The document discusses drug information centers and poison information centers. It provides details on:
- The history and development of the first drug information centers (DICs) and poison control centers (PCCs) in the 1960s in the US and other countries.
- The aims of DICs and PCCs, which include providing drug and poison information to health professionals, developing treatment guidelines, conducting research and education.
- The staffing of DICs and PCCs, which typically includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, toxicologists and other professionals.
- The services provided by DICs and PCCs, such as answering drug and poison inquiries via phone/email, publishing
A Ward round is a visit made by a medical practitioner, alone or with a team of health care professionals and medical students to hospital in-patients at their bedside to review and follow-up the progress in their health.
Usually at least one ward round is conducted
everyday to review the progress of each
patient outcome.
Pharmacist’s participating in medical ward
rounds promotes health care
Participation of the Pharmacists in ward
rounds in various practice settings helps to
provide rational drug use.
Drug Information Services, Drug information Sources, Illegal DIC, Drug Information Bulletin, Classification of scientific literature, services offered bu drug information services
A Ward round is a visit made by a medical practitioner, alone or with a team of health care professionals and medical students to hospital in-patients at their bedside to review and follow-up the progress in their health.
Usually at least one ward round is conducted
everyday to review the progress of each
patient outcome.
Pharmacist’s participating in medical ward
rounds promotes health care
Participation of the Pharmacists in ward
rounds in various practice settings helps to
provide rational drug use.
Drug Information Services, Drug information Sources, Illegal DIC, Drug Information Bulletin, Classification of scientific literature, services offered bu drug information services
Introduction to daily activities of clinical pharmacist.
Drug therapy monitoring,
Medication chart review
Clinical Progress
Pharmacist intervention
Detection and management of ADRs
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
In this slides included clinical pharmacy introduction and pharmaceutical care, also explanation about the goals and objectives of the clinical pharmacy requirements
The Provision Of Written And/Or Verbal Information About Drugs And Drug Therapy In Response To A Request From Other Healthcare Providing Organizations, Committees, Patients, And Public Community
Hospital Formulary - presentation gives the detail idea about Hospital formulary, its advantage, disadvantage, how to prepare Hospital formulary and much more. this will be useful for Pharm.D-IV YEAR students, which was in their Hospital pharmacy subject. regards APOLLOJAMES
REVIEWING THE CLINICIANS PRESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT PROGRESSION IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACIST. THIS PRESENTATION WILL DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REVIEWING PATIENT DRUGTHERAPY PLAN
Patient medication adherence, Medication adherence, Causes of medication non-adherence, Problems linked with Medication Non-adherence, Factors affecting medication adherence, Patient related factors, Social and Economic factor, Disease related factor, Health care provider related factors, Therapy related factors, pharmacist role in the medication adherence, role of pharmacist in the medication adherence, monitoring of patient medication adherence, Direct method, Indirect method
Introduction to daily activities of clinical pharmacist.
Drug therapy monitoring,
Medication chart review
Clinical Progress
Pharmacist intervention
Detection and management of ADRs
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
In this slides included clinical pharmacy introduction and pharmaceutical care, also explanation about the goals and objectives of the clinical pharmacy requirements
The Provision Of Written And/Or Verbal Information About Drugs And Drug Therapy In Response To A Request From Other Healthcare Providing Organizations, Committees, Patients, And Public Community
Hospital Formulary - presentation gives the detail idea about Hospital formulary, its advantage, disadvantage, how to prepare Hospital formulary and much more. this will be useful for Pharm.D-IV YEAR students, which was in their Hospital pharmacy subject. regards APOLLOJAMES
REVIEWING THE CLINICIANS PRESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT PROGRESSION IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACIST. THIS PRESENTATION WILL DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REVIEWING PATIENT DRUGTHERAPY PLAN
Patient medication adherence, Medication adherence, Causes of medication non-adherence, Problems linked with Medication Non-adherence, Factors affecting medication adherence, Patient related factors, Social and Economic factor, Disease related factor, Health care provider related factors, Therapy related factors, pharmacist role in the medication adherence, role of pharmacist in the medication adherence, monitoring of patient medication adherence, Direct method, Indirect method
POISON INFORMATION CENTER AWARENESS & FIRST AID MEASURES FOR POISONINGDr. Abhimanyu Prashar
Poison Information Center in the Department of Clinical Pharmacy of JSS Hospital Mysore, Engages programs for creating awareness among public regarding safety measure during poisoning (Safe handling of pesticides, Do's and Dont's when bitten by sanke, etc)
if you do not know how to medical search , what do you do ??????one of the most important steps in medical search is its introduction. we help you to know more than now!!!!!!!
