Our presentation that the chairperson of our department gave us to present.

1. How to improve
your Memory
By Umar Zada
Sumbal Gul
Javeria elahi
Department of Psychology
First Batch 2016
M.Sc. 4th semester AWKUM

2. Memory
In psychology, memory is an organism's mental ability to store, retain and recall
information.
(Wikipedia)

3. Memory
 is the retention of, and ability to recall, information, personal
experiences, and procedures (skills and habits).
 (Skeptic’ Dictionary)

5. Brain Areas responsible in
Memory
The hippocampus, a primitive structure deep in the brain, plays the single largest role
in processing information as memory.
The amygdala, an almond-shaped area near the hippocampus, processes emotion and
helps imprint memories that involve emotion.
The cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain, stores most long-term memory in
different zones, depending on what kind of processing the information involves:
language, sensory input, problem-solving, and so forth.
In addition, memory involves communication among the brain’s network of neurons,
millions of cells activated by brain chemicals called neurotransmitters.

6. Types Of Memory

7. Sensory Memory
Sensory memory is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the
original stimulus has ceased. It refers to items detected by the sensory receptors which
are retained temporarily in the sensory registers and which have a large capacity for
unprocessed information but are only able to hold accurate images of sensory
information momentarily. The two types of sensory memory that have been most
explored are iconic memory and echoic memory.

8. Short term Memory
Short-term memory—closely related to “working” memory—is the very short time that
you keep something in mind before either dismissing it or transferring it to long-term
memory. Short-term memory is shorter than you might think, lasting less than a
minute. It’s what allows you to remember the first half of a sentence you hear or read
long enough to make sense of the end of the sentence. But in order to store that
sentence (or thought, fact, idea, word, impression, sight, or whatever else) for longer
than a minute or so, it has to be transferred to long-term memory.

9. Long term Memory
long-term memory is anything you remember that happened more than a few minutes
ago. Long-term memories aren’t all of equal strength. Stronger memories enable you
to recall an event, procedure, or fact on demand—for example, that Paris is the capital
of France. Weaker memories often come to mind only through prompting or
reminding.

10. Declarative Memory
Declarative memory is the aspect of human memory that stores facts. It is so called
because it refers to memories that can be consciously discussed, or declared. It applies
to standard textbook learning and knowledge, as well as memories that can be
'travelled back to' in one's 'mind's eye'.
*divided into two types
-episodic memory -semantic memory

11. Procedural memory
Procedural memory is the long-term memory of skills and procedures, or "how to"
knowledge (procedural knowledge).
It is considered a form of implicit memory.

12. Models of Memory
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model (also known as the Multi-store model, Multi-memory
model and the Modal model) is a psychological model proposed in 1968 by Richard
Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin as a proposal for the structure of memory. It proposed
that human memory involves a sequence of three stages:
Sensory memory (SM)
Short-term memory (STM)
Long-term memory (LTM)

13. Memory Span
Memory span: The number of items, usually words or numbers, that a person can
retain and recall. Memory span is a test of working memory (short-term memory). In a
typical test of memory span, an examiner reads a list of random numbers aloud at
about the rate of one number per second. At the end of a sequence, the person being
tested is asked to recall the items in order. The average span for normal adults is seven
to nine.

14. Memory Process
Human memory, like memory in a computer, allows us to store information for later
use. In order to do this, however, both the computer and we need to master
three processes involved in memory.
Encoding:
The process we use to transform information so that it can be stores.
Storage:
It simply means holding onto the information.
Retrieval:
It is bringing the memory out of storage and reversing the process of encoding. In
other words, return the information to a form similar to what we stored.

16. Methods of Improving
Memory
Forgetting things ?Do you want to improve your memory
without any medication. Improving your memory is easier by
following below tips.

17. RECALL
This involves digging into the memory and bringing back information on a
stimulus/response basis, e.g., "What is the capital of pakistan?" Answer:
“Islamabad". Recall often needs prompting with cues to help us retrieve what we
are looking for. It is not a reliable form of memory and many of us experience the
feeling that we know the answer but simply can't dig the information out. This is
the technique we use to remember people's names, hence we often forget them.
There are three types of recall:
1. Free recall: when no cues are given to assist retrieval
2. Serial recall: when items are recalled in a particular order
3. Cued recall: when some cues are given to assist retrieval

18. Recognition (re+cognition)
is a process that occurs in thinking when some
event, process, pattern, or object recurs. Coming from the base cognition;
cognition has various uses in different fields of study and has generally
accepted to be used for the process of awareness or thought.

