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MEMORY
Traci
Papoff
Psych 275
C. Moon
08/10/2012
MEMORY
• The power or process of     • The store of things
  reproducing or recalling      learned and retained
  what has been learned         from an organism’s
  and retained esp. through     activity or experience as
  associative mechanisms.       indicated by modification
                                of structure or behavior
                                or by recall or
                                recognition.

• Source: Merriam-Webster
  Medical Dictionary,2006.
TYPES OF MEMORY
• Memory actually takes many
  different forms. We know that
  when we store a memory, we are
  storing information. But, what
  that information is and how long
  we retain it determines what type
  of memory it is. The biggest
  categories of memory are short-
  term memory (or working
  memory) and long-term memory,
  based on the amount of time the
  memory is stored.
• Source:
  http://www.positscience.com/hu
  man-brain/memory/types-of-
  memory
SHORT TERM MEMORY
• Short-term or working
  memory is the brief time
  of keeping something in
  mind before dismissing it
  or pushing it into long-
  term memory. The
  hippocampus and
  subiculum store short-
  term memories.
• Source: *Brain, The
  Complete Mind, pg.243
LONG-TERM MEMORY
• Long-term memory is        • Long-Term Memory
  our brain's system for
  storing, managing, and               Types:
  retrieving information.
  There are many
                             •   PROCEDURAL
  different forms of long-
  term memory.               •   PRIMING
• Source:
  http://www.positscienc
                             •   EPISODIC
  e.com/human-
  brain/memory/types-
                             •   SEMANTIC
  of-memory
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
• An implicit memory,
  allowing action to be
  performed
  unconsciously; “how
  to” knowledge.
• Stored first in the
  motor cortex, then
  sent to the
  cerebellum.
•   Source: Brain; The Complete Mind, pg. 243.
PRIMING MEMORY
• An implicit memory,
  which biases the
  brain to
  nonconsciously recall
  recently experienced
  information quickly.
• Stored in cerebral
  cortex regions that
  process original
  stimuli.
• Source: Brain, the Complete
  Mind, pg.243.
EPISODIC MEMORY
• A declarative
  (explicit) memory,
  in which conscious
  thought recalls
  personal
  experiences.
• The prefrontal
  cortex and the
  hippocampus.
•   Source: Brain, The Complete Mind, pg.243.
SEMANTIC MEMORY
• A declarative (explicit)
  memory, in which
  conscious thought calls
  up learned knowledge,
  such as facts about the
  world.
• Stored, in perhaps, the
  same regions as
  episodic memory
  (prefrontal cortex and
  the hippocampus).
•   Source: Brain, The Complete Mind, pg.243.
MEMORY PARTS
• MEMORY HAS
  THREE PARTS:
• ENCODING
• STORAGE
• RETRIEVAL
• Source: Brain, The
  Complete Mind, pg.239
ENCODING
• Encoding is based on perception       • During this process
                                          neurotransmitters fire
  and is the first step to creating a
                                          chemicals into the synapse
  memory.                                 and dendrites creating
• The strength of the memory              memories, also known as
  depends on how much                     elaboration.
  attention is paid to the stimuli.     • Even though these
                                          connections are made, they
• During encoding memories are            are not concrete, these
  developed in the hippocampus            synapse and dendrites change
  by using the language of                and so do our memories.
  electricity and chemicals.            • Source:
• When we create new memories             *http://science.howstuffworks
                                          .com/environmental/life/insid
  with words and images it adds           e-the-mind/human-
  strength to our encoding                brain/human-memory1.htm
  abilities.
STORAGE
• Storage is the process of
  retaining the information
                                      • Sensory memory extends the
                                        duration of the perception of
  gathered in the initial stages of     stimuli long enough that they
  encoding.                             can be recognized,
• Memory storage is made up of          transformed (encoded), and
  three memory systems:                 relayed to conscious
  sensory memory, short-term            awareness.
  memory, and long-term               • Short-term memory (STM) has
  memory.                               a limited duration (15 to 30
                                        seconds) and a limited
• Source:                               capacity, believed to be about
  *http://www.cliffsnotes.com/s         seven pieces of information.
  tudy_guide/Memory-                  • Long-term memory (LTM) has
  Storage.topicArticleId-               an unlimited capacity and a
  25438,articleId-25419.html            very long duration; it is
                                        virtually limitless
RETRIEVAL
• Retrieval is the process of getting
  information out of memory.
• Retrieval cues are stimuli that can
  be used to help retrieve
  memories.
• Priming is the process of
  identifying traces (perhaps
  associations made at the time the
  memory was formed) that lead to
  a memory.
• Source:
  *http://www.cliffsnotes.com/stu
  dy_guide/Memory-
  Retrieval.topicArticleId-
  25438,articleId-25420.html
MEMORY LOSS
          TYPES                  DESCRIPTION
                           •
• Alcohol blackout             Causes partial or total memory loss for events
                               occurring after rapid, heavy consumption of
                               alcohol.
• Dissociative fugue       •   Creates confusion about identity and life events.
                               Commonly accompanied by wandering.
• Korsakoff’s psychosis
                           •   Strikes some chronic alcoholics . Causes inability
                               to form short-term memories. Patient may even
                               invent memories.
• Post-traumatic amnesia
                           •   Occurs after coma. Causes
                               disorientation,agitation, inability to remember
                               anything prior to injury.
• Repressed memory
                           •   Arises as reaction to early trauma. Memories
                               are later recovered.
                           •   Source: Brain, The Complete Mind,pg. 257.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• *Postit-Science/human brain. (2012, March). Retrieved from Post it
   Science: http://www.positscience.com/human-
   brain/memory/types-of-memory
        This article is information in regards to the scientific study of
brain function around memory.

