Antibiotic resistance poster
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
3 likes•10,403 views
1. The document discusses key facts about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, including that antibiotics only treat bacterial infections, not all infections require antibiotics, and it is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed. 2. It defines antibiotic resistance as microorganisms that are not inhibited by achievable systemic concentrations of an antimicrobial agent at normal dosages. 3. Antibiotic resistance can have consequences such as diseases that are usually treated by antibiotics becoming harder to treat, including tuberculosis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, hospital-acquired infections, and diarrheal infections.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Antibiotics resistance
ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE Defined as micro-organisms that are not inhibited by usually achievable systemic concentration of an antimicrobial agent with normal dosage schedule and / or fall in the minimum inhibitory concentration range
ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE is one of three major threats in the world.
This is a poster presentation regarding the ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE.
1. ANTIBIOTICS ARE LIFE SAVING DRUGS
2. ANTIBIOTICS ONLY TREAT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
3. SOME EAR INFECTIONS, MOST SORE THROATS DO NOT REQUIRE AN ANTIBIOTIC
4. GREEN COLOURED MUCUS IS NOT A SIGN THAT AN ANTIBIOTIC IS NEEDED
5. USE ANTIBIOTICS ONLY IF REQUIRED AND USE AS PER DIRECTIONS
PREPARED BY TONY JOSE,FINAL YEAR STUDENT,
NIRMALA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, MUVATTUPUZHA
Antibiotic resistance is a serious and growing phenomenon in contemporary medicine and has emerged as one of the pre-eminent public health concerns of the 21st century, in particular as it pertains to pathogenic organisms (the term is especially relevant to organisms that cause disease in humans). A World Health Organization report released April 30, 2014 states, "this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country. Antibiotic resistance–when bacteria change so antibiotics no longer work in people who need them to treat infections–is now a major threat to public health."[2]
In the simplest cases, drug-resistant organisms may have acquired resistance to first-line antibiotics, thereby necessitating the use of second-line agents. Typically, a first-line agent is selected on the basis of several factors including safety, availability, and cost; a second-line agent is usually broader in spectrum, has a less favourable risk-benefit profile, and is more expensive or, in dire circumstances, may be locally unavailable. In the case of some MDR pathogens, resistance to second- and even third-line antibiotics is, thus, sequentially acquired, a case quintessentially illustrated by Staphylococcus aureus in some nosocomial settings. Some pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, also possess a high level of intrinsic resistance.
It may take the form of a spontaneous or induced genetic mutation, or the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacterial species by horizontal gene transfer via conjugation, transduction, or transformation. Many antibiotic resistance genes reside on transmissible plasmids, facilitating their transfer. Exposure to an antibiotic naturally selects for the survival of the organisms with the genes for resistance. In this way, a gene for antibiotic resistance may readily spread through an ecosystem of bacteria. Once a bacterium becomes resistant to an antibiotic, it is unable to return to its previous state of vulnerability.[3] Resistance will be passed on to all of the daughter cells of the resistant microbe.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of how the body affects a drug after administration through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug entering systemic circulation through various routes and is affected by properties of the drug and biological membranes. Distribution involves a drug passing through body compartments depending on its physicochemical properties. Metabolism chemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more excretable, while excretion removes drugs and metabolites through the kidneys, lungs, bile, intestines, skin, and other routes.
Antimicrobial agents
This document discusses quinolones, a class of synthetic antimicrobial compounds. It begins by introducing nalidixic acid, the first quinolone, and how later fluorination led to more potent fluoroquinolone derivatives. Mechanism of action is described as inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, preventing DNA replication. Adverse effects include tendonitis, CNS effects, and QT prolongation with some agents. Therapeutic uses include urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, respiratory infections, and more. Resistance develops via mutations impairing drug binding or drug efflux.
Antiviral drugs
Antiviral drugs, Antiviral therapy ,,anti-herpes virus -Idoxuridine, Trifluridine, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Fomivirsen.,anti-influenza virus-Amantadine, Rimantadine, Oseltamivir, Zanamivir.
,anti-hepatitis virus/nonselective antiviral drugs ,primarily for hepatitis b -Ex-Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivoxil, Tenofovir,primarily for hepatitis c-Ribavirin, Interferon α ,anti-retrovirus ,nucleoside-Zidovudine (AZT), Didanosine, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Abacavir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir (Nt RTI) reverse transcriptase inhibitors -Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine, Anti viral drugs
,nrtis ,nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ,nnrtis ,protease inhibitors ,entry (fusion) inhibitor ,ccr5 receptor inhibitor ,integrase inhibitor.-Ritonavir, Atazanavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Saquinavir,
Amprenavir, Lopinavir
Entryy of virus in cell,AIDS,
Herpes group of DNA viruses, Virus cycle, Virus infected cell
Snehal chakorkar. (Pharmacology)
Bioavailability
The document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence. It defines bioavailability as the rate and extent to which an active drug reaches systemic circulation. Bioavailability can be assessed using pharmacokinetic methods like blood analysis and urinary excretion data or pharmacodynamic methods like measuring pharmacological response. Key pharmacokinetic parameters include Cmax, Tmax, and AUC. Bioequivalence means that two products do not show a significant difference in absorption rate or extent. Single-dose bioequivalence studies evaluate products meant for single doses, while multiple-dose studies are needed for special dosage forms and regimens. Two dosage forms are considered bioequivalent if their rates and extents of absorption do not significantly differ.
Immunostimulants & immunosuppressants
This document discusses immunomodulators, which are drugs that either suppress (immunosuppressants) or enhance (immunostimulants) the immune system. It describes several classes of immunosuppressants including calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, antiproliferative agents like azathioprine, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, glucocorticoids like prednisolone, and biologics like infliximab. Their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects are summarized. Immunostimulants discussed include levamisole, thalidomide, BCG vaccine, and interferons.
Immunosuppressants
Immunosuppressants are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants:
Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant
Maintenance drugs: Antirejection medications used for the long term.
Antiviral Agents
The document discusses various antiviral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and adverse effects. It covers antiviral drugs for herpes, HIV, hepatitis B/C, and influenza. For each class of antivirals, specific drugs are mentioned along with how they work against viruses at the molecular level and common side effects patients may experience. The stages of the viral life cycle are also outlined to show where different antiviral drugs target viruses.
Recommended
Antibiotics resistance
ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE Defined as micro-organisms that are not inhibited by usually achievable systemic concentration of an antimicrobial agent with normal dosage schedule and / or fall in the minimum inhibitory concentration range
ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE is one of three major threats in the world.
This is a poster presentation regarding the ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE.
