history of architecture

1. MADE BY: DEEPAK PRADHAN

3. HARAPPAN CULTURE
 Indus valley
 not desert
 well-watered and heavily forested
 500 miles along the river valley
 10-20 times larger than Mesopotamia or Egypt

4. Great links to the sea and mountain
passes allowed extensive trade.

5.  At first scholars thought the civilizations of the Indus
Valley had developed the art of city building from the
Sumerians and other people of Mesopotamia, but later
scholars believed that Harappa had grown up
independently.
 Written records, the key that re-opened the civilizations
of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt are scarce in the
Indus valley. The only written materials so far
discovered are seal inscriptions that give only limited
information. Scholars have not succeeded in their
attempts to decipher the script. They differ substantially
in their interpretations. As a result, our understanding is
limited.

6. HAD THE FIRST INDOOR PLUMBING
AND DEVELOPED PLANNED CITIES.

7.  The city of Harappa was vandalized for thousands
of years before, as well as during the railroad
constructions and few artifacts remain. Mohenjo-
Daro was on a high water table, and any deeper
excavation threatens to flood the site. It is
impossible to dig down to the foundation level of the
city.

8. LACK OF SOURCES
 literate culture
 we cannot read the writing
 writing on bricks and seals
 did not use paper or clay tablets
 Historians have not yet deciphered their system of
writing.

9. “Unicorn” seal + writing

10. More seals

11. …and more seals...

13. Seated “yogi” : early
Shiva?

14. CAREFULLY PLANNED CITIES
Originating around 2500
B.C.E. the thriving
civilizations survived
for around 500 years.
Both Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro, two of
the largest among 500
sites, were three
miles in circumference
with around 40,000
people.

15. MOHENJO-DARO AND HARAPPA
To the north is a citadel or
raised area.
In Mohenjo-Daro, the citadel is
built on an architectural
platform about 45 feet above
the plain.
On the summit was a huge
communal bath.
Next to the large bath was a
huge open space—a granary
where food was stored from
possible floods.
Fortified walls mark the
southeast corner.

16. MOHENJO-DARO AND HARAPPA
•The lower city was laid out in a
gridiron with the main streets about
45 feet wide.
•Private houses, almost every one
with its own well, bathing space,
and toilet consisting of a brick seat
over a drainage area.
•Brick-lined drains flushed by water
carried liquid and solid waste to
sumps, where it was carted away,
probably to fertilize nearby fields.

17. MOHENJO-DARO AND HARAPPA
•The town plan was regular.
•Even fire-baked bricks were uniform in
size and shape.
•The regularity of plan and construction
suggests a government with
organization and bureaucratic capacity.
•No monumental architecture clearly
marks the presence of a palace or
temple.
•There is little sign of social stratification
in the plan or buildings.

18. Grid map of
Mohenjo-daro

19. Mohenjo-daro : aerial view

20. Mohenjo-daro
view of the “Citadel”

21. The “Great Bath”

22. another view of the “Great
Bath”

23. looks like a small
tower, but actually
it is a
neighborhood well

24. A bathroom on a private
residence

25. A public well in Harappa, or
perhaps an ancient laundromat...

26. A large drain or sewer

27. ARCHITECTURE, CON’T
 large grain storage facilities near temples
 a theocracy ??
 planned economy

28. Harappan granary

29. KEY FEATURES
 A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is
evident in the Indus Valley Civilization making them the first
urban centres in the region. The quality of municipal town
planning suggests the knowledge of urban planning and
efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on
hygiene.
 Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained
water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set
aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains,
which lined the major streets
 The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their
impressive dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms,
and protective walls.

30. SUMMARY
 Harappa was highly structured, organized urban
culture with an agricultural economy
 They probably worshipped gods and goddesses of
fertility and have practiced yogic meditation and
asceticism.
 The destruction of the civilization: flooding and
water resources (the shifting of water system)

31.  Thanks friends to listen me……