Introduction to the Upper Limb: Definition and components of the upper limb. Importance and significance in human anatomy and function. Bony Framework: Overview of the bones of the upper limb, including the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, and hand. Detailed description of each bone, including their anatomical features, articulations, and clinical correlations. Muscular System: Overview of the muscles of the upper limb, organized by region (shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand). Detailed description of the origin, insertion, action, innervation, and blood supply of each muscle. Clinical correlations, such as common injuries, conditions, and surgical procedures involving upper limb muscles. Neurovascular Structures: Overview of the neurovascular structures of the upper limb, including nerves, arteries, and veins. Description of the brachial plexus and its branches, along with their functions and clinical relevance. Discussion of the arterial supply to the upper limb, including the subclavian and axillary arteries. Overview of the venous drainage of the upper limb, including the superficial and deep veins. Articulations and Movements: Overview of the joints of the upper limb, including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand joints. Description of the structure and function of each joint, including their range of motion and stability. Discussion of the movements permitted at each joint, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Functional Considerations: Overview of the functional anatomy of the upper limb, including its role in activities of daily living, sports, and occupational tasks. Discussion of common functional impairments and disabilities affecting the upper limb, such as fractures, dislocations, and nerve injuries. Clinical Relevance and Pathology: Overview of common upper limb injuries and pathologies, including fractures, tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and rotator cuff tears. Discussion of diagnostic techniques and imaging modalities used in the evaluation of upper limb pathology. Overview of treatment options for upper limb injuries and pathologies, including conservative management and surgical interventions. Conclusion: Recapitulation of key points discussed in the essay. Emphasis on the importance of understanding the anatomy and function of the upper limb in clinical practice and everyday life. By organizing the essay according to these topics, you can provide a comprehensive overview of the upper limb, covering its anatomy, function, and clinical relevance in detail within the specified word limit.

1. The muscles of the
upper limb
Kemerovo State Medical University
Department of Anatomy
Senior Lecturer
Vladimir V. Kazimirov

2. THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

3. MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
The muscles of the upper limb are divided
into the:
1. muscles of the shoulder girdle
2. muscles of the upper arm:
➢ arm
➢ foream
➢ hand
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

4. MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
(THE POSTERIOR GROUP – abductors and supinators)
Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action:
Deltoid,
m. deltoideus
acromion, spine of
scapula, and the outer
third of the clavicle
deltoid
tuberosity of
the humerus
Abducts the shoulder; anterior
fibers flex the shoulder, while
posterior fibers extend it
Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action:
Supraspinatus,
m. supraspinatus
supraspinous fossa,
supraspinous fascia
greater tubercle
of the humerus
Abducts the
shoulder
Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action:
Infraspinatus,
m. infraspinatus
infraspinous fossa,
infraspinous fascia
greater tubercle
of the humerus
Abducts the
shoulder
Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action:
Teres minor,
m. teres minor
lateral border of the
scapula
greater tubercle
of the humerus
Rotates the
shoulder laterally
Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action:
Teres major,
m. teres major
lower angle and lateral
border of the scapula
crest of the lesser tubercle of
the humerus
Pulls the shoulder to the back;
medially rotates and adducts it Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

5. MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
(THE ANTERIOR GROUP - adductor and pronator)
Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action:
Subscapularis,
m. subscapularis
costal surface of the
scapula
lesser tubercle
of the humerus
Medially rotates and adducts the
shoulder
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

6. MUSCLESOF THE UPPERARM
Muscles of the upper arm are divided into the
anterior and posterior groups.
The anterior group comprises flexors, whereas the
posterior group — extensors.
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