1. ANTIBIOTICS ARE LIFE SAVING DRUGS
2. ANTIBIOTICS ONLY TREAT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
3. SOME EAR INFECTIONS, MOST SORE THROATS DO NOT REQUIRE AN ANTIBIOTIC
4. GREEN COLOURED MUCUS IS NOT A SIGN THAT AN ANTIBIOTIC IS NEEDED
5. USE ANTIBIOTICS ONLY IF REQUIRED AND USE AS PER DIRECTIONS
PREPARED BY TONY JOSE,FINAL YEAR STUDENT,
NIRMALA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, MUVATTUPUZHA
Antibiotic resistance is a serious and growing phenomenon in contemporary medicine and has emerged as one of the pre-eminent public health concerns of the 21st century, in particular as it pertains to pathogenic organisms (the term is especially relevant to organisms that cause disease in humans). A World Health Organization report released April 30, 2014 states, "this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country. Antibiotic resistance–when bacteria change so antibiotics no longer work in people who need them to treat infections–is now a major threat to public health."[2]
In the simplest cases, drug-resistant organisms may have acquired resistance to first-line antibiotics, thereby necessitating the use of second-line agents. Typically, a first-line agent is selected on the basis of several factors including safety, availability, and cost; a second-line agent is usually broader in spectrum, has a less favourable risk-benefit profile, and is more expensive or, in dire circumstances, may be locally unavailable. In the case of some MDR pathogens, resistance to second- and even third-line antibiotics is, thus, sequentially acquired, a case quintessentially illustrated by Staphylococcus aureus in some nosocomial settings. Some pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, also possess a high level of intrinsic resistance.
It may take the form of a spontaneous or induced genetic mutation, or the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacterial species by horizontal gene transfer via conjugation, transduction, or transformation. Many antibiotic resistance genes reside on transmissible plasmids, facilitating their transfer. Exposure to an antibiotic naturally selects for the survival of the organisms with the genes for resistance. In this way, a gene for antibiotic resistance may readily spread through an ecosystem of bacteria. Once a bacterium becomes resistant to an antibiotic, it is unable to return to its previous state of vulnerability.[3] Resistance will be passed on to all of the daughter cells of the resistant microbe.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of how the body affects a drug after administration through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug entering systemic circulation through various routes and is affected by properties of the drug and biological membranes. Distribution involves a drug passing through body compartments depending on its physicochemical properties. Metabolism chemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more excretable, while excretion removes drugs and metabolites through the kidneys, lungs, bile, intestines, skin, and other routes.
Antimicrobial agents
This document discusses quinolones, a class of synthetic antimicrobial compounds. It begins by introducing nalidixic acid, the first quinolone, and how later fluorination led to more potent fluoroquinolone derivatives. Mechanism of action is described as inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, preventing DNA replication. Adverse effects include tendonitis, CNS effects, and QT prolongation with some agents. Therapeutic uses include urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, respiratory infections, and more. Resistance develops via mutations impairing drug binding or drug efflux.
Antiviral drugs
Antiviral drugs, Antiviral therapy ,,anti-herpes virus -Idoxuridine, Trifluridine, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Fomivirsen.,anti-influenza virus-Amantadine, Rimantadine, Oseltamivir, Zanamivir.
,anti-hepatitis virus/nonselective antiviral drugs ,primarily for hepatitis b -Ex-Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivoxil, Tenofovir,primarily for hepatitis c-Ribavirin, Interferon α ,anti-retrovirus ,nucleoside-Zidovudine (AZT), Didanosine, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Abacavir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir (Nt RTI) reverse transcriptase inhibitors -Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine, Anti viral drugs
,nrtis ,nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ,nnrtis ,protease inhibitors ,entry (fusion) inhibitor ,ccr5 receptor inhibitor ,integrase inhibitor.-Ritonavir, Atazanavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Saquinavir,
Amprenavir, Lopinavir
Entryy of virus in cell,AIDS,
Herpes group of DNA viruses, Virus cycle, Virus infected cell
Snehal chakorkar. (Pharmacology)
Bioavailability
The document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence. It defines bioavailability as the rate and extent to which an active drug reaches systemic circulation. Bioavailability can be assessed using pharmacokinetic methods like blood analysis and urinary excretion data or pharmacodynamic methods like measuring pharmacological response. Key pharmacokinetic parameters include Cmax, Tmax, and AUC. Bioequivalence means that two products do not show a significant difference in absorption rate or extent. Single-dose bioequivalence studies evaluate products meant for single doses, while multiple-dose studies are needed for special dosage forms and regimens. Two dosage forms are considered bioequivalent if their rates and extents of absorption do not significantly differ.
Immunostimulants & immunosuppressants
This document discusses immunomodulators, which are drugs that either suppress (immunosuppressants) or enhance (immunostimulants) the immune system. It describes several classes of immunosuppressants including calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, antiproliferative agents like azathioprine, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, glucocorticoids like prednisolone, and biologics like infliximab. Their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects are summarized. Immunostimulants discussed include levamisole, thalidomide, BCG vaccine, and interferons.
Immunosuppressants
Immunosuppressants are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants:
Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant
Maintenance drugs: Antirejection medications used for the long term.
Antiviral Agents
The document discusses various antiviral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and adverse effects. It covers antiviral drugs for herpes, HIV, hepatitis B/C, and influenza. For each class of antivirals, specific drugs are mentioned along with how they work against viruses at the molecular level and common side effects patients may experience. The stages of the viral life cycle are also outlined to show where different antiviral drugs target viruses.
Immunosuppressants
This document discusses immunosuppressant drugs. It begins by defining immunosuppression and immunosuppressants. The primary use of immunosuppressants is to prevent rejection after organ transplantation by lowering the body's immune response. The document then categorizes immunosuppressants and discusses their mechanisms of action. The main categories are selective inhibitors of cytokine production/function, immunosuppressive antimetabolites, antibodies, and corticosteroids. Examples like cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, azathioprine, and prednisone are explained in terms of how they suppress immune responses.
immuno stimulants
This document summarizes a seminar on immunostimulants. It defines immunostimulants as substances that increase the immune system's ability to fight infections and diseases. The document describes the different types of immunostimulants including specific and non-specific, and lists various classes like vaccines, adjuvants, immunoglobulins, and miscellaneous agents. It provides examples like BCG vaccine and discusses the functions, classification, and concludes that immunostimulants will be important for modern medicine.
Antibiotics - Medicinal chemistry
This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including their historical background, classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. It focuses on penicillins and their discovery by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. They have broad applications for treating bacterial infections. The document also discusses cephalosporins, another class of beta-lactam antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium.
Bioassay
Bioassay is defined as measuring the biological response of living tissues to determine the potency or concentration of an active principle in a preparation. There are various types of bioassays including quantal assays, graded assays, and multiple point assays. Bioassays can be performed on intact animals, isolated tissues, specific cells, or organisms and are useful for standardizing drugs obtained from natural sources and for measuring the activity of new or undefined substances. While powerful, bioassays can be time-consuming and expensive compared to physico-chemical methods.
Antifungal agents
1. Fungal infections are common in immunocompromised patients and those taking immunosuppressive drugs. They are harder to treat than bacterial infections.
2. There are two main types of fungal infections - superficial infections affecting the skin and mucous membranes, and deep infections affecting internal organs like the lungs and brain.
