Approximately 75% of abdominal wall hernias occur in the groin.
The lifetime risk of inguinal hernia is 27% in men and 3% in women.
And hence Of inguinal hernia repairs, 90% are performed in men, and 10% are performed in women.
The incidence of inguinal hernia in men has a distribution, with peaks before the first year of life and after age 40.
Indirect inguinal and femoral hernias occur more commonly on the right side.
This is attributed to a delay in atrophy of the processus vaginalis after the normal slower descent of the right testis to the scrotum during fetal development.
The predominance of right-sided femoral hernias is thought to be caused by the tamponading effect of the sigmoid colon on the left femoral canal
The prevalence of hernias increases and the likelihood of strangulation and need for hospitalization increase with aging.
An inguinal hernia is an abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall. Groin hernias are the most common type requiring surgery. Indirect inguinal hernias are more common than direct hernias and occur more often in males. Physical examination involves evaluating the hernia for position, size, reducibility, impulse on coughing, and ring occlusion to determine if surgical repair is needed. Laparoscopy is increasingly used for hernia repair and allows for improved visualization and techniques compared to open surgery.
European Hernia Society (EHS) 2014 guidelines : Closure of abdominal wall inc...Jibran Mohsin
This presentation includes the latest(2014) European Hernia Society (EHS) guidelines regarding the optimal technique and suture material for the closure of elective mid-line abdominal incisions in order to decrease the frequencies of complications especially incisional hernia, wound dehiscence and burst abdomen.
Ventral hernias occur when abdominal contents protrude through weaknesses in the abdominal wall. There are several types of ventral hernias including umbilical, epigastric, incisional, and parastomal hernias. Incisional hernias occur through surgical scars and are more common with obesity, advanced age, and emergency surgeries. Treatment depends on hernia size but may involve primary repair for small defects or prosthetic mesh placement for larger defects. Laparoscopic repair is preferred when feasible due to benefits like fewer infections and shorter recovery.
This document provides information about inguinal hernia surgery. It describes different types of hernia repair surgeries including hernioplasty, herniorraphy, and herniotomy. It also discusses the indications for surgery, surgical preparation, techniques for different procedures like herniotomy and herniorraphy, types of hernia repairs including Bassini's repair, Shouldice repair, and Lichtenstein tension free mesh repair. Post-operative care and potential complications are also summarized.
The document discusses properties that surgeons should consider when choosing a mesh for hernia repair. Ideal meshes are lightweight, with large pores to reduce foreign body reaction and chronic pain. Monofilament meshes have the lowest risk of infection. For intraperitoneal placement, composite meshes may reduce adhesions by providing an absorbable surface. Overall, lightweight polypropylene or polyester meshes are generally suitable in most contexts by balancing strength, flexibility and biocompatibility.
This document discusses the management of abdominal vascular injuries. It covers the epidemiology, anatomy, presentation, investigations, surgical approaches, challenges, and complications of abdominal vascular injuries. Resuscitation and damage control techniques are emphasized. Exposure and control of the aorta, inferior vena cava, and iliac vessels are described in detail. Primary repair or ligation are the main repair options, with endovascular techniques also playing a selective role. Mortality rates are high and prompt diagnosis and management are critical due to the risk of exsanguinating hemorrhage.
Resection & anastomosis of boweL its complications PRANAYA PPTPRANAYA PANIGRAHI
This document discusses intestinal resection and anastomosis. It defines anastomosis as establishing communication between two portions of intestine after removal of diseased bowel. Factors that influence healing, techniques for performing anastomoses (hand sewn vs. stapling), and common complications are described. Maintaining adequate blood supply, tension-free closure, and paying attention to technical details are emphasized for achieving successful anastomotic healing.
An inguinal hernia is an abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall. Groin hernias are the most common type requiring surgery. Indirect inguinal hernias are more common than direct hernias and occur more often in males. Physical examination involves evaluating the hernia for position, size, reducibility, impulse on coughing, and ring occlusion to determine if surgical repair is needed. Laparoscopy is increasingly used for hernia repair and allows for improved visualization and techniques compared to open surgery.
European Hernia Society (EHS) 2014 guidelines : Closure of abdominal wall inc...Jibran Mohsin
This presentation includes the latest(2014) European Hernia Society (EHS) guidelines regarding the optimal technique and suture material for the closure of elective mid-line abdominal incisions in order to decrease the frequencies of complications especially incisional hernia, wound dehiscence and burst abdomen.
Ventral hernias occur when abdominal contents protrude through weaknesses in the abdominal wall. There are several types of ventral hernias including umbilical, epigastric, incisional, and parastomal hernias. Incisional hernias occur through surgical scars and are more common with obesity, advanced age, and emergency surgeries. Treatment depends on hernia size but may involve primary repair for small defects or prosthetic mesh placement for larger defects. Laparoscopic repair is preferred when feasible due to benefits like fewer infections and shorter recovery.
