The document discusses antibiotics, including their definitions, classifications based on action and spectrum, and common indications for use. It highlights the misuse of antibiotics, the consequences leading to antibiotic resistance, and the role of healthcare providers in ensuring appropriate prescriptions and patient adherence to medication regimens. It emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between viral and bacterial infections to prevent unnecessary antibiotic use.

1. Presented by:
Mr. Piyush Yadav
Asstt. Professor
Prasad Institute of Technology
Department of Pharmacy
Jaunpur

2. Key points :

3. Antibiotics :
 Substance (such as penicillin) that
destroys or inhibits the growth of other
pathogenic microorganisms and is
used in the treatment of external or
internal infections.
 While some antibiotics are produced by
microorganisms, most are now
manufactured synthetically

4. Classification of antibiotics :
 Antibiotics are classified several ways.
 On the basis of mechanism of action
 On the basis of spectrum of activity
 On the basis of mode of action

5. On the basis of mechanism of action:
 Cell Wall Synthesis inhibitors:
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Beta-lactamase Inhibitors
Polymycin
Bacitracin
 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
 Inhibit 30s Subunit
Aminoglycosides (gentamycin)
Tetracyclines
Inhibit 50s Subunit
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Streptogramins
DNA Synthesis Inhibitors
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)
Metronidazole
 RNA synthesis Inhibitors
Rifampin
 Mycolic Acid synthesis inhibitors
Isoniazid
 Folic Acid synthesis inhibitors
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim

6. On the basis of mechanism of action:

7. On the basis of spectrum activity :
 Broad spectrum antibiotics :
 Amoxicillin
 Tetracycline
 Cephalosporin
 Chloramphenicol
 Erythromycin
 Short spectrum antibiotics:
 Penicillin –G
 Cloxacillin
 Vancomycin
 Bacitracin
 Fluxacillin

8. On the basis of mode of action:
 Bacteriostatic antibiotics
 Tetracycline
 Chloramphenicol
 Erythromycin
 Lincomycin
 Bacteriocidal antibiotics
 Cephalosporin
 Penicillin
 Erythromycin
 Aminoglycosides
 Cotrimoxazole

9. Antibiotics indications:
 Pneumonia
 Sepsis
 Meningitis
 Osteomyelitis
 Urinogenital Infections
 Gall Infections
 Quinsy
 Skin Infections
 Mucous Membrane
Infections
 Scarlet Fever
 Diphtheria
 Gynecologic Infections
 Syphilis
 Respiratory Infections
 ENT Infections
 Fungous Infections

10. Misuse of antibiotics :
 Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic
abuse or antibiotic overuse.
 The misuse or overuse of antibiotics, may produce
serious effects on health.
 It is a contributing factor to the creation of
multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally called
"super bugs" relatively harmless bacteria can
develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause
life-threatening infections.

11. Antibiotics resistance
 If the concentration of drug requires to
inhibit or kill the microorganism is greater
than normal use then the microorganism is
considered to be resistant to the drug.
OR
 The ability of a microorganism to produce a
protein that disables an antibiotic or prevents
transport of the antibiotic into the cell.

12. Cross-resistance
 Cross-resistance to a particular
antibiotic that often results in resistance
to other antibiotics, usually from a
similar chemical class, to which the
bacteria may not have been exposed.
 Cross-resistance can occur, for
example, to both colistin and polymyxin
B or to both clindamycin and lincomycin.

13. Mistreatment of Doctor

14. Inappropriate prescription :
 In an analysis of prescribing practices in teaching
hospitals worldwide, more than 40 %
of all antimicrobials prescribed were considered
inappropriate.
 Antibiotic resistance comes mainly because of
inappropriate or improper use of antibiotics by
physicians. Some 150 million prescriptions are
written annually in the USA And Of those, 50
million are absolutely unnecessary or
inappropriate”.

15. Doctor’s are bound to prescribe the
antibiotics
Mr: Don’t forget to take one
of our antibiotics free
sample before you leave the
hospital

16.  You get a fever. You have diarrhoea.
You catch a cold. Take a couple of
antibiotics (Amoxicillin ,Azithromycin)
 You should avoid it ,don’t take
antibiotics without prescription.

18. But many doctors/quacks
prescribed antibiotics in viral
diseases without test.
 Viral illness needs time to
heal, antibiotic can not help to
cure this illness.

19. Antibiotics side effects:
The most common side effects of
antibiotics :
Diarrhoea
Bloating and indigestion
Abdominal pain
Loss of appetite
Being sick
Feeling sick
Itchy skin rash
Coughing
life-threatening allergic reaction

20. Unconsciousness of Patient
•Without proper direction the
patient take the drug.
•They do not maintain the
dosage intervals and
complete the dose.
•Patient stop the drug when
feel better.

21. What Is The Rules Of Pharmacist
 The pharmacist should review the previous diseases
history of the patient
 Hypersensitivity reaction of Drug
 Drug-drug interaction
 Exact dose and frequency of the drug
 When the drug should be taken before or after meal
 Suggest not to stop the antibiotics without complete the
course even feel better

22. My Opinion
 The doctor must be concern about the disease whether it
viral or bacterial.
 They should not prescribed the drug without test or over
sure .
 The pharmacist should also more conscious about the
dose ,drug interaction, resistant and hypersensitivity of
the drug .
 The patient should strictly maintain the suggestion of the
pharmacist.

23. Thank you