3. Major antifungal drug classes include azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole, polyenes like amphotericin B, and allylamines like terbinafine. They work by disrupting the fungal cell membrane or inhibiting fungal enzyme activity.
Introduction to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics principles
This presentation will give u overall basic information regarding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics...
Therapeutic index
The therapeutic index (TI) compares the effective dose of a drug to the toxic dose, with a higher TI indicating a safer drug. It is calculated as the ratio of the dose that causes toxicity (TD50) to the dose needed for a therapeutic effect (ED50). The dose-response relationship shows how effects change with dose levels. Knowledge of lethal doses, effective doses, and the dose-response curve allows evaluation of a drug's causality, threshold effects, and safety based on the TI.
Adverse drug reactions
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an unintended effect of a medication. Common types include Type A reactions which are dose-dependent and predictable, and Type B reactions which are unpredictable and sometimes life-threatening like anaphylaxis. Factors causing ADRs include patient factors like age and genetics as well as drug factors. Manifestations can affect various organs. Pharmacovigilance aims to monitor ADRs to educate clinicians and regulate drug use to reduce harm.
Adverse drug reactions
This document provides definitions and classifications of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It defines key terms like adverse event, adverse drug reaction, and adverse drug event. It then discusses various classification schemes for ADRs based on factors like onset, type of reaction, severity, and more. Different types of ADRs are explained like Type A, B, C reactions as well as side effects, drug dependence, withdrawal reactions and more, along with examples. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of definitions and classifications related to ADRs.
Biotransformation (Drug Metabolism)
Undergraduate class taken by Dr.RENJU.S.RAVI, Senior resident ,Department of Pharmacology,Govt.Medical College,Thiruvananthapuram.
Quinolones
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors : Dr Rahul Kunkulol
This document discusses anticholinesterase drugs and their mechanisms and uses. It describes how anticholinesterases inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine and thereby increasing cholinergic neurotransmission. The main types discussed are reversible carbamate drugs like physostigmine and neostigmine, and irreversible organophosphate inhibitors. Their uses include treating glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, and as antidotes for organophosphate poisoning. The mechanisms and characteristics of specific drugs like physostigmine, neostigmine, and edrophonium are also compared.
Penicillin
Penicillin and its derivatives were the first widely used antibiotics. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. It was mass produced during World War II and saved many lives. There are natural and semisynthetic penicillins. Semisynthetics were developed to overcome limitations of natural penicillins like poor oral absorption. They include penicillinase-resistant drugs like methicillin, extended-spectrum drugs like ampicillin, and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Semisynthetics have variable spectra, stability, absorption and uses against different bacteria. Common adverse effects include diarrhea, rash and hypersensitivity reactions.
Sulphonamide
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Tetracycline
This document discusses tetracycline antibiotics. It covers their classification, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, mechanisms of resistance, pharmacokinetics, administration, adverse drug reactions, uses, drug interactions, and storage. Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics derived from Streptomyces coelicolor bacteria. They work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and include short, intermediate, and long-acting drugs like tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline. Resistance can develop through enzymatic inactivation, efflux pumps, or ribosomal protection mechanisms.
Adme
This document provides an overview of pharmacokinetics, which is the quantitative study of how the body acts on drugs. It describes the four main components of pharmacokinetics - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption refers to how drugs enter the bloodstream, distribution is how drugs spread to tissues, metabolism is how drugs are chemically altered, and excretion is how drugs and their metabolites leave the body. Key factors that determine a drug's pharmacokinetic properties and how it behaves in the body are also discussed.
Chronopharmacology
Chronopharmacology is the study of variations in drug effects over biological times and circadian rhythms. It considers how drugs interact with living systems depending on the time of day they are administered. Biological rhythms like circadian (24-hour), ultradian (<20 hours), and infradian (>28 hours) rhythms influence physiological functions and drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Chronotherapy aims to increase drug efficacy and safety by timing drug administration according to biological rhythms. It has applications in treating cancers, asthma, hypertension, strokes, and other conditions. Recent advances include circadian-aligned drug delivery systems and future approaches may integrate chronopharmacology with systems biology and nanomedicine.
Metabolism II
The document discusses various Phase II biotransformation reactions. It describes conjugation reactions like conjugation with glucuronic acid, sulphate moieties, alpha amino acids, and glutathione. Conjugation with glucuronic acid is the most common reaction where glucuronic acid is attached to form glucuronides. Conjugation with sulphate occurs less frequently. Amino acid conjugation forms amide bonds between carboxylic acids and amino acids like glycine. These conjugation reactions make compounds more polar and water soluble for excretion.
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious public health threats of the twenty-first century
Anti-Fungal drugs
This document provides an overview of anti-fungal drugs. It begins by classifying antifungals based on their chemical structure, sites of action, and mechanisms of action. The major classes discussed include azoles, polyene macrolides, and other antifungals. Azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole are broad-spectrum and inhibit ergosterol synthesis. Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol and forms pores in fungal membranes. Other antifungals discussed are flucytosine, griseofulvin, and nystatin. The document outlines the mechanisms, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of the main antifungal drug
Antibiotic resistance
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and strategies to address it. It provides background on the history of antibiotics and the development of resistance. Key points covered include the mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as mutations, plasmids, efflux pumps, and inactivating enzymes. The document emphasizes that improper antibiotic use increases resistance by placing selection pressure on bacteria. It also notes the global threat of resistant infections and the need for improved stewardship of antibiotic prescribing and use.
EAAD 2014 Resources Toolkit for Healthcare Professionals in England
Held every 18 November, European Antibiotic Awareness Day (EAAD) is a day to encourage responsible use of antibiotics.
The plan for EAAD 2014 is to increase measurable engagement by healthcare professionals and the public. Our main objective is that by 30th November we have a combined 10, 000 Antibiotic Guardian pledges from healthcare professionals and the public to at least one pledge for prudent use of antimicrobials.
Sources: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/369778/EAAD-AG_Campaign_Resources_Toolkit_2014.pdf
Posters and Leaflets: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/european-antibiotic-awareness-day-and-antibiotic-guardian-posters-and-leaflets
Video: http://youtu.be/7PhmyNBWGik?list=PL5iZsTMBd0hjSm71Z8WOYn3_CdPC09WCX
Website: http://antibioticguardian.com/
More Related Content
What's hot
Immunosuppressants
This document discusses immunosuppressant drugs. It begins by defining immunosuppression and immunosuppressants. The primary use of immunosuppressants is to prevent rejection after organ transplantation by lowering the body's immune response. The document then categorizes immunosuppressants and discusses their mechanisms of action. The main categories are selective inhibitors of cytokine production/function, immunosuppressive antimetabolites, antibodies, and corticosteroids. Examples like cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, azathioprine, and prednisone are explained in terms of how they suppress immune responses.
immuno stimulants
This document summarizes a seminar on immunostimulants. It defines immunostimulants as substances that increase the immune system's ability to fight infections and diseases. The document describes the different types of immunostimulants including specific and non-specific, and lists various classes like vaccines, adjuvants, immunoglobulins, and miscellaneous agents. It provides examples like BCG vaccine and discusses the functions, classification, and concludes that immunostimulants will be important for modern medicine.
