The document summarizes a group presentation on antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction that defines antibiotic resistance and outlines the presentation topics. These include a brief history of antibiotics, factors contributing to resistance, examples of resistant bacteria, and mechanisms of resistance. It then discusses the concerns of physicians regarding resistant infections and strategies for managing resistance, such as prudent antibiotic use, development of new drugs, and controlling spread. It concludes that human overuse of antibiotics has led to widespread resistance and that improved hygiene and isolation can help control spread.
Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals) from working against it.
Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals) from working against it.
Antibiotic resistance,introduction, cause, mechanism and solution of Antibiot...Dr. Sharad Chand
A illustrative representation of the antibiotic resistance, its introduction, cause, mechanism, examples and possible solutions of the antibiotic resistance. with pictorial illustrations for better understanding.
. Antibiotics are medicines that help stop infections caused by bacteria. They do this by killing the bacteria or by keeping them from copying themselves or reproducing. The word antibiotic means “against life.” Any drug that kills germs in your body is technically an antibiotic. But most people use the term ...
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The perspective of antibiotic resistanceLimon Mirza
Antibiotic, Antibiotic resistance, Causes of antibiotic resistance, History of antibiotic, Bangladesh perspective of antibiotic resistance, Prevention & Control of antibiotic resistance
Mechanism Antibiotic Resistance
Intrinsic (Natural)
Acquired
Chromosomal
Extra chromosomal
Intrinsic Resistance
Lack target : No cell wall; innately resistant to penicillin
2. Drug inactivation: Cephalosporinase in Klebsiella
3. Innate efflux pumps:
It is an active transport mechanism. It requires ATP.
Eg. E. coli, P. aeruginosa
Altered target sites
PBP alteration
Ribosomal target alteration
Decreased affinity by target modification
Beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephamycins, and carbapenems
Major resistant Pathogen
1. PRSP- Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae2. MRSA/ORSA- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Super bug)3. VRE -Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci4. Carbapenem resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa5. Carbapenem resistant Carbapenem resistant 6. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria
Antibiotic resistance,introduction, cause, mechanism and solution of Antibiot...Dr. Sharad Chand
A illustrative representation of the antibiotic resistance, its introduction, cause, mechanism, examples and possible solutions of the antibiotic resistance. with pictorial illustrations for better understanding.
. Antibiotics are medicines that help stop infections caused by bacteria. They do this by killing the bacteria or by keeping them from copying themselves or reproducing. The word antibiotic means “against life.” Any drug that kills germs in your body is technically an antibiotic. But most people use the term ...
For more information, you can book an appointment at
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
The perspective of antibiotic resistanceLimon Mirza
Antibiotic, Antibiotic resistance, Causes of antibiotic resistance, History of antibiotic, Bangladesh perspective of antibiotic resistance, Prevention & Control of antibiotic resistance
Mechanism Antibiotic Resistance
Intrinsic (Natural)
Acquired
Chromosomal
Extra chromosomal
Intrinsic Resistance
Lack target : No cell wall; innately resistant to penicillin
2. Drug inactivation: Cephalosporinase in Klebsiella
3. Innate efflux pumps:
It is an active transport mechanism. It requires ATP.
Eg. E. coli, P. aeruginosa
Altered target sites
PBP alteration
Ribosomal target alteration
Decreased affinity by target modification
Beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephamycins, and carbapenems
Major resistant Pathogen
1. PRSP- Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae2. MRSA/ORSA- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Super bug)3. VRE -Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci4. Carbapenem resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa5. Carbapenem resistant Carbapenem resistant 6. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria
Study about antibiotic abuse in NICU of pediatric department in misurata medical center (MMC) in interval between 1/1/2018 to 28/2/2018 under supervision of community medicine department in faulty of medicine in misurate university
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
No doubt that antibiotics are the life saver for us but taking them without prescription of doctor or not completing its course can turn them against us ,more precisely it makes the bacteria more powerful and hard to cure. They are not affected with antibiotic anymore this is known as Antibiotic Resistance
There are many ways that drug-resistant infections can be prevented: immunization, safe food preparation, handwashing, and using antibiotics as directed and only when necessary. In addition, preventing infections also prevents the spread of resistant bacteria.The main cause of antibiotic resistance is antibiotic use. When we use antibiotics, some bacteria die but resistant bacteria can survive and even multiply. The overuse of antibiotics makes resistant bacteria more common. The more we use antibiotics, the more chances bacteria have to become resistant to them.
