HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and causes opportunistic infections when the immune system is weakened. Common opportunistic infections seen in HIV patients include Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterium infections, cryptococcosis, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus. These opportunistic infections are treated with antibiotics, antifungals and antivirals depending on the specific infection, with the aim of preventing disease progression in HIV patients.