This document provides information about inguinal hernia surgery. It describes different types of hernia repair surgeries including hernioplasty, herniorraphy, and herniotomy. It also discusses the indications for surgery, surgical preparation, techniques for different procedures like herniotomy and herniorraphy, types of hernia repairs including Bassini's repair, Shouldice repair, and Lichtenstein tension free mesh repair. Post-operative care and potential complications are also summarized.
The document discusses properties that surgeons should consider when choosing a mesh for hernia repair. Ideal meshes are lightweight, with large pores to reduce foreign body reaction and chronic pain. Monofilament meshes have the lowest risk of infection. For intraperitoneal placement, composite meshes may reduce adhesions by providing an absorbable surface. Overall, lightweight polypropylene or polyester meshes are generally suitable in most contexts by balancing strength, flexibility and biocompatibility.
This document discusses the management of abdominal vascular injuries. It covers the epidemiology, anatomy, presentation, investigations, surgical approaches, challenges, and complications of abdominal vascular injuries. Resuscitation and damage control techniques are emphasized. Exposure and control of the aorta, inferior vena cava, and iliac vessels are described in detail. Primary repair or ligation are the main repair options, with endovascular techniques also playing a selective role. Mortality rates are high and prompt diagnosis and management are critical due to the risk of exsanguinating hemorrhage.
Resection & anastomosis of boweL its complications PRANAYA PPTPRANAYA PANIGRAHI
This document discusses intestinal resection and anastomosis. It defines anastomosis as establishing communication between two portions of intestine after removal of diseased bowel. Factors that influence healing, techniques for performing anastomoses (hand sewn vs. stapling), and common complications are described. Maintaining adequate blood supply, tension-free closure, and paying attention to technical details are emphasized for achieving successful anastomotic healing.
Management of enterocutaneous fistulas involves several phases:
1) Recognition and stabilization including resuscitation, controlling sepsis and drainage, nutrition support, and skin care.
2) Investigation using fistulograms and CT scans to define the fistula anatomy and underlying pathology.
3) Decision on management which depends on factors predicting spontaneous closure like output, nutrition status and bowel health.
4) Definitive surgery including bowel resection and anastomosis if needed, otherwise a staged approach with bypass.
5) Post-surgical recovery focusing on preventing recurrent fistula and hernia.
Types of intestinal stomas and management Ankita Singh
The document discusses types of intestinal stomas including classifications based on duration, anatomical location, and reconstruction. It covers indications for stoma creation, principles of stoma formation including challenges, common complications, and dietary advice for ostomates. Stoma appliances and management of various stoma-related complications are also described.
Enterocutaneous fistulae are abnormal connections between the gastrointestinal tract and skin that usually develop postoperatively or due to conditions like inflammatory bowel disease. They require a multidisciplinary approach to management including resuscitation, controlling sepsis, optimizing nutrition, assessing for spontaneous closure, and potentially definitive surgery. Definitive surgery has around an 80% success rate when a formal resection is performed but recurrence is higher with complex fistulae. Abdominal wall reconstruction after surgery can be challenging and often requires techniques like components separation.
The document discusses laparoscopic hernia repair, including definitions of hernias, types of hernias, and laparoscopic repair options. It focuses on the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) technique for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. The TAPP procedure involves entering the abdominal cavity laparoscopically, incising the peritoneum to access the preperitoneal space, dissecting and removing hernia sacs, placing mesh to reinforce the defect, and closing the peritoneum. Key anatomical structures are identified including the triangles of doom and pain. The steps of TAPP repair and important technical considerations are described in detail.
This document provides information about breast anatomy, lymph node drainage patterns, biopsy procedures for breast lesions, variations of breast surgery for local tumor control, types of mastectomies including indications, and steps for performing simple and modified radical mastectomies. It discusses breast lobe and lobule anatomy, lymph node areas near the breast, recommended biopsy incision lines, and classifications of mastectomy including total/simple, modified radical, and skin-sparing types. The document also outlines pre-operative management, operative procedure steps for mastectomies including anesthesia, positioning, and closure techniques.
This document discusses different types of ventral hernias, including umbilical, epigastric, incisional, and paraumbilical hernias. It describes the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options for each type. For treatment, it compares open surgical repair techniques like primary closure or mesh placement versus laparoscopic approaches. Complications of surgery like seroma, infection, and injury are also reviewed.