It is defined as knowledge of fact through reading, study or practical experience on chemical substance that is used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases.
It covers all type of information including; objective and subjective information as well as information gathered by scientific observation or practical experience.
DRUG INFORMATION SERVICE AND DRUG INFORMATION BULLETINSHIVANEE VYAS
"Drug information center is one of the departments of the hospital and gives the recent knowledge and information about the medical, pharmacy field at any time to the physicians, staff of the hospital and to the citizens”.
عرض تقديمي دعائي عصري أبيض وأرجواني.pptxOmarAlqadi5
Types of water in pharmaceutical preparation and sources including purified water, distilled water,water for injection, water for irrigation, bacteriostatic water, potable water , drinking water, deionization,pyrogen test
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
Drug information services
Drug and Poison information Center, Sources of drug information
Computerized services, and the storage and retrieval of information.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. 1
Drug information
It is the current, relevant, critically examined data about drug and drug use for given
patient or situation.
Many institutes run DIC(Drug Information Center) for the provision of drug
information, to every group/kind of people from any place
HISTORY
First DIC was developed in University of Kentucky in 1960. In United states 80% of
the Hospitals having DIC.
INDIA, in infancy stage with a few centers.
In India beginning has been made by the professor of pharmacology Mumbai at a govt
medical college
CMC and Hospital vellore has been trying in this direction earlier
Need of drug information
The no of drugs in the international market has increased very much
The newer drugs are generally more potent & selective, and formulations becoming
increasingly complex
The literature on drugs has also expanded and covers a wide range of information
To introduce a new drug into the practice, the professionals need to evaluate the given
information.
A simple,quick reference to a pharmacopoeia or formulary is no longer sufficient.
Aims and objectives of drug information services
The provision of information to health professionals on specific problems related to
the use of drugs in particular patients;
The provision of information to officials in government agencies to optimize the
decision making process;
The preparation and development of guidelines and formularies;
To improve patient compliance and to provide a guide to responsible self medication;
To develop and participate in continuing education programs;
2. 2
To participate in undergraduate and graduate teaching programs;
To develop educational activities regarding the appropriate use of drugs for patients in
the community;
To prepare and distribute material on drugs to health personnel in the form of a drug
Information bulletin and/or other media;
To develop and participate in research programs;
The Sources of information/Resources available
Primary Source:
Information is presented by authors without any evaluation by a second party.
Provides must current information about drugs.
Examples; articles published in journals(eg British Medical Journal), thesis etc.
Secondary source
The original source has been evaluated by second party other than the publisher.
Modified and rearranged form
Examples; review articles like lexis-nexis, Medline etc
Tertiary source
Information obtained from primary and secondary source and arranged in a manner to
represent a composite of the available information.
Examples; Representative form Pharmacopeias - BP, USP, IP, BNF etc.,
Encyclopedia Dictionaries Guides, text books
Other Sources:
The DIC also receives information from
The public and hospitals about the Adverse effects of any drug
Local drug lists
National Formularies
Hospital Formularies
3. 3
Internet
Phone calls to Manufacturers
Government and Non-government organizations
and also to other DIC’s.
DRUG INFORMATION SKILLS
Drug informer should understand the nature of the question and should ask all the
needed questions to get the ultimate question
Most specialists today use the modified systematic approach designed by ‘Host and
Kirkwood’, these are;
Step I ; Secure demographics of the requestors
Who requests?
Med/non med personnel
Educated/un educated personnel
Name/location/phone/email etc of requestor
This determines the type of response that will be given
Step II; Obtain background information
Where the requestor heard/read about the drug?
Is he/she taking medicine? Why?
Is he/she a caregiver/wants to take medicine?
This helps determining what additional information should be provided.
Step III; Determine and categorize the ultimate question
Putting the pieces of information together to form ultimate question and once it has
been determined, the next step is to categorize the question.
