This document discusses the anatomy of the anterior compartment of the arm and cubital fossa. It describes the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves located in the anterior compartment, including the biceps brachii, brachial artery, musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, and ulnar nerve. It then discusses the boundaries, floor, roof, and contents of the cubital fossa, including the supratrochlear lymph nodes. Finally, it provides some clinical correlates regarding measuring blood pressure over the brachial artery in the cubital fossa and obtaining intravenous access in the area.
The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint. It is formed between the muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh and leg. This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.
The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is a flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk and resides over the posterior surface of ribs two to seven. ... It also articulates with the humerus and clavicle, forming the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and acromioclavicular joint respectively.
The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint. It is formed between the muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh and leg. This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.
The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is a flat triangular bone located at the back of the trunk and resides over the posterior surface of ribs two to seven. ... It also articulates with the humerus and clavicle, forming the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and acromioclavicular joint respectively.
Introduction to the Upper Limb:
Definition and components of the upper limb.
Importance and significance in human anatomy and function.
Bony Framework:
Overview of the bones of the upper limb, including the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, and hand.
Detailed description of each bone, including their anatomical features, articulations, and clinical correlations.
Muscular System:
Overview of the muscles of the upper limb, organized by region (shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand).
Detailed description of the origin, insertion, action, innervation, and blood supply of each muscle.
Clinical correlations, such as common injuries, conditions, and surgical procedures involving upper limb muscles.
Neurovascular Structures:
Overview of the neurovascular structures of the upper limb, including nerves, arteries, and veins.
Description of the brachial plexus and its branches, along with their functions and clinical relevance.
Discussion of the arterial supply to the upper limb, including the subclavian and axillary arteries.
Overview of the venous drainage of the upper limb, including the superficial and deep veins.
Articulations and Movements:
Overview of the joints of the upper limb, including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand joints.
Description of the structure and function of each joint, including their range of motion and stability.
Discussion of the movements permitted at each joint, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.
Functional Considerations:
Overview of the functional anatomy of the upper limb, including its role in activities of daily living, sports, and occupational tasks.
Discussion of common functional impairments and disabilities affecting the upper limb, such as fractures, dislocations, and nerve injuries.
Clinical Relevance and Pathology:
Overview of common upper limb injuries and pathologies, including fractures, tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and rotator cuff tears.
Discussion of diagnostic techniques and imaging modalities used in the evaluation of upper limb pathology.
Overview of treatment options for upper limb injuries and pathologies, including conservative management and surgical interventions.
Conclusion:
Recapitulation of key points discussed in the essay.
Emphasis on the importance of understanding the anatomy and function of the upper limb in clinical practice and everyday life.
By organizing the essay according to these topics, you can provide a comprehensive overview of the upper limb, covering its anatomy, function, and clinical relevance in detail within the specified word limit.
6. THE BICEPS BRACHII
• The biceps functions primarily as strong supinator of the forearm. This action,
which is aided by the supinator muscle, requires the elbow to be at least
partially flexed.
• The biceps also functions as an powerful flexor of elbow joint, particularly
when the forearm is supinated. Functionally, this action is performed when
lifting an object, such as a bag of groceries or when performing a biceps curl.
• Both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew:
first biceps unscrews the cork (supination), then it pulls the cork out (flexion).
• If the elbow joint is fully extended, supination is then primarily carried out by
the supinator muscle.
• Weak flexor of shoulder joint.
7. Cont….
• When the forearm is
in pronation, the
brachialis, brachioradialis,
and supinator function to
flex the forearm, with
minimal contribution from
the biceps brachii.
Flexed arm in the pronated position
(left); with the biceps partially
contracted and in a supinated position
with the biceps more fully contracted,
approaching minimum length (right.)
8. Cont….
• The brachialis muscle is innervated by the
musculocutaneous nerve, which runs on its
superficial surface, between it and the biceps
brachii.
• Part of it is also innervated by the radial nerve
(proprioceptive branch).
• Action: Most powerful flexor at elbow joint
15. ULNAR NERVE
Origin
Course in arm: pierces the
medial intermuscular
septum and passes
behind the medial
epicondyle
Branches: None
16. RADIAL NERVE
Origin
Course: in posterior the
compartment of arm and
enters the anterior
compartment just above
the lateral epicondyle by
piercing the lateral
intermuscular septum
Branches:
1. Muscular
2. Articular branches to
elbow joint
21. SUPRATROCHLEAR LYMPH NODES
• One or two supratrochlear lymph
nodes lie in superficial fascia over
the upper part of fascia.
• Are placed above the medial
epicondyle of humerus, medial to
the basilic vein.
• Their afferents drain
the middle, ring, and little fingers,
the medial portion of the hand, and
the medial side of the forearm.
• Their efferents enter the lateral
axillary lymph nodes
22. CLINICAL CORRELATES
• During blood pressure
measurements, the
stethoscope is placed
over the brachial
artery in the cubital
fossa.
• The brachial pulse may
be palpated in the
cubital fossa also just
medial to the tendon.
23. Cont…
• The area just superficial to the
cubital fossa is often used for
obtaining intravenous access for
the purpose of intravenous
therapy or for blood sampling.