The Indus Valley civilization, existing from 3300 to 1700 BCE across parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India, was marked by advanced urban planning, a strong central government, and a complex society with a distinct class structure. Artisans produced various crafts, including clay sculptures and pottery, while the economy thrived on agriculture and extensive trade networks. The civilization faced collapse due to ecological factors such as flooding and population growth, as well as the potential invasion by Aryans.

2. Content:
• Time period
• Location
• Religion and Beliefs
• Society
• Art
• Economy
• Architecture
• Reason of flourishment

3. • The Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan
Civilization was a ‘bronze’ age
civilization.
• It lasted from 3300 – 1700 BCE.

4. • This
civilization is
mainly
located in
the (from
today)
northeast
Afghanistan
to Pakistan
and the
northwest
part of India.

5. Religion and Beliefs
• They made clay figures of animals and women that
probably were used in special rituals.
• Small limestone was used to carve sculptures of
deities.
• They buried their dead in wooden coffins along
with pottery vessels with food, ornaments made of
gold, silver and precious stones.

6. Society
• Mostly peaceful
farmers.
• Built large cities with
ordered streets and
bricks made all the
same size.
• Strong central
government.
• Statues of priests and
kings.
• Advanced civilization
with large cities,
running water and
sewage system.

7. • Writing developed from earlier trading seals,
which let the merchants name and symbols of
trade items.
• The main society was classified into four
categories – i) Brahmana
ii) Kshatriya
iii) Vaishya
iv) Shudra

8. Art
• The artisans painted
various designs on
pottery, different type
of clay figurines, toys
seals and ornaments.
• They were usually
made of clay, bronze
and silver.
• They started using
wheels from 2300-
2200 BCE.

9. Economy
• Indus valley farmers
planted winter crops
like wheat, barley,
peas, lentils, linseed
and mustard.
• In summer they grew
millet, sesame and
cotton.
• Evidence shows that
about half the animal
bones came from
cattle.

10. • The Indus cities were connected with rural
agriculture communities and distant resources
and mining areas through strong trading
system.
• The outsiders were attracted to India for its
ornaments, metal tools and pottery.
• Cotton, lumber, grain and other food stuffs
were the major commodities of this internal
trade.
• They traded with Iran and Persian gulf.

11. Architecture
• There were well planned cities and towns
built on massive mud brick platforms.
• In larger cities the houses were made of
backed bricks.
• The houses were multi – storied.
• The houses were connected to an elaborate
drainage system.
• They constructed wells, bathing areas and a
place for proper sanitation.

16. Reason for collapes
• Archeologists have offered four explanation
for the collapse of Harappan civilization.
• Three are based on ecological factors: intense
flooding, increase in population and the
desiccation of the Indus river.
• The fourth reason is that of the Aryan
invasion.