Antibiotics - Medicinal chemistry
This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including their historical background, classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. It focuses on penicillins and their discovery by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. They have broad applications for treating bacterial infections. The document also discusses cephalosporins, another class of beta-lactam antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium.
Bioassay
Bioassay is defined as measuring the biological response of living tissues to determine the potency or concentration of an active principle in a preparation. There are various types of bioassays including quantal assays, graded assays, and multiple point assays. Bioassays can be performed on intact animals, isolated tissues, specific cells, or organisms and are useful for standardizing drugs obtained from natural sources and for measuring the activity of new or undefined substances. While powerful, bioassays can be time-consuming and expensive compared to physico-chemical methods.
Antifungal agents
1. Fungal infections are common in immunocompromised patients and those taking immunosuppressive drugs. They are harder to treat than bacterial infections.
2. There are two main types of fungal infections - superficial infections affecting the skin and mucous membranes, and deep infections affecting internal organs like the lungs and brain.
3. Major antifungal drug classes include azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole, polyenes like amphotericin B, and allylamines like terbinafine. They work by disrupting the fungal cell membrane or inhibiting fungal enzyme activity.
Introduction to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics principles
This presentation will give u overall basic information regarding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics...
Therapeutic index
The therapeutic index (TI) compares the effective dose of a drug to the toxic dose, with a higher TI indicating a safer drug. It is calculated as the ratio of the dose that causes toxicity (TD50) to the dose needed for a therapeutic effect (ED50). The dose-response relationship shows how effects change with dose levels. Knowledge of lethal doses, effective doses, and the dose-response curve allows evaluation of a drug's causality, threshold effects, and safety based on the TI.
Adverse drug reactions
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an unintended effect of a medication. Common types include Type A reactions which are dose-dependent and predictable, and Type B reactions which are unpredictable and sometimes life-threatening like anaphylaxis. Factors causing ADRs include patient factors like age and genetics as well as drug factors. Manifestations can affect various organs. Pharmacovigilance aims to monitor ADRs to educate clinicians and regulate drug use to reduce harm.
Adverse drug reactions
This document provides definitions and classifications of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It defines key terms like adverse event, adverse drug reaction, and adverse drug event. It then discusses various classification schemes for ADRs based on factors like onset, type of reaction, severity, and more. Different types of ADRs are explained like Type A, B, C reactions as well as side effects, drug dependence, withdrawal reactions and more, along with examples. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of definitions and classifications related to ADRs.
Biotransformation (Drug Metabolism)
Undergraduate class taken by Dr.RENJU.S.RAVI, Senior resident ,Department of Pharmacology,Govt.Medical College,Thiruvananthapuram.
Quinolones
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors : Dr Rahul Kunkulol
This document discusses anticholinesterase drugs and their mechanisms and uses. It describes how anticholinesterases inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine and thereby increasing cholinergic neurotransmission. The main types discussed are reversible carbamate drugs like physostigmine and neostigmine, and irreversible organophosphate inhibitors. Their uses include treating glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, and as antidotes for organophosphate poisoning. The mechanisms and characteristics of specific drugs like physostigmine, neostigmine, and edrophonium are also compared.
Penicillin
Penicillin and its derivatives were the first widely used antibiotics. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. It was mass produced during World War II and saved many lives. There are natural and semisynthetic penicillins. Semisynthetics were developed to overcome limitations of natural penicillins like poor oral absorption. They include penicillinase-resistant drugs like methicillin, extended-spectrum drugs like ampicillin, and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Semisynthetics have variable spectra, stability, absorption and uses against different bacteria. Common adverse effects include diarrhea, rash and hypersensitivity reactions.
Sulphonamide
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Tetracycline
This document discusses tetracycline antibiotics. It covers their classification, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, mechanisms of resistance, pharmacokinetics, administration, adverse drug reactions, uses, drug interactions, and storage. Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics derived from Streptomyces coelicolor bacteria. They work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and include short, intermediate, and long-acting drugs like tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline. Resistance can develop through enzymatic inactivation, efflux pumps, or ribosomal protection mechanisms.
Adme
This document provides an overview of pharmacokinetics, which is the quantitative study of how the body acts on drugs. It describes the four main components of pharmacokinetics - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption refers to how drugs enter the bloodstream, distribution is how drugs spread to tissues, metabolism is how drugs are chemically altered, and excretion is how drugs and their metabolites leave the body. Key factors that determine a drug's pharmacokinetic properties and how it behaves in the body are also discussed.
Chronopharmacology
Chronopharmacology is the study of variations in drug effects over biological times and circadian rhythms. It considers how drugs interact with living systems depending on the time of day they are administered. Biological rhythms like circadian (24-hour), ultradian (<20 hours), and infradian (>28 hours) rhythms influence physiological functions and drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Chronotherapy aims to increase drug efficacy and safety by timing drug administration according to biological rhythms. It has applications in treating cancers, asthma, hypertension, strokes, and other conditions. Recent advances include circadian-aligned drug delivery systems and future approaches may integrate chronopharmacology with systems biology and nanomedicine.
Metabolism II
The document discusses various Phase II biotransformation reactions. It describes conjugation reactions like conjugation with glucuronic acid, sulphate moieties, alpha amino acids, and glutathione. Conjugation with glucuronic acid is the most common reaction where glucuronic acid is attached to form glucuronides. Conjugation with sulphate occurs less frequently. Amino acid conjugation forms amide bonds between carboxylic acids and amino acids like glycine. These conjugation reactions make compounds more polar and water soluble for excretion.
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious public health threats of the twenty-first century
Anti-Fungal drugs
This document provides an overview of anti-fungal drugs. It begins by classifying antifungals based on their chemical structure, sites of action, and mechanisms of action. The major classes discussed include azoles, polyene macrolides, and other antifungals. Azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole are broad-spectrum and inhibit ergosterol synthesis. Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol and forms pores in fungal membranes. Other antifungals discussed are flucytosine, griseofulvin, and nystatin. The document outlines the mechanisms, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of the main antifungal drug
What's hot (20)
Introduction to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics principles
Introduction to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics principles
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors : Dr Rahul Kunkulol
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors : Dr Rahul Kunkulol
Viewers also liked
Antibiotic resistance
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and strategies to address it. It provides background on the history of antibiotics and the development of resistance. Key points covered include the mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as mutations, plasmids, efflux pumps, and inactivating enzymes. The document emphasizes that improper antibiotic use increases resistance by placing selection pressure on bacteria. It also notes the global threat of resistant infections and the need for improved stewardship of antibiotic prescribing and use.
EAAD 2014 Resources Toolkit for Healthcare Professionals in England
Held every 18 November, European Antibiotic Awareness Day (EAAD) is a day to encourage responsible use of antibiotics.