• *John Wiley & Sons. (2012). Memory Retrieval. unknown: Cliff
   Notes.
         In regards to simple and understandable language, memory
retrieval and its processes, are explained and simplified.

• *Merriam-Webster,Incorporated. (2006). Merriam-Webster's
   Medical Dictionary. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
        This dictionary was developed to serve as a language
translator between patients and doctors.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY cont.
• Richard C. Mohs, P. (2012). Memory Encoding. How Human
   Memory Works, 4.
         The detailed descriptions of memory encoding and its physical,
psychological and chemical processes can be found and understood in
this article.

• Sons, J. W. (2012). Memory Storage. Cliff Notes, Inc.
       The long and the short, of how memory storage is developed
and processed.

• *Sweeney, M. S. (2011). Brain, The Complete Mind. Washington
    D.C.: National Geographic.
          This book describes the complexity of the human brain from
its development to its processes and operations.

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Memory

  • 2. MEMORY • The power or process of • The store of things reproducing or recalling learned and retained what has been learned from an organism’s and retained esp. through activity or experience as associative mechanisms. indicated by modification of structure or behavior or by recall or recognition. • Source: Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary,2006.
  • 3. TYPES OF MEMORY • Memory actually takes many different forms. We know that when we store a memory, we are storing information. But, what that information is and how long we retain it determines what type of memory it is. The biggest categories of memory are short- term memory (or working memory) and long-term memory, based on the amount of time the memory is stored. • Source: http://www.positscience.com/hu man-brain/memory/types-of- memory
  • 4. SHORT TERM MEMORY • Short-term or working memory is the brief time of keeping something in mind before dismissing it or pushing it into long- term memory. The hippocampus and subiculum store short- term memories. • Source: *Brain, The Complete Mind, pg.243
  • 5. LONG-TERM MEMORY • Long-term memory is • Long-Term Memory our brain's system for storing, managing, and Types: retrieving information. There are many • PROCEDURAL different forms of long- term memory. • PRIMING • Source: http://www.positscienc • EPISODIC e.com/human- brain/memory/types- • SEMANTIC of-memory
  • 6. PROCEDURAL MEMORY • An implicit memory, allowing action to be performed unconsciously; “how to” knowledge. • Stored first in the motor cortex, then sent to the cerebellum. • Source: Brain; The Complete Mind, pg. 243.
  • 7. PRIMING MEMORY • An implicit memory, which biases the brain to nonconsciously recall recently experienced information quickly. • Stored in cerebral cortex regions that process original stimuli. • Source: Brain, the Complete Mind, pg.243.
  • 8. EPISODIC MEMORY • A declarative (explicit) memory, in which conscious thought recalls personal experiences. • The prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. • Source: Brain, The Complete Mind, pg.243.
  • 9. SEMANTIC MEMORY • A declarative (explicit) memory, in which conscious thought calls up learned knowledge, such as facts about the world. • Stored, in perhaps, the same regions as episodic memory (prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus). • Source: Brain, The Complete Mind, pg.243.
  • 10. MEMORY PARTS • MEMORY HAS THREE PARTS: • ENCODING • STORAGE • RETRIEVAL • Source: Brain, The Complete Mind, pg.239