Step IV; Develop strategy and conduct research
Strategies should be developed with a typical algorithm with three essential
components; tertiary-secondary-primary literature
Step V;Perform evaluation, analysis & synthesis
4. 4
Provider should take time to evaluate the info, analyze and then synthesize it into a
good reply
Step VI;Formulate and provide response
An outline should be established to help formulate a response to the drug info
request.
Its important to have; introduction, body and conclusion
Step VII;Conduct follow-up and documentation
Checking with the requestor to make sure his/her question has been sufficiently and
completely answered.
Of vital importance is to document all the steps taken in this process.
DRUG LITERATURE EVALUATION
Among the skills of drug information is a knowledge of drug literature evaluation
which allows one to provide a critical analysis of the literature and have a better
understanding of the studies done in health and medicine.
It is a key component to provide a good quality answer to a requester
Being able to separate good data from poor data is essential
Knowing the limitations of any study can help in evaluating the usability of its data
Drug information specialists will often use some standard questions to help in this
process
Several references provide guides to evaluate the medical and pharmacy literature.
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSES TO DRUG INFORMATION
Do not guess
Take several ethical issues into account
◦ Patient privacy must be maintained
◦ Patient-physician relation cannot be breached
◦ Response is not necessary if the inquirer intends to misuse or abuse the
information that is provided.
Organize information before attempting to communicate the response to the inquirer.
Tailor the response to the inquirer’s background.
Tell the inquirer where the information was found.
5. 5
Alert the inquirer of a possible delay when it takes longer than anticipated to answer
the question.
Ask if the inquirer’s question is answered by the information.
Drug information centers
Drug information centers (DICs) in general, are service providers, which provide drug
information relating to therapies, pharmacoeconomics, education, and research
programs.
It provides unbiased information to health care professionals and/or patients and
consumers.
Many centers also provide workshops or other forms of training to enhance the skills
of healthcare professionals.
A drug information center is usually a unit located within and/or affiliated with a
larger organization (i.e., a pharmaceutical association, a hospital etc).
STAFFING
Pharmacist; specialists with proper knowledge of drug and actions associated with it
with academic degree. ƒ
(they provide drug information)
Pharmacy Technicians & Students
(they assist pharmacists in providing drug information like literature searching,retrieval of
data,resources updating etc)
People trained in library science with computer knowledge
(they are supporting staffs in DIC for their own expertise)
ƒ The center should have specific hours of operation(24hrs preferably) and adequate
technological resources (i.e., computers, phone lines, faxes, etc.)
The drug information center should have the latest publications and ideally publish a
newsletter or other informational updates.
Role of Pharmacist:
Must be a part of DIC,should be “ready to go” for information all the time.
‘The Drug-Information Pharmacist’ is at interface of vast amount knowledge on
onside and the persons needing the knowledge on other.
6. 6
Should provide proper information irrespective of the informer’s status,but
accordingly with informer’s status.
Drug information bulletin
It publishes the latest developments in medical sciences, the newly introduced drugs,
new indication and other information regarding drugs.
One of the PTCs duties is to assist the pharmacist in conducting a teaching program
within the hospital through a pharmacy publication.
The methods employed to disseminate interdepartmental information are usually
bulletins, bulletin board notices and committee meetings.
The bulletin normally publishes the latest development in the medical sciences, the
newly introduced drugs, new indications for certain drugs, newer drug delivery
systems, updates on drug interactions and ADRs.
Pharmacist is normally held responsible for its publication however; contributions are
obtained from pharmacists, physicians and nursing and other interested groups like
therapeutic dietician for food drug interactions for publishing the bulletin.
The contents should however be educative and informative.
POISON INFORMATION
HISTORY
The first centers were instituted in North America and Europe during the 1950’s.
The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) was established in 1980
as a collaborative programme of the International Labor Organization (ILO), the
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Health
Organization (WHO) in order to provide assessments of the risks to human health
and the environment posed by chemicals.
The IPCS provides guidance on the use of such assessments and seeks to strengthen
the capacity of each country to prevent and treat the harmful effects of chemicals and
to manage emergencies involving chemicals.
Its work on prevention and treatment of poisoning is undertaken in collaboration with
the World Federation of Associations of Clinical Toxicology Centers and Poison
Control Centers and its member associations.
The aims of the European Commission (EC) in the field of poison control are similar
to those of the IPCS and many activities are undertaken jointly by the two bodies.