This document discusses principles of bowel anastomosis, including types of anastomoses, indications for anastomoses, pre-operative preparation, intra-operative techniques, post-operative care, complications, and controversies. It covers topics such as hand-sewn versus stapled anastomoses, single versus double layer closure, inversion versus eversion of tissue, and use of abdominal drains and NG tubes. The goal of bowel anastomosis is to successfully rejoin bowel segments through meticulous surgical technique and postoperative management in order to restore intestinal continuity.
Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair involves placing mesh over the hernia defect using laparoscopic techniques. It has advantages over open repair such as lower wound complications, recurrence rates, hospital stay and pain. While more technically challenging, it is effective for primary and recurrent hernias. Outcomes are better in non-obese patients, with obese patients having higher recurrence rates and longer operating times.
This document discusses rectal prolapse, including its anatomy, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options. It describes the rectum's blood supply and drainage. Rectal prolapse can be complete or partial and is more common in older females. Surgical correction is the primary treatment and can involve perineal or abdominal approaches. Perineal procedures have higher recurrence rates than abdominal procedures like fixation of the rectum to the sacrum or pubis.
1) Duodenal injuries are uncommon and difficult to diagnose and repair due to the duodenum's retroperitoneal location. The mortality rate for duodenal injuries is high.
2) Diagnosis of duodenal injuries requires a high index of suspicion as there is no single, fully accurate diagnostic test. CT scans, upper GI studies, and exploratory laparotomy can help diagnose duodenal injuries.
3) Treatment depends on the grade of the duodenal injury. Lower grade injuries may be treated with primary closure, tube duodenostomies, or jejunal patching. Higher grade injuries involving complete wall disruption may require duodenal resection or diversion procedures like duodenal divertic
The document summarizes the evolution of bowel anastomosis techniques from the early 19th century to modern practices. It describes early techniques such as Glover's suture and Lembert's suture. Lembert introduced the concept of sero-serous sutures rather than muco-mucosal sutures. It also discusses modified techniques by Dupuytren, Jobert, Czerny, and Kocher. Modern techniques now use a double layer approach with synthetic absorbable sutures. Key considerations for a successful anastomosis include minimizing tension, ensuring blood supply is maintained, and allowing for physiological healing over 10-14 days.
Seminar on stamm, janeway & PE gastrostomyBiswajit Deka
This document summarizes different techniques for gastrostomy tube placement: Stamm gastrostomy is a temporary procedure where a purse string suture is used to create a gastric opening for a catheter. Janeway gastrostomy is permanent, creating a gastric flap that is brought through the abdominal wall. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) involves passing a catheter through the stomach and abdominal wall under endoscopic guidance using a gastroscope, needle, snare, and suture.
This document provides information on femoral triangle anatomy, femoral hernia, and umbilical hernia. It describes the boundaries of the femoral triangle and sheath. It then discusses the presentation, types, investigations, and surgical treatments of femoral hernia using various approaches like Lockwood, Lotheissen, and McEvedy. For umbilical hernia, it outlines the causes in children versus adults and various surgical repair techniques like Mayo's repair and mesh repair options based on hernia size and location.
This document provides information on direct and indirect inguinal hernias, including their anatomy and symptoms. It also describes the laparoscopic procedure for treating inguinal hernias, including positioning the patient, dissecting the hernia sac, placing mesh to cover the defect, and post-operative care. The laparoscopic approach has advantages over open surgery such as smaller incisions, less tissue disruption, and less post-operative pain, though it requires practice to learn.
Ventral hernias occur when abdominal contents protrude through weaknesses in the abdominal wall. There are several types of ventral hernias classified by location and complexity. Examination involves evaluating for reducibility, tenderness, and signs of incarceration or strangulation. Treatment often involves surgical repair using sutures or mesh placement to reinforce the defect. Laparoscopic and open approaches are options depending on hernia characteristics.
Component separation technique for a very large abdominal wall herniaSanjiv Haribhakti
Component separation technique is an excellent technique for large ventral central defects which can allow a medial shift of approx. For More information visit at Gisurgery.info
This document discusses techniques for closing midline laparotomy incisions. It recommends mass closure using continuous slowly absorbable monofilament sutures placed 5-8mm from the wound edge and 4-5mm apart. A suture length to wound length ratio of 4:1 or greater should be used to minimize complications like wound dehiscence and incisional hernia. Proper technique and suture material can reduce surgical site infections, wound failures, and hernia rates.
The document discusses strategies for performing safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy, including obtaining the critical view of safety, using intraoperative cholangiography to help identify biliary anatomy, and employing bailout techniques such as partial or subtotal cholecystectomy if the critical view cannot be achieved to avoid potential bile duct injuries. It also describes error traps that can lead to injuries and strategies surgeons should follow to promote a culture of safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Inguinal hernia presentation
by Shariatyfar MD
based on schwartz principles of surgery 11th edition
Qom university of medical sciences
winter 2017
email me at Mohammadali.shariatyfar@hotmail.com for Download
Good luck
1. Inguinal hernia repair is the most common operation performed in the United States, with 75% of abdominal wall hernias occurring in the groin region. Inguinal hernias are more common in males, with a peak incidence before age 1 and after age 40.
