1. Inguinal hernia repair is the most common operation performed in the United States, with 75% of abdominal wall hernias occurring in the groin region. Inguinal hernias are more common in males, with a peak incidence before age 1 and after age 40. 2. Inguinal hernias can be direct, indirect, or femoral based on their anatomical location. Surgical repair with mesh is the definitive treatment, while conservative management with trusses is not recommended due to risk of complications. 3. Incarcerated or strangulated hernias require emergent surgery, while asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic hernias can often be initially managed non-oper

1. Inguinal hernia
Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery 2015
Chapter 37
By Dr Tayebe rahimi ,MD

2. Epidemiology
• Inguinal hernia repair is the most commonly performed operation in the
United States.
• Approximately 75% of abdominal wall hernias occur in the groin.
• Of inguinal hernia repairs, 90% are performed in men and 10% in women.
• The incidence of inguinal hernias in males has a bimodal distribution.
– before the first year of age
– after age 40
• Approximately 70% of femoral hernia repairs are performed in women;
however, inguinal hernias are five times more common than femoral hernias.
• The most common subtype of groin hernia in men and women is the indirect
inguinal hernia

3. Anatomy
• 4- to 6 cm-long
• Cone shaped
• anterior portion of the pelvic
basin
• spermatic cord:
– three arteries
– three veins
– two nerves
– Pampiniform venous plexus
– vas deferens

4. Anatomy
• Anterior
– external oblique aponeurosis
• Lateral
– Internal oblique muscle
• Posterior
– transversalis fascia and transversus
abdominus muscle
• Superior
– internal oblique muscle
• Inferior
– inguinal ligament

5. Anatomy
• Anterior
– external oblique aponeurosis
• Lateral
– Internal oblique muscle
• Posterior
– transversalis fascia and transversus
abdominus muscle
• Superior
– internal oblique muscle
• Inferior
– inguinal ligament

6. Anatomy
Other structure :
• iliopubic tract:
• an aponeurotic band
that begins at the
anterior superior iliac
spine and inserts into
Cooper’s ligament from
above.
• lacunar ligament (ligament of
Gimbernat)
• Cooper’s ligament (pectineal)
• conjoined tendon

7. Anatomy
Other structure :
• iliopubic tract:
• an aponeurotic band
that begins at the
anterior superior iliac
spine and inserts into
Cooper’s ligament from
above.
• lacunar ligament (ligament of
Gimbernat)
• Cooper’s ligament (pectineal)
• conjoined tendon

8. HESSELBACH’S
TRIANGLE
• Medial aspect of Rectus
abdominis muscle
• Inferior epigastric vessels
• Inguinal ligament

9. subtypes
• Direct hernia
• Indirect hernia
• Femoral hernia

10. Direct hernia
Direct hernias protrude
medial to the inferior
epigastric vessels,
within Hesselbach’s
triangle.

11. Indirect hernias
Indirect hernias
protrude lateral to the
inferior epigastric
vessels, through the
deep inguinal ring.

12. Femoral hernias
Femoral hernias
protrude through the
small and inflexible
femoral ring.

13. Nyhus classification
system
The Nyhus
classification
categorizes hernia
defects by location,
size,and type

14. Etiology
• Acquired:
– the best-characterized risk
factor is weakness in the
abdominal wall musculature
– Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease: direct
– increase intra-abdominal
pressure
– protective effect of obesity
– decreased collagen fiber
density in hernia patients

15. Connective tissue disorders associated with groin herniation

16. Congenital
• the majority of pediatric hernias
• patent processus vaginalis
(PPV)
• the high incidence of indirect
inguinal hernias in preterm
babies.

17. DIAGNOSIS
• History:
– groin pain
– Extrainguinal symptoms such as a change in bowel habits or urinary symptoms
– generalized pressure, localized sharp pain, and referred pain
– Pressure or heaviness in the groin , following prolonged activity
• Sharp pain tends to indicate an impinged nerve and may not be related to the
extent of physical activity performed by the patient.
• Neurogenic pain may be referred to the scrotum,testicle, or inner thigh.
• the patient’s history include the duration and timing of symptoms.
• Hernias will often increase in size and content over a protracted time.
• Patients will often reduce the hernia by pushing the contents back into the
abdomen, thereby providing temporary relief.