  • 11. ENCODING • Encoding is based on perception • During this process neurotransmitters fire and is the first step to creating a chemicals into the synapse memory. and dendrites creating • The strength of the memory memories, also known as depends on how much elaboration. attention is paid to the stimuli. • Even though these connections are made, they • During encoding memories are are not concrete, these developed in the hippocampus synapse and dendrites change by using the language of and so do our memories. electricity and chemicals. • Source: • When we create new memories *http://science.howstuffworks .com/environmental/life/insid with words and images it adds e-the-mind/human- strength to our encoding brain/human-memory1.htm abilities.
  • 12. STORAGE • Storage is the process of retaining the information • Sensory memory extends the duration of the perception of gathered in the initial stages of stimuli long enough that they encoding. can be recognized, • Memory storage is made up of transformed (encoded), and three memory systems: relayed to conscious sensory memory, short-term awareness. memory, and long-term • Short-term memory (STM) has memory. a limited duration (15 to 30 seconds) and a limited • Source: capacity, believed to be about *http://www.cliffsnotes.com/s seven pieces of information. tudy_guide/Memory- • Long-term memory (LTM) has Storage.topicArticleId- an unlimited capacity and a 25438,articleId-25419.html very long duration; it is virtually limitless
  • 13. RETRIEVAL • Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory. • Retrieval cues are stimuli that can be used to help retrieve memories. • Priming is the process of identifying traces (perhaps associations made at the time the memory was formed) that lead to a memory. • Source: *http://www.cliffsnotes.com/stu dy_guide/Memory- Retrieval.topicArticleId- 25438,articleId-25420.html
  • 14. MEMORY LOSS TYPES DESCRIPTION • • Alcohol blackout Causes partial or total memory loss for events occurring after rapid, heavy consumption of alcohol. • Dissociative fugue • Creates confusion about identity and life events. Commonly accompanied by wandering. • Korsakoff’s psychosis • Strikes some chronic alcoholics . Causes inability to form short-term memories. Patient may even invent memories. • Post-traumatic amnesia • Occurs after coma. Causes disorientation,agitation, inability to remember anything prior to injury. • Repressed memory • Arises as reaction to early trauma. Memories are later recovered. • Source: Brain, The Complete Mind,pg. 257.
  • 15. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY • *Postit-Science/human brain. (2012, March). Retrieved from Post it Science: http://www.positscience.com/human- brain/memory/types-of-memory This article is information in regards to the scientific study of brain function around memory. • *John Wiley & Sons. (2012). Memory Retrieval. unknown: Cliff Notes. In regards to simple and understandable language, memory retrieval and its processes, are explained and simplified. • *Merriam-Webster,Incorporated. (2006). Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. This dictionary was developed to serve as a language translator between patients and doctors.
  • 16. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY cont. • Richard C. Mohs, P. (2012). Memory Encoding. How Human Memory Works, 4. The detailed descriptions of memory encoding and its physical, psychological and chemical processes can be found and understood in this article. • Sons, J. W. (2012). Memory Storage. Cliff Notes, Inc. The long and the short, of how memory storage is developed and processed. • *Sweeney, M. S. (2011). Brain, The Complete Mind. Washington D.C.: National Geographic. This book describes the complexity of the human brain from its development to its processes and operations.

Editor's Notes

  1. Source: *Brain, The Complete Mind. Pg.243
  2. Source: http://www.positscience.com/human-brain/memory/types-of-memory
  3. Source: Brain, The Complete Mind, pg. 243.
  4. Source: Brain. The Complete Mind, pg.243.
  5. Source: Brain, The Complete Mind, pg.243
  6. Source: Brain, The Complete Mind, pg.243.
  7. Source:Brain,The Complete Mind, pg. 239