2. Inguinal hernias can be direct, indirect, or femoral based on their anatomical location. Surgical repair with mesh is the definitive treatment, while conservative management with trusses is not recommended due to risk of complications.
3. Incarcerated or strangulated hernias require emergent surgery, while asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic hernias can often be initially managed non-oper
Management of enterocutaneous fistulas involves several phases:
1) Recognition and stabilization including resuscitation, controlling sepsis and drainage, nutrition support, and skin care.
2) Investigation using fistulograms and CT scans to define the fistula anatomy and underlying pathology.
3) Decision on management which depends on factors predicting spontaneous closure like output, nutrition status and bowel health.
4) Definitive surgery including bowel resection and anastomosis if needed, otherwise a staged approach with bypass.
5) Post-surgical recovery focusing on preventing recurrent fistula and hernia.
Types of intestinal stomas and management Ankita Singh
The document discusses types of intestinal stomas including classifications based on duration, anatomical location, and reconstruction. It covers indications for stoma creation, principles of stoma formation including challenges, common complications, and dietary advice for ostomates. Stoma appliances and management of various stoma-related complications are also described.
Enterocutaneous fistulae are abnormal connections between the gastrointestinal tract and skin that usually develop postoperatively or due to conditions like inflammatory bowel disease. They require a multidisciplinary approach to management including resuscitation, controlling sepsis, optimizing nutrition, assessing for spontaneous closure, and potentially definitive surgery. Definitive surgery has around an 80% success rate when a formal resection is performed but recurrence is higher with complex fistulae. Abdominal wall reconstruction after surgery can be challenging and often requires techniques like components separation.
The document discusses laparoscopic hernia repair, including definitions of hernias, types of hernias, and laparoscopic repair options. It focuses on the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) technique for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. The TAPP procedure involves entering the abdominal cavity laparoscopically, incising the peritoneum to access the preperitoneal space, dissecting and removing hernia sacs, placing mesh to reinforce the defect, and closing the peritoneum. Key anatomical structures are identified including the triangles of doom and pain. The steps of TAPP repair and important technical considerations are described in detail.
This document provides information about breast anatomy, lymph node drainage patterns, biopsy procedures for breast lesions, variations of breast surgery for local tumor control, types of mastectomies including indications, and steps for performing simple and modified radical mastectomies. It discusses breast lobe and lobule anatomy, lymph node areas near the breast, recommended biopsy incision lines, and classifications of mastectomy including total/simple, modified radical, and skin-sparing types. The document also outlines pre-operative management, operative procedure steps for mastectomies including anesthesia, positioning, and closure techniques.
This document discusses different types of ventral hernias, including umbilical, epigastric, incisional, and paraumbilical hernias. It describes the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options for each type. For treatment, it compares open surgical repair techniques like primary closure or mesh placement versus laparoscopic approaches. Complications of surgery like seroma, infection, and injury are also reviewed.
This document discusses principles of bowel anastomosis, including types of anastomoses, indications for anastomoses, pre-operative preparation, intra-operative techniques, post-operative care, complications, and controversies. It covers topics such as hand-sewn versus stapled anastomoses, single versus double layer closure, inversion versus eversion of tissue, and use of abdominal drains and NG tubes. The goal of bowel anastomosis is to successfully rejoin bowel segments through meticulous surgical technique and postoperative management in order to restore intestinal continuity.
Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair involves placing mesh over the hernia defect using laparoscopic techniques. It has advantages over open repair such as lower wound complications, recurrence rates, hospital stay and pain. While more technically challenging, it is effective for primary and recurrent hernias. Outcomes are better in non-obese patients, with obese patients having higher recurrence rates and longer operating times.
This document discusses rectal prolapse, including its anatomy, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options. It describes the rectum's blood supply and drainage. Rectal prolapse can be complete or partial and is more common in older females. Surgical correction is the primary treatment and can involve perineal or abdominal approaches. Perineal procedures have higher recurrence rates than abdominal procedures like fixation of the rectum to the sacrum or pubis.
1) Duodenal injuries are uncommon and difficult to diagnose and repair due to the duodenum's retroperitoneal location. The mortality rate for duodenal injuries is high.
2) Diagnosis of duodenal injuries requires a high index of suspicion as there is no single, fully accurate diagnostic test. CT scans, upper GI studies, and exploratory laparotomy can help diagnose duodenal injuries.