The plan for EAAD 2014 is to increase measurable engagement by healthcare professionals and the public. Our main objective is that by 30th November we have a combined 10, 000 Antibiotic Guardian pledges from healthcare professionals and the public to at least one pledge for prudent use of antimicrobials.
Sources: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/369778/EAAD-AG_Campaign_Resources_Toolkit_2014.pdf
Posters and Leaflets: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/european-antibiotic-awareness-day-and-antibiotic-guardian-posters-and-leaflets
Video: http://youtu.be/7PhmyNBWGik?list=PL5iZsTMBd0hjSm71Z8WOYn3_CdPC09WCX
Website: http://antibioticguardian.com/
PSA Poster: Antibiotic Resistant Gonorrhea
This project was done in BIOL 453, Immunology. The CDC has classified antibiotic resistant gonorrhea as an "urgent threat" in its 2013 antibiotic resistance threat report. Education for at risk groups is essential to slow the threat of this disease.
Antibiotic resistance-MADHURI RUDRARAJU
The document discusses antibiotic resistance and its causes. It notes that antibiotic resistance was first discovered in 1929 by Alexander Fleming and antibiotics were widely used starting in the 1940s. It then discusses how bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through various mechanisms like denying antibiotic access, modifying the antibiotic target, or pumping antibiotics out of the cell. The document outlines factors that contribute to resistance developing, like improper antibiotic usage, lack of compliance with treatment durations, and overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. It provides examples of bacteria that have developed significant resistance issues, like E. coli becoming resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and MRSA developing vancomycin resistance. The document concludes that controlling antibiotic overuse and improving hygiene are important
WORLD LIVER DAY
World Liver Day is observed annually on April 19th to raise awareness about liver health and diseases that affect the liver. The day aims to educate people on prevention and treatment of common liver diseases. Thushara C, a student of pharmacy practice, highlighted the importance of World Liver Day in 3 sentences or less.
Immergluck- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center Seminar Poster 8-19-2015-
This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of MRSA carriage and infection in children with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). The researchers conducted a prospective case-control study of children presenting to Atlanta hospitals with SSTIs. They found that a history of antibiotic use and previous MRSA SSTIs were associated with MRSA carriage and infection. Children with abscess SSTIs were more likely to be colonized with MRSA USA300 strain than other SSTI types. Recurrence risk was higher for MRSA USA300 SSTI cases. Certain MRSA USA300 virulence genes like lukS/F-PV, agr and bsaB may contribute to carriage and SSTI
Research Poster
1) The document describes a study that aimed to develop a continuous and non-invasive method of measuring blood pressure using ultrasound.
2) The method uses Doppler and B-mode ultrasound to measure blood velocity and arterial diameter in the brachial artery. These measurements are then used to calculate differential pressure, which is correlated to actual blood pressure readings from a sphygmomanometer.
3) The study first proved this correlation using a phantom model of the brachial artery, then measured blood pressure in 26 healthy patients to establish an in vivo standard correlation curve. This curve can be used to determine blood pressure from ultrasound measurements of differential pressure.
Three posters presented at AAAS2015
Three posters presented at AAAS 2015:
- Genomics Education Partnership general poster (Barral et al)
- GEP student poster (Arko and Chagani, National University)
- Small World Initiative student poster (Yeagley et al, National University)
SWI antibiotic producers presentation at NU Fall Assembly
These are the preliminary results of 5 antibiotic-producers isolated as part of the Small World Initiative implementation at National University.
Multi drug resistance
This document discusses mechanisms of multi-drug resistance in bacteria and cancer cells. It describes how organisms can develop resistance through mutation, gene transfer, decreased membrane permeability, and efflux pumps that remove drugs from cells. Specifically, it explains that bacteria resist antibiotics via enzymatic degradation, altered target sites, and increased efflux. Cancer cells similarly resist chemotherapy through efflux pumps like P-glycoprotein and MDR proteins that transport drugs out of cells. The key mechanisms of multi-drug resistance shared by bacteria and cancer are efflux pumps and enzymatic deactivation of drugs.
Banned Drugs in INDIA- compiled by Dr.Bipin Chandra Bhagath.L
Banned Drugs in INDIA- compiled by Dr.Bipin Chandra Bhagath.LDr.Bipin Chandra Bhagath.L MBBS, MD, PGDCR
The document lists 54 categories of fixed-dose drug combinations that are banned for marketing in India by the Government of India. These include combinations that do not have therapeutic justification, pose risks to human health, or have been found to cause harmful side effects like bone marrow depression, irregular heartbeats, liver failure, cancer, nerve damage, and more. Some examples of banned drugs and combinations mentioned are analgin, cisapride, droperidol, nitrofurazone, oxyphenbutazone, and fixed-dose combinations of analgesics with antihistamines or corticosteroids.Antibiotics resistance lecture
Antibiotics Resistance is a new issue in Microbiology-Medicine aspects, taken from Lange Review of Medical Microbiology, this purpose is for education only
Antibiotic resistance
The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to a rapid increase in antibiotic resistance. There are several factors that contribute to this resistance, including spontaneous mutations that make bacteria resistant, evolutionary pressures that select for these mutations, and the ability of resistant bacteria to continue dividing. Modern travel and large urban populations help spread resistant bacteria globally. Hospitals are ideal environments for resistance to develop and spread due to the large amounts of antibiotics used and the vulnerable patient populations. Bacteria have multiple mechanisms for developing resistance, including inactivating antibiotics, pumping them out of cells, modifying antibiotic targets, and changing metabolic pathways. Increased efforts are needed to slow the development of resistance through more prudent antibiotic use and new drug development.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria 1
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major challenge for the long-term use of antimicrobial agents. Bacteria can develop resistance through intrinsic or acquired mechanisms such as mutations or gaining new DNA. Resistance occurs through various methods like altering the antibiotic target, reducing drug accumulation in bacteria, or enzymatically inactivating the drug. Prudent antibiotic use and infection control practices can help limit the emergence and spread of drug-resistant bacteria.
MDR , XDR
This document discusses multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant organisms (MDROs and XDRs). It defines antibiotic resistance and how bacteria can become resistant through improper antibiotic usage and transmission of resistance genes. Common MDROs include MRSA, VRE, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. XDR tuberculosis is described as being resistant to nearly all drug classes. Treatment of MDROs and XDRs is difficult as few drug options remain effective. The prevention of further resistance development requires appropriate antibiotic prescribing and hygiene practices to limit transmission.
Multi drug resistance molecular pathogenesis
The document discusses multi-drug resistance and antibiotic resistance. It provides background on the history of antibiotics and resistance. It then covers the major topics of how antibacterial resistance develops through various mechanisms like mutations, plasmids, efflux pumps, and inactivating enzymes. The document also discusses the Indian scenario of rising drug resistance and the growing problem of NDM-1 enzyme production. It concludes by outlining some strategies to address resistance like developing new antibiotics, prudent antibiotic use, and alternative approaches like phage therapy and quorum sensing inhibition.
