC are religious symbols.[124]

31. MOHENJO DARO
SECTION 2 THE SMALLEST SECTION AND THE
INTRESTING ONES…..

32. Dancing girl
• A bronze statuette dubbed the "Dancing Girl", 10.5 centimeters (4.1 in) high[43] and about 4,500 years old, was found in
'HR area' of Mohenjo-daro in 1926; it is now in the National Museum, New Delhi.[43] In 1973, British archaeologist
Mortimer Wheeler described the item as his favorite statuette:
• She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with bangles all the way up her arm and
nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for the moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I
think, in the world.
• John Marshall, another archeologist at Mohenjo-daro, described the figure as "a young girl, her hand on her hip in a half-
impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time to the music with her legs and feet."[44] The archaeologist
Gregory Possehl said of the statuette, "We may not be certain that she was a dancer, but she was good at what she did and
she knew it". The statue led to two important discoveries about the civilization: first, that they knew metal blending, casting
and other sophisticated methods of working with ore, and secondly that entertainment, especially dance, was part of the
culture.[43]

33. Priest or a king
• n 1927, a seated male soapstone figure was found in a building with unusually
ornamental brickwork and a wall-niche. Though there is no evidence that priests or
monarchs ruled Mohenjo-daro, archaeologists dubbed this dignified figure a "Priest-
King". The sculpture is 17.5 centimetres (6.9 in) tall, and shows a neatly bearded
man with pierced earlobes and a fillet around his head, possibly all that is left of a
once-elaborate hairstyle or head-dress; his hair is combed back. He wears an
armband, and a cloak with drilled trefoil, single circle and double circle motifs,
which show traces of red. His eyes might have originally been inlaid.[45]

34. Pashupati seal
• Pashupati seal
• Main article: Pashupati seal
• A seal discovered at the site bears the image of a seated, cross-legged and
possibly ithyphallic figure surrounded by animals. The figure has been
interpreted by some scholars as a yogi, and by others as a three-headed
"proto-Shiva" as "Lord of Animals".

35. Seven bead necklace
• Sir Mortimer Wheeler was especially fascinated with this artifact, which he
believed to be at least 4,500 years old. The necklace has an S-shaped clasp
with seven strands, each over 4 ft long, of bronze-metal bead-like nuggets
which connect each arm of the "S" in filigree. Each strand has between 220
and 230 of the many-faceted nuggets, and there are about 1,600 nuggets in
total. The necklace weighs about 250 grams in total, and is presently held in a
private collection in India.[citation needed]

36. Dholavari
• Dholavira (Gujarati: ધોળાવીરા) is an archaeological site at Khadirbet in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District,
in the state of Gujarat in western India, which has taken its name from a modern-day village 1 kilometre
(0.62 mi) south of it. This village is 165 km (103 mi) from Radhanpur. Also known locally as Kotada timba,
the site contains ruins of a city of the ancient Indus Valley civilization.[1] Earthquakes have repeatedly
affected Dholavira, including a particularly severe one around 2600 BC.[2]
• Dholavira's location is on the Tropic of Cancer. It is one of the five largest Harappan sites[3] and the most
prominent of archaeological sites in India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization.[4] It is located on
Khadir bet island in the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in the Great Rann of Kutch. The 47 ha (120 acres)
quadrangular city lay between two seasonal streams, the Mansar in the north and Manhar in the south.[5] The
site was thought to be occupied from c.2650 BCE, declining slowly after about 2100 BCE, and to have been
briefly abandoned then reoccupied until c.1450 BCE;[6] however, recent research suggests the beginning of
occupation around 3500 BCE (pre-Harappan) and continuity until around 1800 BCE (early part of Late
Harappan period).[7]

37. Dholavari - continuous
• The site was initially discovered by a resident of Dholavira village, Shambhudan
Gadhvi, in early 1960s who made efforts to bring government attention to the
location.[8][9][10] The site was "officially" discovered in 1967-68 by J. P. Joshi, of
the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), and is the fifth largest of eight major
Harappan sites. It has been under excavation since 1990 by the ASI, which opined
that "Dholavira has indeed added new dimensions to personality of Indus Valley
Civilization."[11] The other major Harappan sites discovered so far are Harappa,
Mohenjo-daro, Ganeriwala, Rakhigarhi, Kalibangan, Rupnagar and Lothal.
• It was named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

38. Excavations.
• The excavation was initiated in 1989 by the ASI under the direction of Bisht,
and there were 13 field excavations between 1990 and 2005.[3] The excavation
brought to light urban planning and architecture, and unearthed large
numbers of antiquities such as animal bones, gold, silver, terracotta
ornaments, pottery and bronze vessels. Archaeologists believe[vague] that
Dholavira was an important centre of trade between settlements in south
Gujarat, Sindh and Punjab and Western Asia.[15][16]

39. burzahom
• he Burzahom archaeological site is located in the Srinagar district of the Kashmir
Valley of Jammu and Kashmir, India.[1] Archaeological excavations have revealed
four phases of cultural significance between 3000 BCE and 1000 BCE.[2] Periods I
and II represent the Neolithic era; Period III the Megalithic era (of massive stone
menhirs and wheel turned red pottery); and Period IV relates to the early Historical
Period (Post-megalithic period). The findings, recorded in stratified cultural deposits
representing prehistoric human activity in Kashmir, are based on detailed
investigations that cover all aspects of the physical evidence of the site, including
the ancient flora and fauna.

40. Buzahom - continuous
• The Burzahom site revealed the transition from the subterranean and ground level
housing features of the Neolithic people to the mudbrick structures of the
Megalithic people. The large cache of tools and implements made of bone and
stone found at the site shows that the inhabitants were hunting and farming.
• The unearthed Antiquities (of art, architecture, customs and rituals) indicate that the
prehistoric people of the Burzahom established contact with Central Asia and
South West Asia and also had links to the Gangetic plains and peninsular India. The
interaction of local and foreign influences is demonstrated by the art, architecture,
customs, rituals and language demonstrated by some

41. THANKYOU
THIS BOOK IS WRITTEN BY N.PUGALENTHI. THIS BOOK IS A GREAT CONTRIBRUTION AND THANKS
TO MY PARENTS ,SOCIAL TEACHER KRISHNA SONI MAM. MORE HISTROY AND ARCHELOGICAL
GUIDE AND READING BOOKS SUCH AS,THE DAWN,EXCAVATION GROUP,THE PAST LIVES AND THE
CARVINGS OF OLD WILL BE WROTE AND RELASED BY 2023-2025.