18. Physical Examination
• Ideally, the patient should be examined in a standing position to
increase intra-abdominal pressure, with the groin and scrotum fully
exposed.
• Inspection: an abnormal bulge along the groin or within the scrotum
• Palpation: advancing the index finger through the scrotum toward the
external inguinal ring. → Valsalva’s maneuver
• diagnosing the type of hernia
• Femoral hernias should be palpable below the inguinal ligament,
lateral to the pubic tubercle.
• femoral pseudohernia

20. Imaging
• US:
– sensitivity of 86% and specificity of
77%
– false-negative: lack of movement
– false-positive: in thin patients
• CT :
– sensitivity of 80% and specificity of
65%
• MRI:
– Sensitivity of 95% and specificity of
96%

21. TREATMENT
• Surgical repair is the definitive treatment of inguinal hernias
1. Surgical:
– Mesh
– Laparoscopy
2. Conservative

22. Conservative Treatment
• When the patient’s medical condition confers an unacceptable level of
operative risk, elective surgery should be deferred until the condition
resolves, and operations reserved for lifethreatening emergencies.
• A nonoperative strategy is safe for minimally symptomatic inguinal
hernia patients, and it does not increase the risk of developing hernia
complications.
• no difference in intent-to-treat outcomes, quality of life, or cost-
effectiveness between nonoperative management and elective repair
among healthy inguinal hernia patients.
• A 2012 systematic reviewfound that 72% of asymptomatic inguinal
hernia patients developed symptoms (mostly pain) and had surgical
repair within 7.5 years of diagnosis.

23. Conservative Treatment
• Nonoperative inguinal hernia
treatment targets pain, pressure,
and protrusion of abdominal
contents in the symptomatic
patient population.
• Trusses externally
• not prevent complications
• Femoral inguinal hernia ⨯

24. Emergent Operation
• Incarcerated hernias
• Strangulated hernias
• Sliding hernias
 Pre Operation:
 Hydration
 Anti biotic
 NG tube

25. INCARCERATED HERNIA
• Reasons for incarceration
– large amount of intestinal contents within the hernia sac
– dense and chronic adhesions of hernia contents to the sac
– small neck of the hernia defect in relation to the sac contents
• An incarcerated inguinal hernia without the sequelae of a bowel
obstruction is not necessarily a surgical emergency.
• Reduction should be attempted before definitive surgical intervention.
• Hernias that are not strangulated and do not reduce with gentle
pressure should undergo taxis.

26. TAXIS
• To perform taxis, analgesics and light sedatives are administered, and
the patient is placed in the Trendelenburg position.
• The hernia sac is elongated with both hands, and the contents are
compressed in a milking fashion to ease their reduction into the
abdomen.

27. STRANGULATED HERNIA
• Femoral > Indirect > Direct
• Fever, leukocytosis, and hemodynamic instability, bowel obstraction.
• The hernia bulge usually is very tender, warm, and may exhibit red
discoloration.
• Taxis should not be applied to strangulated hernias as a potentially
gangrenous portion of bowel may be reduced into the abdomen
without being addressed

28. Laparascopic hernia repair
1. Trans abdominal Preperitoneal Procedure (TAPP)
2. Totally Extraperitoneal (TEP) Repair
• Indications include bilateral inguinal hernia, recurring hernia, need for
early recovery

30. RECURRENCE
• Recurrence Factors:
• Patient factors
– malnutrition, immunosuppression, diabetes, steroid use, and smoking.
• Technical factors
– mesh size, prosthesis fixation, and technical proficiency of the surgeon.
• Tissue factors
– wound infection, tissue ischemia, and increased tension awithin the surgical
repair

31. diagnosis of recurrent hernia
• Bulging
• CT or MRI
• Differential :
– seroma,
– persistent cord lipoma,

32. COMPLICATIONS
• Hernia Recurrence
• Pain
• Cord and Testes Injury
• Wound infection
• seroma
• hematoma
• bladder injury
• osteitis pubis
• urinary retention

33. Thank you
6/17/2018