POISON INFORMATION SERVICES
7. 7
PCC(Poison control center);
For the provision of service regarding poison and related danger, and to manage with
the poisoning Cases
Concept initiated in chicago in 1953
PCC were established for two reasons:
To provide rapid access to information valuable in assessing and treating poisonings.
To assist with poisoning prevention
STAFFING
ƒ Pharmacy team
pharmacist; specialists trained in poison information and in the management of
poisoning emergencies. ƒ
Pharmacy Technicians & Students ƒ
Medical team
Toxicologists specializing in medical toxicology are also available for consultation.
Supporting team
People trained in library science with computer knowledge.
The poison information centre is a specialized unit providing information on
poisoning, in principle to the whole community.
Its main functions are provision of toxicological information and advice,
management of poisoning cases, provision of laboratory analytical services,
toxicovigilance activities, research, and education and training in the prevention and
treatment of poisoning.
As part of its role in toxicovigilance, the centre advises on and is actively involved in
the development, implementation, and evaluation of measures for the prevention of
poisoning.
It also plays an important role in developing contingency plans for, and responding
to, chemical disasters, in monitoring the adverse effects of drugs, and in handling
problems of substance abuseAssess and treatment recommendations during poisoning
via 24-hour emergency telephone services
Provide public and professional educational programs
8. 8
To collect data on poisonings
To perform research
Assist the public and health care providers during hazardous material spills
Drug information and Pharmacovigilance
Substances of abuse
Environmental toxicology
Contingency planning for chemical incidents and disasters
Cooperation and interrelationships
TEACHING AND TRAINING
The experience gained in a poison information centre can be an important source of
human and animal toxicological data.
The application and communication of this knowledge are vital for improving the
prevention and management of poisoning. Centers thus have educational
responsibilities that extend to the training of medical practitioners and other
professional health workers likely to encounter cases of poisoning, and to
communication with the local population and the mass media.
Later sections of these guidelines include advice on the training needs of centers as
well as on their teaching and training functions.
TOXICOVIGILANCE
Toxicovigilance is an essential function of poison information centers. It is the active
process of identifying and evaluating the toxic risks existing in a community, and
evaluating the measures taken to reduce or eliminate them.
Analysis of enquiries received by centers permits the identification of those
circumstances, populations, and possible toxic agents most likely to be involved, as
well as the detection of hidden dangers.
The role of a centre in toxicovigilance is to alert the appropriate health and other
authorities so that the necessary preventive and regulatory measures may be taken.
This role enables them to make a major contribution to the prevention of poisoning
through their collaboration with the health and other appropriate authorities.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
Poison information centres, particularly in countries where there is no other readily
accessible source of information on toxic chemicals, are being asked to provide
9. 9
information on the effects of environmental contaminants, on the risks associated with
toxic wastes, and on safe levels of chemicals in the environment and in food and other
consumer goods.
Medical practitioners must also be provided with data on the possible effects of
exposure to environmental contaminants, and information on the types of biological
and other samples that should be collected and analyzed.
Mechanisms for the systematic collection, validation, and follow-up of data should be
established; it is also essential that the data are comparable, both nationally and
internationally, so that they may be used for the benefit of all.
CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR CHEMICAL INCIDENTS AND
DISASTER
Poison information centers can contribute to the handling of major chemical incidents
and disasters by providing appropriate information in the event of an emergency and
by taking an active part in contingency planning and in education and training.
They should also take part in epidemiological follow-up studies and other research
initiatives, where appropriate, collaborating and acting in concert with other bodies
involved in accident prevention and control.
A national or regional poison information centre can serve to centralize and
coordinate such activities.
BENEFITS
Service provided by poison information centers offers considerable direct health
benefits by reducing morbidity and mortality from poisoning and enabling the
community to make significant savings in health care costs.
Mild poisoning cases that can be treated by first-aid measures alone or by non-
hospital medical personnel are quickly recognized. Specific antidotes, therapeutic
agents, and medical equipment can be made more easily available through
coordination of stocks, so reducing costs and saving lives.
Centers can also help to prevent the unnecessary use of special antidotes and of
sophisticated and expensive treatments.
The case data collected by centers provide an epidemiological basis for local
toxicovigilance and contribute to the international fund of knowledge about human
toxicology and management of poisoned patients.
The education and training provided by poison information centers enable
professional health workers and the general public to recognize and avoid the dangers
of poisoning and to take effective action when poisoning incidents occur.