3) Treatment depends on the grade of the duodenal injury. Lower grade injuries may be treated with primary closure, tube duodenostomies, or jejunal patching. Higher grade injuries involving complete wall disruption may require duodenal resection or diversion procedures like duodenal divertic
The document summarizes the evolution of bowel anastomosis techniques from the early 19th century to modern practices. It describes early techniques such as Glover's suture and Lembert's suture. Lembert introduced the concept of sero-serous sutures rather than muco-mucosal sutures. It also discusses modified techniques by Dupuytren, Jobert, Czerny, and Kocher. Modern techniques now use a double layer approach with synthetic absorbable sutures. Key considerations for a successful anastomosis include minimizing tension, ensuring blood supply is maintained, and allowing for physiological healing over 10-14 days.
Seminar on stamm, janeway & PE gastrostomyBiswajit Deka
This document summarizes different techniques for gastrostomy tube placement: Stamm gastrostomy is a temporary procedure where a purse string suture is used to create a gastric opening for a catheter. Janeway gastrostomy is permanent, creating a gastric flap that is brought through the abdominal wall. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) involves passing a catheter through the stomach and abdominal wall under endoscopic guidance using a gastroscope, needle, snare, and suture.
This document provides information on femoral triangle anatomy, femoral hernia, and umbilical hernia. It describes the boundaries of the femoral triangle and sheath. It then discusses the presentation, types, investigations, and surgical treatments of femoral hernia using various approaches like Lockwood, Lotheissen, and McEvedy. For umbilical hernia, it outlines the causes in children versus adults and various surgical repair techniques like Mayo's repair and mesh repair options based on hernia size and location.
This document provides information on direct and indirect inguinal hernias, including their anatomy and symptoms. It also describes the laparoscopic procedure for treating inguinal hernias, including positioning the patient, dissecting the hernia sac, placing mesh to cover the defect, and post-operative care. The laparoscopic approach has advantages over open surgery such as smaller incisions, less tissue disruption, and less post-operative pain, though it requires practice to learn.
Ventral hernias occur when abdominal contents protrude through weaknesses in the abdominal wall. There are several types of ventral hernias classified by location and complexity. Examination involves evaluating for reducibility, tenderness, and signs of incarceration or strangulation. Treatment often involves surgical repair using sutures or mesh placement to reinforce the defect. Laparoscopic and open approaches are options depending on hernia characteristics.
Component separation technique for a very large abdominal wall herniaSanjiv Haribhakti
Component separation technique is an excellent technique for large ventral central defects which can allow a medial shift of approx. For More information visit at Gisurgery.info
This document discusses techniques for closing midline laparotomy incisions. It recommends mass closure using continuous slowly absorbable monofilament sutures placed 5-8mm from the wound edge and 4-5mm apart. A suture length to wound length ratio of 4:1 or greater should be used to minimize complications like wound dehiscence and incisional hernia. Proper technique and suture material can reduce surgical site infections, wound failures, and hernia rates.
The document discusses strategies for performing safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy, including obtaining the critical view of safety, using intraoperative cholangiography to help identify biliary anatomy, and employing bailout techniques such as partial or subtotal cholecystectomy if the critical view cannot be achieved to avoid potential bile duct injuries. It also describes error traps that can lead to injuries and strategies surgeons should follow to promote a culture of safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Inguinal hernia presentation
by Shariatyfar MD
based on schwartz principles of surgery 11th edition
Qom university of medical sciences
winter 2017
email me at Mohammadali.shariatyfar@hotmail.com for Download
Good luck
1. Inguinal hernia repair is the most common operation performed in the United States, with 75% of abdominal wall hernias occurring in the groin region. Inguinal hernias are more common in males, with a peak incidence before age 1 and after age 40.
2. Inguinal hernias can be direct, indirect, or femoral based on their anatomical location. Surgical repair with mesh is the definitive treatment, while conservative management with trusses is not recommended due to risk of complications.
3. Incarcerated or strangulated hernias require emergent surgery, while asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic hernias can often be initially managed non-oper
This document provides an overview of inguinal hernias, including:
- The anatomy of the inguinal canal and its role in hernia formation.
- The types of inguinal hernias including direct, indirect, and variants.
- The epidemiology, etiology, presentation, classification, and investigations of inguinal hernias.
- Treatment approaches including conservative management with trusses as well as various surgical repair techniques like herniotomy, herniorrhaphy, and hernioplasty.
This document provides an overview of inguinal hernias, including:
1. It describes the anatomy of the inguinal region and inguinal canal, and classifies inguinal hernias as direct or indirect.
2. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, and classifications of inguinal hernias are discussed. Diagnosis involves inspection, palpation, and sometimes imaging tests.