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Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
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genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
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Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
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2. AFFILIATION
Submitted To
Dr. Farhana Alam Ripa
Assistant Professor
Department Of Pharmacy
BRAC University
Submitted by
Group F
Mumtahina Zaman: 17146007
Tania Rahman: 17146065
Md. Sharif Hossain: 17346005
Md. Ismail Raju: 17346042
Ashraful Islam: 17346057
3. What Is Antibiotic Resistance?
Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria or other
microbes to resist the effects of an antibiotic. Antibiotic
resistance occurs when bacteria change in some way that
reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals,
or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections.
The bacteria survive and continue to multiply causing
more harm.
4. Content
Outline
Introduction
Brief History
Is antibiotic beneficial or harmful?
Antibiotic misuse
Factors contributing to antibiotic resistance
Resistance to antibiotics
Development of resistance
Examples of few species
Mechanisms for acquiring
resistance
Action of antibiotics on bacterial cell
Physician’s concern
Managing the drug resistance problem
Super infection effect
Deaths attributable to antibiotic resistance
Conclusion
5. Brief introduction:
First discovered in 1929 by A. Fleming. Brought into widespread use in
the 1940s.
Antibiotic: Of biological origin. Produced by a microbe, inhibits other
microbes.
Bacteria are rapidly growing organisms. A typical infection that causes
symptoms will contain many bacteria.
Based on normal genetic variability, this population of bacteria will
have a wide variability of response to an individual antibiotic.
The treatment of bacterial infections is increasingly complicated by the
ability of bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics.
6.
7. Antibiotics: Beneficial or Harmful?
When antibiotics are used, six events may occur
with only one being beneficial:
Antibiotic aids the host defenses to gain control and
eliminate the infection.
On the other hand…..
•The antibiotic may cause toxicity or allergy.
•Initiate a super infection with resistant bacteria.
•Promote microbial chromosomal mutations to resistance.
•Encourage resistance gene transfer to susceptible species.
•Promote the expression of dormant resistance genes.
8. 1. Taking antibiotics when they are not
needed:
for viral infections
2. When needed, taking antibiotics
incorrectly:
i. Stopping the medicine when you
feel better - not finishing the
prescription
ii. Saving antibiotics for a future
illness
iii. Sharing or using other’s medicine
What is
antibiotic
misuse?
9. Factors
contributing to
antibiotic
resistance
Travel of people and foodstuffs
Patient movement within and between
medical institutions
Socioeconomic factors
Appropriateness of use
Poor adherence
Dose/duration of treatment
overprescribing
Gene transfer
Nonantibiotic selection
Infection control measures
10. Resistance
to
antibiotics
Denied access: membrane becomes
impermeable for antibiotic: e.g. Imipenem
Antibiotic modification: some bacteria have
enzymes that cleave or modify antibiotics: e.g.
beta lactamase inactivates penicillin
Altered target site: antibiotic cannot bind to its
intended target because the target itself has been
modified
Pumping out the antibiotic faster than it gets in:
e.g. tetracyclines
Alternative target (typically enzyme): e.g.
Alternative penicillin binding protein(PBP2a) in
MRSA
11. Development of resistance:
Bacterial cells that have developed resistance are not
killed off.
They continue to divide resulting in a completely
resistant population.
Mutation and evolutionary pressure cause a rapid
increase in resistance to antibiotics.
13. Examples of few species that have
developed resistance:
E coli: Development of
Resistance to Third-Generation
Cephalosporins
E coli is a common cause of
urinary tract infections and
bacteremia in humans, and is
frequently resistant to
aminopenicillins, such as
amoxicillin or ampicillin, and
narrow spectrum
S Aureus: Development of
High-Level Vancomycin
Resistance
MRSA is a common cause of
infection among hospitalized
patients. Vancomycin is the
typical treatment for these
infections, but over the last
decade there has been
increasing concern about the
development of MRSA strains
with reduced susceptibility to
vancomycin.