7. THE ANTERIOR GROUP - comprises flexors
Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action:
Biceps brachii,
m. biceps brachii
the long head originates from
the supraglenoid tubercle of
the scapula
tuberosity of the
radius and
antebrachial fascia
Flexes the arm and forearm; supinator of
the forearm
the short had arises from the
coracoid process of the scapula
Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action:
Coracobrachialis,
m. coracobrachialis
coracoid process of
the scapula
medial surface of the humerus below
the crest of the lesser tubercle
Flexes and adducts the
arm
Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action:
Brachialis,
m. brachialis
anterior surface of
the humerus
tuberosity of the ulna, capsule of the
elbow joint
Flexes the forearm
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

8. THE POSTERIOR GROUP comprises extensors
Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action:
Triceps brachii,
m. triceps
brachii
the long head originates from the infraglenoid
tubercle of the scapula
olecranon
Extends the
forearm; the long
head, moreover,
extends and
adducts the
shoulder
the lateral head — from the posterior surface of
the humerus above the radial groove
the medial head originates from the posterior
surface of the humerus below the radial groove
Muscle: Locaded: Action:
Anconeus, m. anconeus extends laterally from the lateral epicondyle of the
humerus towards the upper part of the ulna
Extends the
forearm
lateral head
medial head
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

9. THE ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of the forearm are divided into the anterior
and posterior groups.
The anterior group comprises flexors and pronators,
whereas the posterior group — extensors and
supinator.
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

10. ANTERIOR GROUP OF THE ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES
The anterior group comprises flexors and pronators
Common origin. All flexors (mm. flexoris) arise from the medial epicondyle of the
humerus, interosseous septum of the forearm as well as from the antebrachial fascia
Flexors of the wrist
The palmaris longus
The flexor carpi radialis
The flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexors of the fingers
The flexor digitorum superficialis
The flexor digitorum profundus
The flexor pollicis longus
The pronator teres
The pronator quadratus
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

11. POSTERIOR GROUP OF THE ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES
The posterior group comprises extensors and supinator
Common origin. All extensors (mm. extensors) arise from the lateral epicondyle of
the humerus, posterior surfaces of the ulna and radius as well as from the
interosseous septum and antebrachial fascia
Extensors of the wrist
The extensor carpi radialis longus
The extensor carpi radialis brevis
The extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensors of the fingers
The extensor digitorum
The extensor digiti minimi
The extensor indicis
Supinator of the forearm
The supinator
Muscles of the thumb
The abductor pollicis longus
The extensor pollicis brevis
The extensor pollicis longus
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

12. THE MUSCLES OF THE HAND
The muscles of the hand are divided into three groups —
➢ muscles of the thumb (thenar eminence),
➢ muscle of the fifth digit (hypothenar eminence),
➢ central palmar muscles
muscle of the fifth digit
➢ palmaris brevis
➢ abductor digiti minimi
➢ flexor digiti minimi brevis
➢ opponens digiti minimi
central palmar muscles
➢ lumbricals
➢ palmar interossei
➢ dorsal interossei
muscles of the thumb
➢abductor pollicis brevis
➢flexor pollicis brevis
➢opponens pollicis
➢adductor pollicis
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov

13. THE FASCIAE OF THE UPPER LIMB
The superficial fascia, fascia superficialis, resides under the skin.
The individual fascia of the muscles, fascia propria, is well developed.
Depending on its location, the fascia has different names.
Fasciae of the shoulder girdle
In the region of the shoulder girdle there are the following fasciae:
➢ supraspinous fascia, fascia supraspinata, dense, covers the corresponding muscle;
➢ infraspinous fascia, fascia infraspinata, it covers the corresponding muscle;
➢ deltoid fascia, fascia deltoidea;
➢ axillary fascia, fascia axillaris, forms the floor of the axilla; it is a thin sheet, which is
continuous with the fasciae of the shoulder and thorax.
Fasciae of the upper arm
➢ the brachial fascia
➢ the antebrachial fascia. In the region of the wrist joint, the fascia becomes denser and
forms the retinacula (extensor retinaculum and flexor retinaculum)
➢ the fasciae of the hand
NB! The fascias separates and gives rise to numerous layers and septa between the muscles
Senior lecturer
Vladimir Kazimirov