3. Management options are presented, including watchful waiting, trusses, open and laparoscopic surgical repairs using meshes. Complications of hernia repairs are also reviewed.
A hernia is the protrusion of an organ or the fascia of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it.There are different kinds of hernia, each requiring a specific management or treatment.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
By far the most common hernias develop in the abdomen, when a weakness in the abdominal wall evolves into a localized hole, or "defect", through which adipose tissue, or abdominal organs covered with peritoneum, may protrude. Another common hernia involves the spinal discs and causes sciatica. A hiatal hernia occurs when the stomach protrudes into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm.
Hernias may or may not present with either pain at the site, a visible or palpable lump, or in some cases more vague symptoms resulting from pressure on an organ which has become "stuck" in the hernia, sometimes leading to organ dysfunction. Fatty tissue usually enters a hernia first, but it may be followed or accompanied by an organ.
Hernias are not tears in the tissue but are openings in the adipose tissue. It is possible for a hernia to come and go, but in most cases a pain will persist.
Symptoms and signs vary depending on the type of hernia. Symptoms may or may not be present in some inguinal hernias. In the case of reducible hernias, a bulge in the groin or in another abdominal area can often be seen and felt. When standing, such a bulge becomes more obvious. Besides the bulge, other symptoms include pain in the groin that may also include a heavy or dragging sensation, and in men, there is sometimes pain and swelling in the scrotum around the testicular area.
Irreducible abdominal hernias or incarcerated hernias may be painful, but their most relevant symptom is that they cannot return to the abdominal cavity when pushed in. They may be chronic, although painless, and can lead to strangulation. Strangulated hernias are always painful and pain is followed by tenderness. Nausea, vomiting, or fever may occur in these cases due to bowel obstruction. Also, the hernia bulge in this case may turn red, purple or dark and pink.
In the diagnosis of abdominal hernias, imaging is the principal means of detecting internal diaphragmatic and other nonpalpable or unsuspected hernias. Multidetector CT (MDCT) can show with precision the anatomic site of the hernia sac, the contents of the sac, and any complications. MDCT also offers clear detail of the abdominal wall allowing wall hernias to be identified accurately.
CAUSES OF HERNIA
Causes of hiatal hernia vary depending on each individual. Among the multiple causes, however, are the mechanical causes which include: improper heavy weight lifting, hard coughing bouts, sharp blows to the abdomen, and incorrect posture.
Furthermore, conditions that increase the pressure of the abdominal cavity may also cause hernias or worsen the existing ones. Some examples would be: obesity, straining during a bowel movement or urination (constipation, enlarged prostate).
Hypospadias is a congenital defect where the opening of the urethra is on the ventral side of the penis rather than at the tip. It occurs in about 1 in 250 male newborns and is thought to result from arrested penile development leaving a proximal urethral opening. Treatment involves surgical repair to reposition the urethra, which depends on the location and severity of the hypospadias but generally aims to maximize function and cosmetic appearance. Complications can include bleeding, meatal stenosis and fistula formation.
This document discusses the surgical management of inguinal hernias. It defines a hernia and describes the different types, including inguinal hernias. It discusses the anatomy of the inguinal canal and its contents. The document outlines both open and laparoscopic surgical repair techniques for inguinal hernias, including the Bassini repair, Shouldice repair, tension-free mesh repairs, and laparoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) and transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approaches. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of open versus laparoscopic techniques.
Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly where the opening of the urethra is on the ventral side of the penis rather than at the tip. It occurs in about 1 in 250 male newborns. The document discusses the definition, causes, classification, diagnosis, and surgical techniques for repairing hypospadias. Surgical repair aims to correct penile curvature if present and create a functional urethra in a cosmetically normal position. Complications can include bleeding, meatal stenosis, and impaired healing but early repair from ages 6-12 months has better outcomes.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall and types of ventral hernias. It describes the layers of the anterior abdominal wall including skin, superficial and deep fascia, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, transversalis fascia, and rectus abdominis muscles. It then discusses various types of ventral hernias including umbilical, epigastric, incisional, lumbar, and Spigelian hernias. Risk factors, clinical features, and approaches to repair are summarized for each hernia type.
1. A hernia is a protrusion of an organ or tissue through a defect in the wall of the cavity containing it. Abdominal wall hernias are classified as reducible, incarcerated, or strangulated based on whether the contents can be manually manipulated.
2. Inguinal hernias are the most common type and can be indirect, occurring through the internal ring, or direct, through a weakness in the abdominal wall. Femoral hernias occur below the inguinal ligament.
3. Hernia repair techniques include open anterior and posterior approaches using sutures as well as tension-free repairs using mesh. Laparoscopic techniques are also used which involve placing mesh
This document discusses the prevention and management of uterine prolapse. Key points include:
1. Prevention focuses on limiting pelvic floor injury during childbirth through measures like avoiding prolonged labor and encouraging postnatal exercises.