P aeruginosa: Development
of Multidrug Resistance
P aeruginosa is a major cause of
opportunistic infections among
immunocompromised
individuals. The spread of this
organism in healthcare settings
is often difficult to control due
the presence of multiple intrinsic
and acquired mechanisms of
antimicrobial resistance.
15. • An enzyme e.g. Penicillin cleaves a
portion of the antibiotic molecule and
renders it inactive.
•
Drug inactivation
• Mutations can alter the receptor that
transports the drug, so that the drug
cannot enter the cell.
•
Decreased permeability/
change in shape of
receptor
• Specialized membrane proteins are
activated and continually pump the drug
out of the cell.
Activation of drug
pumps
• Some drugs block the usual metabolic
pathway, organisms can circumvent this by using
an alternative, unblocked pathway that produces
the required product.
Use of alternative
metabolic pathway
Mechanism for acquiring
Resistance…
18. There are a
number of
reasons why
bacterial
resistance should
be a concern
for physicians….
First, resistant bacteria, particularly staphylococci, enterococci,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas are becoming
commonplace in healthcare institutions.
Bacterial resistance often results in treatment failure, which can have
serious consequences, especially in critically ill patients.
Inadequate empiric antibacterial therapy, defined as the initial use of
an antibacterial agent to which the causative pathogen was not
susceptible, has been associated with increased mortality rates in
patients with bloodstream infections due to resistant species.
The spread of resistant bacteria within the community poses obvious
additional
problems for infection control.
Prolonged therapy with antimicrobial agents, such as vancomycin or
linezolid, may also lead to the development of low-level resistance
that compromises therapy.
Resistant bacteria may also spread and become broader infection-
control problems, not only within healthcare institutions, but in
communities as well.
19. Managing
the Drug
Resistance
Problem
Limiting the Spread of Drug Resistant Bacteria:
Use better treatment strategies….Give the
optimal antibiotic.
Better education of health care professionals
to prevent the prescription of unnecessary antibiotics.
A second strategy is to ensure that they are
used for the appropriate time. Patient compliance is a
key problem in that respect.
A third strategy for limiting drug resistance is
to use antibiotic combination
Phage Therapy:
Phage can be applied on the wounds of a
patient to kill the bacteria, and has proven to be quite
effective. Of course, it cannot be used for internal
infections, and the bacteria might also develop phage
resistance.
20. Managing
the Drug
Resistance
Problem…
Mobilization of Host Defense Mechanisms:
This can be achieved through the
mobilization of innate immunity such as defensins, or
through the development of vaccines, which make
antibiotics less necessary. The idea is to boost the
immune response capability to control the bacterial
infection. Of course, that approach is not always
successful.
The Use of Normal Bacterial Flora:
One could also potentially use normal
bacterial flora to suppress some pathogens.
Development of New Antibiotics:
Although the idea is appealing, in reality,
it is extremely difficult since 99% of the drug candidates
fail, and antibiotics are not as profitable as other, more
commonly used, drugs.
21. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics rather than narrow-
spectrum drugs is known to favor the emergence of resistance
by broadly eliminating competing susceptible flora, leading to
the rise in resistance. It permits the SUPER INFECTION effect.
23. CONCLUSION
Through billions of years of evolution, microbes have developed myriad
defense mechanisms designed to ensure their survival. This protection is
readily transferred to their fellow life forms via transposable elements.
Despite very early warnings, humans have chosen to abuse the gift of
antibiotics and have created a situation where all microorganisms are
resistant to some antibiotics and some microorganisms are resistant to all
antibiotics.
Finally, antibiotics are ‘‘societal drugs’’ that affect microbial resistance not only
in the person taking the drug but also everyone else, because resistance
genes are easily passed.
Improving hygiene in hospitals, Screening of hospital visitors and isolating
patients can control the spread of resistance to some extent.
24. The impact of antibiotic use on resistance development
and persistence Teresa M. Barbosa,1 Stuart B. Levy 1,2
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in the Microbial
World Ying ZHANG ,Baltimore, USA
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria
Fred C. Tenover, PhD
Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
http://www.who.int/drugresistance/amr_q&a.pdf
http://biomed.emory.edu/PROGRAM_SITES/PBEE/pdf/ten
over1.pdf
http://www.accesspharmacy.com/content.
Reference