Viewers also liked (16)
EAAD 2014 Resources Toolkit for Healthcare Professionals in England
EAAD 2014 Resources Toolkit for Healthcare Professionals in England
Immergluck- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center Seminar Poster 8-19-2015-
Immergluck- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center Seminar Poster 8-19-2015-
SWI antibiotic producers presentation at NU Fall Assembly
SWI antibiotic producers presentation at NU Fall Assembly
Banned Drugs in INDIA- compiled by Dr.Bipin Chandra Bhagath.L
Banned Drugs in INDIA- compiled by Dr.Bipin Chandra Bhagath.L
Similar to Antibiotic resistance poster
Anti infectives fall 2011
The document provides an overview of pharmacology of antimicrobials including:
1. It classifies antimicrobials by the microorganism they affect such as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral drugs.
2. It discusses important concepts such as bacteriocidal vs. bacteriostatic effects, selective toxicity, and organism sensitivity.
3. It covers antimicrobial resistance including common mechanisms and factors that promote development of resistance.
ANTIBIOTICS
This document discusses antibiotics, including their classification, uses, misuses, and side effects. It describes how antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. The document also addresses the problems of antibiotic misuse and overprescription, which can lead to antibiotic resistance and "super bugs." Side effects of antibiotics are outlined as well as the important role of pharmacists in ensuring appropriate antibiotic usage.
4b8c antibiotics used in dentistry
1. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms like fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria that suppress or destroy other microorganisms.
2. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929 after noticing that a mold growing in one of his petri dishes had prevented bacteria from growing nearby. Penicillin revolutionized medicine as the first widely used antibiotic.
3. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem as bacteria have increasingly developed resistance, even to formerly powerful antibiotics like penicillin. Proper antibiotic stewardship including only using antibiotics when necessary and completing prescribed treatment courses can help address this growing threat.
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. The overuse, misuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has contributed greatly to the growth of antibiotic resistance. Rational and appropriate antibiotic use, through practices like restricting their use and employing them only when necessary, can help control the spread of resistance.
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. It develops due to overuse, misuse and improper use of antibiotics in both humans and livestock. Rational antibiotic use through prudent prescribing practices and infection prevention can help curb the rise and spread of antibiotic resistance.
Acs0815 Antibiotics
The document discusses antibiotic therapy for surgical patients. It covers general principles of antimicrobial therapy including empirical therapy and laboratory tests to determine antibiotic susceptibility. It also discusses factors that influence antibiotic treatment such as route of administration, host factors like pregnancy, and advanced age. Finally, it provides guidelines for selecting antibiotics for common surgical infections like intra-abdominal infections.
principle of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics
This document discusses principles of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It defines antimicrobial agents and antibiotics, and outlines ideal qualities such as killing pathogens without harming the host. Antibiotics can be natural, derived from fungi or bacteria, or synthetic. Terms like bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and synergistic effects are explained. The document also covers antibiotic resistance, mechanisms by which it occurs, and risks that can lead to resistance. Consequences of antibiotic resistance and measures to combat it are described. Finally, antibiotics are classified based on their activity, spectrum, absorption, and mechanism of action.
Presentation on antibiotics.
Antibiotics,antibiotics resistances,classification of antibiotics,misuse of antibiotics details discussed here. for more information visit my blog helpful for pharmacy and medical student.thanks.
http://mydreamlan.wordpress.com/category/education/
Presentation on Antibiotic and its Resistance
This topic contain slides on antibiotics and its resistance and also said what is role of pharmacist in management of antiboitics.
Antibiotic presentation
Antibiotic resistance is on rise and we healthcare individuals need to be active to minimize its resistance.
AMA-_Antimicrobials_Intro.pdf
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Antimicrobials intro by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
Surgical antibiotic
What are antibiotics? How do antibiotics work? Antibiotic Mode Of Action. DETERMINANTS OF RATIONAL DOSING. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC SPECTRA , Principles of Antibiotic Therapy .Empirical Antibiotic Therapy , Factors Influencing Antibiotic Choice. Prophylaxis for Selected Types of Surgery
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY.pptx
To review about general principles of antibiotic therapy to understand more about their action and precautions while prescribing antibiotics to the patient.
Diagnostic microbiology in Antibiotic policy
The document discusses the importance of developing an antibiotic policy to improve antibiotic use and combat antibiotic resistance. It notes that overuse and misuse of antibiotics in various healthcare, agricultural, and community settings has contributed significantly to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. An antibiotic policy aims to standardize and promote best practices for antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment. It also seeks to improve education, optimize resource use, and slow the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Developing effective antibiotic stewardship requires coordinated efforts between clinicians, microbiologists, pharmacists, and other stakeholders. Ongoing monitoring of resistance patterns and prudent prescribing guided by local susceptibility data are also emphasized.
Antibiotic resistance
The document summarizes a group presentation on antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction that defines antibiotic resistance and outlines the presentation topics. These include a brief history of antibiotics, factors contributing to resistance, examples of resistant bacteria, and mechanisms of resistance. It then discusses the concerns of physicians regarding resistant infections and strategies for managing resistance, such as prudent antibiotic use, development of new drugs, and controlling spread. It concludes that human overuse of antibiotics has led to widespread resistance and that improved hygiene and isolation can help control spread.
guidelinesforantibiotics-200827064818.pdf
The document provides guidelines for the rational use of antibiotics in surgical prophylaxis. It states that antibiotics should only be used to treat bacterial infections and outlines factors to consider when selecting antibiotics, including the patient, etiological agent, and pharmacokinetic properties of the drug. It recommends using prophylactic antibiotics for contaminated or clean-contaminated surgeries or those involving artificial devices. A single pre-operative dose is typically sufficient for procedures under four hours.
Guidelines for rational use of antibiotics in surgical prophylaxis
The document provides guidelines for the rational use of antibiotics in surgical prophylaxis. It states that antibiotics should only be used to treat bacterial infections and outlines factors to consider when selecting antibiotics, including the patient, etiological agent, and pharmacokinetic properties of the drug. It recommends using prophylactic antibiotics for contaminated or clean-contaminated surgeries or those involving artificial devices. The antibiotics should be administered as a single dose within an hour before surgery and discontinued within 24 hours.
Antibiotics
This document discusses antibiotics, including their classification, uses, misuses, and side effects. Antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action (such as inhibiting protein synthesis or DNA synthesis), spectrum of activity (broad or narrow), and mode of action (bacteriostatic or bactericidal). Misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance and cross-resistance between antibiotic classes. Common side effects include diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and skin rashes.
Similar to Antibiotic resistance poster (20)
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Basics_of_Antibiotics_Bugs_Drugs_in_Practice__1679965031.pdf
Basics_of_Antibiotics_Bugs_Drugs_in_Practice__1679965031.pdf
Guidelines for rational use of antibiotics in surgical prophylaxis
Guidelines for rational use of antibiotics in surgical prophylaxis
More from THUSHARA MOHAN
Hiv and opportunistic infections
HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and causes opportunistic infections when the immune system is weakened. Common opportunistic infections seen in HIV patients include Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterium infections, cryptococcosis, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus. These opportunistic infections are treated with antibiotics, antifungals and antivirals depending on the specific infection, with the aim of preventing disease progression in HIV patients.