2. Treatment is usually only when prolapse causes symptoms that interfere with daily activity.
3. Management options include conservative measures like pelvic floor exercises and pessaries, as well as surgical procedures like vaginal hysterectomy with pelvic floor repair to correct defects.
4. Surgical repair aims to tighten the anterior, middle/apical, and posterior compartments using techniques such as anterior and posterior colporrhaphy.
Abdominal wall herniae are classified as reducible, irreducible, or strangulated. Hernias contain a sac protruding through a defect in the abdominal wall and may contain organs like the intestines, omentum, or bladder. Common hernia types are inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, and hiatal. A hernia exam evaluates for cough impulse, reducibility, location above the pubic tubercle, and differentiates direct from indirect inguinal hernias. Surgical repair techniques include open anterior and posterior approaches, tension-free repairs using mesh, and laparoscopic procedures. Complications include incarceration, strangulation, recurrence, infection, and nerve damage
- Anorectal malformations (ARMs) range from minor defects to complex anomalies associated with other issues. They occur in approximately 1 in 5,000 births.
- Evaluation of newborns with ARMs involves examining the anus, genitals, and spine. Imaging studies like ultrasound, MRI and contrast enemas are used to characterize the anatomy and identify any associated anomalies in other organ systems.
- Treatment depends on the specific type of ARM, but may involve procedures like colostomy to allow the distal anatomy to develop before definitive repair. The long-term goals are to establish bowel and urinary continence.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on scrotal swellings and groin hernias. The presentation will be given by three presenters and moderated by Dr. Bizuayehu at Arba Minch Hospital. Topics that will be covered include the definition of hernia, types of hernia, anatomy of groin hernia, etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, investigation, complications, and management. The presentation will also discuss specific conditions like hydrocele, hematocele, varicocele, epididymal cyst, testicular torsion, and testicular tumors.
This document discusses the anatomy and clinical presentation of inguinal hernias. It describes the boundaries and contents of the inguinal canal, as well as structures like the superficial and deep inguinal rings. There are three main types of inguinal hernias - indirect, direct, and sliding. Indirect hernias are more common and involve a defect in the processus vaginalis. Direct hernias involve a weakness in the posterior inguinal wall. Hernia contents can include omentum, intestine, bladder, or other organs. Clinical presentation may include a groin bulge or heaviness, with pain or other symptoms if incarcerated or strangulated.
Small intestine/Intestinal obstruction/crohns disease/ileostomy/viscous organ...RajeevPandit10
all about small intestine, anatomy, physiology, intestinal obstruction, crohns disease/ileostomy/viscous organ perforation, meckels diverticulum, mysenteric ischemia, short bowel syndrome, celiac disease
This document provides information on the management of inguinal hernias. It discusses the historical development of hernia repair techniques from the 15th century to modern methods. Investigation methods such as ultrasound, CT, MRI, and herniography are outlined. Surgical techniques for hernia repair including herniotomy, herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty, and laparoscopic repair are described in detail. Post-operative complications of open and laparoscopic hernia repair are also reviewed. The conclusion states that laparoscopic and Lichtenstein open mesh repairs have good long-term results and low recurrence rates compared to other open hernia repair techniques.
- Inguinal hernias are abnormal protrusions of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal. They are classified as direct or indirect based on their anatomical path.
- Clinical presentation includes a reducible lump in the groin or scrotum that increases with straining. Complications include incarceration, strangulation, and bowel obstruction if not treated.
- Treatment involves elective open or laparoscopic surgery to repair the defect using mesh. Both have benefits with open being more common, while laparoscopic requires an experienced surgeon to reduce risks. Postoperative complications can include chronic pain, infection, or recurrence if not performed properly.
This document provides information about Hirschsprung's disease or congenital megacolon. It discusses what the disease is, the causes related to failed migration of neural crest cells, incidence rates, genetic factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests including rectal exam and biopsies, enterocolitis as a complication, and surgical treatment options like the Swenson, Duhamel-Grob, Soave, and Rehbein procedures.
A 15-year-old boy presented with abdominal pain localized to the right lower quadrant. A provisional diagnosis of acute appendicitis was made based on his fever, leukocytosis, and tenderness on examination. Acute appendicitis is defined as inflammation of the appendix caused by obstruction. It presents with abdominal pain shifting to the right lower quadrant, nausea, anorexia, and vomiting. Imaging and lab work can help in diagnosis. Treatment involves antibiotics, IV fluids, and an appendectomy to remove the inflamed appendix. Complications can include wound infections, abscesses, and bowel obstructions.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Hirschsprung disease is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system that is characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the distal intestine.