19. RELEARNING:
Another means of remembering is through relearning. Relearned information
may return quickly, even if it hasn't been used for many years.

20. Tips for memory
improvements

21. Paying attention through your
senses
You can’t remember something if you never learned it, and you can’t learn something
— that is, encode it into your brain — if you don’t pay enough attention to it.
Make your habit of attention through varies senses i-e by
Eye contact
Auditory
Tactical
Smell
test

22. Rehearsal
-preserve information in STM
-To be remembered twice at least

23. Over learning
-best insurance against going blank
-study is continued beyond bare mastery

24. Space practice
-Superior to massed practice
20 minutes study session vs one hrs. continues study

25. Organize information.
While preparing for learning a learner needs to organize the material in some form.
Such an organization may help by creating a natural context and provide relevant cues
while retrieving the learned material. If the material lacks natural organization, an
artificial organization may be created by the learner.
Make sequence in encoding to easily Rehearse information
focus in your thoughts and speech fluency

26. Whole vs. part method
It is better to practice whole packages of information rather than smaller parts

27. Chunking Memory
Chunking involves creating something more meaningful and therefore memorable
from seemingly random bits of information. One example is if you need to remember
a list of things such as buying figs, lettuce, oranges, apples, and tomatoes you can
create a word out of the first letters (e.g., "FLOAT"), which is easier to remember than
the individual items. If you've ever tried to remember a phone number by making a
word (or words) out of the letters on the phone's dial pad, you've used chunking.

28. CHUNKING
• the items to be memorized are divided into
smallandeasilymemorablechunks or groups.
• This method works best when the order of the
items isnot important.

29. Knowledge of results
Positive feedback improves our motivation for learning

30. Minimize interference
Study schedule should include ample breaks between subjects

31. Brain exercises
Memory, like muscular strength, is a “use it or lose it” proposition. The more you work
out your brain, the better you’ll be able to process and remember information.

32. Aerobic exercise
The best way to improve our memories seems to be to increase the supply of oxygen
to the brain, which we can do by aerobic exercising. Walking for three hours each
week suffices, as does swimming or bicycle riding.
It gets the heart pumping more blood to the brain, which appears to reverse cellular
deterioration associated with aging.

33. Eat right & drink a right way
Your brain needs a lot of fuel, mainly the omega-3 fatty acids and drink six to eight
glasses of water a day.

34. Make notes
When you find it difficult to remember, just write it down

35. Be Socially active
Healthy relationship stimulate our brain cells. So keep maintaining good relationships
and happy to improve your memory.

36. Laugh
It activates brain areas vital to learning and creativity.

37. Keep everything in its place
If you keep important things like Keys in the same place.

38. Involve in your hobby
Whatever you like to do as your hobby try to involve in that.

39. Relate information to what you
already know.
Relate your new information with the past experiences to improve your memory.

40. Understand and be able to
interpret complex material.
Be calm and relax during listening,
Avoid prejudging, interruption
Interpret, analyze by thinking the unknowing material

41. Be motivated and keep a
positive attitude.
Participate in environment, and response through positive attitude.

42. To preserve a memory, link it to
a scent
Some scents related to the event can preserve memory and retrieve easily by again
smelling this

43. Listening to certain music can
affect your
long-term memory
-Events in the music
-Music according to your skill and profession

44. Meditation
Meditation improves focus, concentration, creativity, learning and reasoning skills .it is
believed to encourage connections between neurons which increase mental sharpness.

45. Think positive
Attempt and understand negative musings and try to supplant them with positive
ones.

46. Massages can make you
smarter
Helps in avoiding.
-emotional stability
-mood swings
-incompatibility and tightness

47. The Scent of Rosemary and
Basil

48. Nature can improve your
memory
Natural environment can give us chance to think, and pleased our internal states of
emotions

49. Healthy habits to improve
memory
Regular exercise
Reduces the risk for disorders that lead to memory loss, such as diabetes and
cardiovascular disease.
Increases oxygen to your brain.
May enhance the effects of helpful brain chemicals and protect brain cells.