Comparision of thin layer chromatography and paper chromatography
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and paper chromatography are compared. TLC uses a silica gel coated plate as the stationary phase, while paper chromatography uses filter paper. TLC allows for sharper separation and is less time consuming than paper chromatography. TLC plates can also withstand higher temperatures and corrosive reagents compared to paper. TLC provides higher sensitivity for detection of fractions with less diffusion of spots.
Inflammatory bowel disease
This document provides information on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of IBD. The major causes of IBD involve genetic, infectious, and immunological factors. Ulcerative colitis affects the large intestine while Crohn's disease can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment involves medications to induce and maintain remission such as aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, biologics, and antibiotics in some cases. Nutritional support and surgery may also be used in severe cases that do not respond to medical management.
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
This document provides information on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. It discusses the types of IBD, symptoms, investigations, complications, and treatments. The two main types are Crohn's Disease, which causes transmural inflammation of the GI tract, and Ulcerative Colitis, which causes mucosal inflammation confined to the colon and rectum. Symptoms and complications are described for each condition. Investigations include blood tests, endoscopy, and imaging. Treatments aim to induce and maintain remission, and include medications like aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologics, and antibiotics
Drug information and poison information
The document discusses drug information centers and poison information centers. It provides details on:
- The history and development of the first drug information centers (DICs) and poison control centers (PCCs) in the 1960s in the US and other countries.
- The aims of DICs and PCCs, which include providing drug and poison information to health professionals, developing treatment guidelines, conducting research and education.
- The staffing of DICs and PCCs, which typically includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, toxicologists and other professionals.
- The services provided by DICs and PCCs, such as answering drug and poison inquiries via phone/email, publishing
Schizophrenia
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its symptoms, types, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings, treatment goals, and pharmacological management. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by disorganized thinking and perceptions. It has several clinical subtypes and is generally treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy, with goals of minimizing symptoms and improving functioning. The exact causes are unknown but involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain neurochemistry.
Immunosuppressant drugs
This document discusses various types of immunosuppressant drugs used to inhibit immune responses in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases. It describes the main categories as calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, antiproliferative drugs including azathioprine and methotrexate, glucocorticoids, and immunosuppressant antibodies such as muromonab CD3 and antithymocyte globulin. Cyclosporine is highlighted as the most effective prevention of graft rejection by selectively suppressing T-cell mediated immunity while leaving other immune functions intact.
Zika virus
Zika virus is primarily spread through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While Zika infection is usually mild, symptoms can include fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes. The virus poses a serious risk to pregnant women, as infection during pregnancy has been linked to microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects in babies. There is no vaccine or treatment for Zika, so prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents when traveling in affected areas.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is characterized by the progressive and irreversible deterioration of renal function that eventually leads to death if not treated. CRF is caused by damage to the glomeruli or tubulointerstitial tissues of the nephrons from diseases such as chronic glomerulonephritis, diabetes, hypertension, infections, toxins, and obstructions. As kidney function declines through 5 stages, complications arise from fluid, electrolyte, and chemical imbalances that affect multiple organ systems. Treatment focuses on slowing progression, correcting imbalances, and managing symptoms through dietary modifications, medications like ACE inhibitors and diuretics, and eventually dialysis or transplantation.
Chronic kidney disease
This document provides information on chronic kidney disease (CKD), including its definition, stages, causes, clinical features, diagnostic tests, and treatment. It notes that CKD is progressive loss of kidney function that is categorized into 5 stages based on glomerular filtration rate. The main causes are glomerular diseases, vascular issues like hypertension, and infections/toxins. Signs and symptoms become more severe as the disease progresses. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, slowing disease progression, and renal replacement therapies like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis for late stages.
Adverse drug reaction monitoring and reporting
This document discusses types of adverse drug reactions and factors influencing them. It describes types A-E reactions, which include augmented, bizarre, chemical, delayed and end of treatment reactions. Polypharmacy, age, drug characteristics, gender, race and genetic factors can influence susceptibility. Detection methods include pre-marketing studies, post-marketing surveillance, underreporting and communicating reactions. Healthcare professionals should monitor high-risk patients and gather information to assess causality between drugs and adverse events. Underreporting is common due to various barriers but can be addressed through improved reporting systems and education.
Thyroid
The document provides information about the thyroid gland and thyroid function tests. It discusses that the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and other bodily functions. It describes different thyroid disorders like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. It then explains various thyroid function tests that evaluate thyroid hormone levels, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and detect thyroid antibodies to help diagnose thyroid conditions.
Heart failure ppt
Congestive cardiac failure is defined as a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be classified as systolic, diastolic, acute or chronic. Common causes include arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, hypertension, and obesity. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema while signs include tachycardia and edema. Diagnosis involves tests such as ECG, echocardiogram, and blood tests. Management consists of medications like ACE inhibitors, diuretics, beta-blockers and lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and smoking cessation.
TUBERCULOSIS
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB), including:
- TB is a contagious bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Over 9 million new cases and 2 million deaths occur worldwide each year, with 1/3 of the world's population infected.
- Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy, culture, chest x-ray, and the tuberculin skin test. Standard treatment lasts 6-9 months using multiple antibiotic drugs.
Uv visible instrument types
Single beam UV-visible spectrophotometers have a light source, filter/monochromator, sample cell, and detector but lack a reference cell for comparison. Double beam UV-visible spectrophotometers contain a light source, filter/monochromator, sample cell, reference cell, beam splitter, and two detectors, allowing rapid scanning by reducing fluctuations between measurements. While single beam instruments are simpler, double beam spectrophotometers provide more accurate readings through direct comparison of sample and reference signals.
More from THUSHARA MOHAN (15)
Comparision of thin layer chromatography and paper chromatography
Comparision of thin layer chromatography and paper chromatography
Recently uploaded
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every Day
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every Day" and unlock the secrets to building a strong, lasting relationship. This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey to self-improvement, enhancing your communication and emotional skills, ensuring that your partner chooses you without hesitation. Forget about complications and start applying easy, straightforward steps that make her see you as the ideal person she can't live without. Gain the key to her heart and enjoy a relationship filled with love and mutual respect. This isn't just a book; it's an investment in your happiness and the happiness of your partner
Types of Cancer Treatments | Forms of cancer treatment
Cancer treatment has advanced significantly over the years, offering patients various options tailored to their specific type of cancer and stage of disease. Understanding the different types of cancer treatments can help patients make informed decisions about their care. In this ppt, we have listed most common forms of cancer treatment available today.
𝔹hopal Call Girls 7023059433 High Profile Independent Escorts 𝔹hopal
𝔹hopal Call Girls 7023059433 High Profile Independent Escorts 𝔹hopal
PPT on Embryological and fetal development
Embryological development and fetal development
Factors influencing fetal development
Sunscreens, IP-I, Dr. M.N.CHISHTI, Asst Prof. Dept of Pharmaceutics, YBCCPA
Industrial Pharmacy -I, PCI syllabus
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-Tech
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
National Rural Health Mission(NRHM).pptx
This document describes the NRHM Scheme, its goals, objectives, components, and new initiatives.