50. WAYS OF ENHANCING
MEMORY
It is a common experience that forgetting is usually a source of trouble for people.
Everyday conversation, class room participation, performance in examination,
interview, presentation and communication in meetings often put demands on us to
remember information. Failure in doing so has negative consequences which all of us
experience to different degrees in our lives. As a result most of us are interested in
improving our memory. The study of memory aids and related techniques is called
mnemonics. Some of the techniques used in improving memory are listed

51. Recoding
While dealing with non-meaningful material one may recode the items to be remembered
in a more meaningful manner. Recoding may take many forms. For example people may
use the first letter of all the items and make a sentence. This kind of narrative structure
works as a cue. Acronyms (e.g., U.N.O., TV, CBI, WHO) are also used for the purpose in
which all the first letters are used. Using elaboration one may add more information which
makes the material distinctive. Chunking is a good example of recoding. If a large serial of
numbers is presented it becomes difficult to remember. The same, however, may be divided
in two or three chunks in some meaningful way using ingenuity. Using elaborative coding
one may put many items in astory form and recall the same easily

52. Use of schema
The efficiency of memory recall can be increased to some extent by making inferences
from our personal stockpile of world knowledge, and by schemata.. A schema is an
organized mental structure or framework of pre-conceived ideas about the world and
how it works, which we can use to make realistic inferences and assumptions about
how to interpret and process information. Thus, our everyday communication consists
not just of words and their meanings, but also of what is left out and mutually
understood. Such schemata are also applied to recalled memories, so that we can
often flesh out details of a memory from just a skeleton memory of a central event or
object. However, the use of schemata may also lead to memory errors as assumed or
expected associated events are added that did not actually occur.

53. Concentration
 One of the main reasons of forgetting is inadequate allocation attention resources
to the material while processing the same. As a result the material is not stored and
we fail to recall when we need it. Thus by focusing attention on the material while
processing we can increase the probability of storage and recall.

54. Mnemonic Strategies
In the same way, associating words with visual imaginary is another commonly used
mnemonic device providing two alternative methods of remembering, and creating
additional associations in the mind. Taking this to a higher level, another method of
improving memory encoding and consolidation is the use of a so-called memory
palace (also known as the method mention above as of loci), a mnemonic techniques
that relies on memorized spatial relationships to establish, order and recollect other
memories. Many top memorizers today use the memory palace method to a greater or
lesser degree. Similar techniques involve placing the items at different landmarks on a
favorite hike or trip (known as the journey method), or weaving them into a story

55. Method of loci/memory palace
As the name implies, this technique uses associations with place or task. The
visualization of the same provides cues for recalling the task. By choosing any action
properly one can use memory at any point in the day. Use of such mnemonic codes
allows one to have vivid and distinctive associations between new information and
prior knowledge. Being related to context the cues become very effective. For instance
one may have a clear visual image of a building, its rooms, furniture and other details.
These may be linked to different ideas and using these linkages, memory of those
ideas can be enhanced.

56. SURVEY
Glance over the heading in the chapter to see the few major points which will be
developed. This survey should not take more than a minute and will show the three to
six central ideas within the chapter. This survey helps you to organize the ideas as you
read them later.

57. Managing stress
1.Cortisol, the stress hormone, can damage the hippocampus if the stress is unrelieved.
2.Stress makes it difficult to concentrate.

58. Good sleep habits
1.Sleep is necessary for memory consolidation.
2.Sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea leave you tired and unable to concentrate
during the day.

59. Not smoking
1.Smoking heightens the risk of vascular disorders that can cause stroke and constrict arteries
that deliver oxygen to the brain.

60. Forgetting (retention loss)
refers to apparent loss of information already encoded and stored in an individual's
long term memory. It is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are
unable to be recalled from memory storage.

61. Memory and aging
Several factors cause aging brains to experience changes in the
ability to retain and retrieve memories:
The hippocampus is especially vulnerable to age-related
deterioration, and that can affect how well you retain
information.
There’s a relative loss of neurons with age, which can affect
the activity of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters and their
receptors.
An older person often experiences decreased blood flow to
the brain and processes nutrients that enhance brain activity
less efficiently than a younger person.

62. AMNESIA
“Amnesia is loss of ability to memorize information or to recall information
stored in memory.
CAUSES
AMNESIA?
Amnesia is most commonly associated with either brain damage through injury or
degeneration of brain cells in dementia.

63. FORMS OF AMNESIA
1. ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA:
In Anterograde amnesia patient cannot retain any new memory.
2. RETROGRADE AMNESIA:
In Retrograde amnesia the patient cannot recall the past events.

64. FORMS OF AMNESIA

65. Any Question?
THANK YOU

66. Reference,
Mostly from Psychological and subjects related to memory,
Also from zoology brain anatomy and physiology