Discover the Perfect Way to Relax - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Malayali Kerala Spa in Ajman, one among the top rated massage centre in ajman, welcomes you to experience high quality massage services from massage staffs from all ove rthe world! Being the best spa massage service providers, we take pride in offering traditional massage services of different countries, like
Indian Massage, Kerala Massage, Thai Massage, Pakistani Massage, Russian Massage etc
If you are seeking relaxation, pain relief, or wellness experience, our ajman spa is here for your unique needs and concerns. The services of our experienced therapists, and personalized attention will ensure that each visit will be memorable for you.
Book your appointment today and let us take you to a world of serenity and self-care. Because you deserves the best.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials fo...
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials fo...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptx
Presentation made by Mat Southwell to the Harm Reduction Working Group of the English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners. Discuss stimulants, OAMT, NSP coverage and community-led approach to DCRs. Focussing on active drug user perspectives and interests
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...The Lifesciences Magazine
The cyclothymia test is a pivotal tool in the diagnostic process. It helps clinicians assess the presence and severity of symptoms associated with cyclothymia.Luxury Massage Experience at Affordable Rate - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman we providing the top quality massage services for our customers.
Our massage center prioritizes efficiency to ensure a quality massage experience for our clients at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman. We offer a convenient appointment system and precise massage services.
Reach us at Villa No 7, Near Ammar Bin Yasir Street Al Rashidiya 2 - Ajman - United Arab Emirates.
Phone : +971 529818279
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION PRACTICES IN HOSPITAL.pptx
Following is the ppt for sterilization practices in hospital especially for infection control
Columbia毕业证书退学办理
哥伦比亚大学毕业证成绩单(留信网认证)【176555708微信】24小时办理学位证书编号怎么查
Columbia文凭毕业证学位证（176555708微信）加急制作哥伦比亚大学毕业证认证成绩单密封邮寄|Columbia研究生毕业证书学位证书|哥伦比亚大学Office Transcript美国I20修改|Columbia Office Transcript diploma 学历认证
Columbia毕业证【微信176555708】哥伦比亚大学毕业证书原版↑制作哥伦比亚大学学历认证文凭办理哥伦比亚大学留信网认证,留学回国办理毕业证成绩单文凭学历认证【微信176555708】专业为海外学子办理毕业证成绩单、文凭制作，学历仿制，回国人员证明、做文凭，研究生、本科、硕士学历认证、留信认证、结业证、学位证书样本、美国教育部认证百分百真实存档可查】
Electrocardiogram_20240614_173859_0000.pdf
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
Exploring Stem Cell Solutions for Parkinson's Disease with Dr. David Greene A...
Exploring Stem Cell Solutions for Parkinson's Disease with Dr. David Greene A...Dr. David Greene Arizona
Dr. David Greene of Arizona is at the forefront of stem cell therapy for Parkinson's Disease, focusing on innovative treatments to restore dopamine-producing neurons. His research explores the use of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and adult stem cells to replace lost neurons and potentially reverse disease progression. By transplanting differentiated cells into affected brain areas, Dr. Greene aims to address the root cause of Parkinson's. His work also investigates the neuroprotective benefits of stem cells, offering hope for effective, long-term treatments. Discover how Dr. Greene's pioneering efforts could transform Parkinson's Disease therapy.Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa AjmanMalayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Our Spa Massage Center Ajman prioritizes efficiency to ensure a satisfying massage experience for our clients at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman. We offer a hassle-free appointment system, effective health issue identification, and precise massage techniques.
Our Spa in Ajman stands out for its effectiveness in enhancing wellness. Our therapists focus on treating the root cause of issues, providing tailored treatments for each client. We take pride in offering the most satisfying Pakistani Spa service, adjusting treatment plans based on client feedback.
For the most result-oriented Russian Spa treatment in Ajman, visit our Massage Center. Our Russian therapists are skilled in various techniques to address health concerns. Our body-to-body massage is efficient due to individualized care and high-grade massage oils.05 CLINICAL AUDIT-ORTHO done at a peripheral.pptx
Clinical audit on pain management done at peripheral health centre
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educati...
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educati...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educationRecently uploaded (20)
Types of Cancer Treatments | Forms of cancer treatment
Types of Cancer Treatments | Forms of cancer treatment
𝔹hopal Call Girls 7023059433 High Profile Independent Escorts 𝔹hopal
𝔹hopal Call Girls 7023059433 High Profile Independent Escorts 𝔹hopal
Sunscreens, IP-I, Dr. M.N.CHISHTI, Asst Prof. Dept of Pharmaceutics, YBCCPA
Sunscreens, IP-I, Dr. M.N.CHISHTI, Asst Prof. Dept of Pharmaceutics, YBCCPA
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-Tech
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-Tech
Discover the Perfect Way to Relax - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Discover the Perfect Way to Relax - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials fo...
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials fo...
English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptx
English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptx
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...
Luxury Massage Experience at Affordable Rate - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Luxury Massage Experience at Affordable Rate - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION PRACTICES IN HOSPITAL.pptx
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION PRACTICES IN HOSPITAL.pptx
PPT DDTK 2 untuk balita dan prasekolah, deteksi dini tumbuh kembang pada anak
PPT DDTK 2 untuk balita dan prasekolah, deteksi dini tumbuh kembang pada anak
Exploring Stem Cell Solutions for Parkinson's Disease with Dr. David Greene A...
Exploring Stem Cell Solutions for Parkinson's Disease with Dr. David Greene A...
Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educati...
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educati...
Antibiotic resistance poster
- 1. KEY FACTS ABOUT ANTIBIOTICS THUSHARA C , 1ST YEAR M PHARM DEPARTMENT OF PHARMCY PRACTICE, GRACE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,PALAKKAD ANTIBI TICS RESISTANCE HOW IT SPREADS ? 1. ANTIBIOTICS ARE LIFE SAVING DRUGS 2. ANTIBIOTICS ONLY TREAT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 3. SOME EAR INFECTIONS, MOST SORE THROATS DO NOT REQUIRE AN ANTIBIOTIC 4. COMPLETE THE OF COURSE OF DRUGS PRESCRIBED BY THE DOCTOR. 5. USE ANTIBIOTICS ONLY IF REQUIRED AND USE AS PER DIRECTIONS REF: www.medicinenet.com www.wikipedia.org www.nhp.gov.in HOW IT HAPPENS ? ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE Defined as micro-organisms that are not inhibited by usually achievable systemic concentration of an antimicrobial agent with normal dosage schedule and / or fall in the minimum inhibitory concentration range CONSEQUENCES OF ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE DISEASES USUALLY HIT BY ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE TUBERCULOSI S PNEUMONIA CANCER TREATMENTS URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS DIARRHOEAL INFECTIONS