Because these cells are responsible for normal peristalsis, patients with Hirschsprung disease present with functional intestinal obstruction at the level of aganglionosis.
Some patients present later in childhood, or even during adulthood, with chronic constipation.
This is most common among breast-fed infants, who typically develop constipation around the time of weaning.
Although most children who present after the neonatal period have short-segment disease, this history may also be found in those with longer segment or even total colonic involvement, particularly if the child has been exclusively breast-fed.
The etiology of HAEC is controversial.
The most common theory is that stasis caused by functional obstruction due to the aganglionic bowel permits bacterial overgrowth with secondary infection.
Infectious agents such as Clostridium difficile or Rotavirus have been postulated as being causative, but there are few data to support a specific pathogen.
Can occur in either pre or post operative period (sometimes both)
Thoracotomy is the surgical procedure with an incision made to access the pleural space and the contents of the thoracic cavity. Given the structures to be accessed with in the cavity, different incisions have been established to easy the procedure and these incisions qualify the types of thoracotomies to be studied hereunder.
PRE OP OPTIMIZATION FOR SPECIFIC FACTORS
The outcome of surgical procedures is not measured only by clinical end points but also shorter stays and lower costs. Patients’ discharge is delayed commonly due to inadequate pain relief, infection, arrhythmias, prolonged air leak and debility. Many complications that occur from thoracic operations can be anticipated. An aggressive preoperative work up mitigates morbidity and shortens convalescence.
APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS
There are about three principles that can guides the choice of the thoracotomy incision to be used
I. Adequate exposure must be achieved. The choice of incision is aided by a thorough understanding of the surface anatomy and a comprehensive review of the radiographic images that are obtained preoperatively.
II. Chest-wall function and appearance should be preserved to the extent possible. This principle include non-spreading video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) procedures, muscle-sparing techniques, avoidance of excessive rib retraction, and rib preservation when possible.
III. The third principle is that closure must be meticulous and appropriate. Strict layered closure is the rule for thoracic surgical incisions. Every effort should be made to approximate the individual divided chest-wall muscles in appropriate layers; otherwise, a significant delay in the recovery of range of motion (ROM) may result.
Care must be taken to avoid over approximating the ribs and to prevent an override; this will help minimize postoperative pain.
POST-OPERATIVE CARE AND MONITORING
This presentation is about Anorectal Malformation.
No specific cause of anorectal malformation has been described.
The average incidence worldwide is 1 in 5000 live births.
Families have a genetic predisposition, with anorectal malformations being diagnosed in succeeding generations.
A slight male preponderance exists
Imperforate anus without fistula occurs in 5% of patients.
Interestingly, 50% of them also have Down syndrome
Patients with Down syndrome and anorectal malformations have this type of defect 95% of the time
Cardiovascular anomalies are present in approximately one third of patients but only 10% of these require treatment.
The most common lesions are: Atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus followed by tetralogy of Fallot and ventricular septal defect
Bone infections
OSTEOMYELITIS
(Acute, subacute and chronic)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Presentation
Diagnosis
Management and complications
Osteomyelitis has long been one of the most difficult and challenging problems confronted by orthopaedic surgeons.
Currently, morbidity and mortality from osteomyelitis are relatively low because of modern treatment methods, including the use of antibiotics and aggressive surgical treatment.
This document discusses rectal prolapse, including its definition, anatomy, risk factors, diagnosis, and management options. Rectal prolapse is a protrusion of the rectum through the anus. It is more common in women, the elderly, and those with conditions causing chronic straining. Diagnosis involves history, examination, and imaging tests. Treatment includes non-operative options like fiber supplements, as well as surgical procedures like the Delorme procedure, Altemeier procedure, and abdominal approaches involving rectopexy. Perineal procedures are less invasive but abdominal approaches have lower recurrence rates. The optimal treatment depends on the individual patient's characteristics and risk factors.
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS AS AN INFECTIOUS PROCESS, DESCRIBING THE APPLIED ANATOMY, THE ORGANISMS INVOLVED, STAGES , PRESENTATION ALL THE WAY DOEN TO THE MANAGEMENT PROTOCALS
Sacrococcygeal teratomas are benign or malignant tumors composed of germ cells that most commonly occur in the sacrococcygeal region. They can be classified as mature teratomas containing fully differentiated tissues, immature teratomas with incompletely differentiated tissues, or malignant teratomas containing malignant elements. Diagnosis involves prenatal ultrasound, postnatal radiological imaging and tumor marker testing. Treatment is complete surgical excision of the tumor and coccyx to prevent recurrence, with chemotherapy potentially used for malignant components. Long term follow up monitors for recurrence or complications.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
3. Introduction
• Approximately 75% of abdominal wall hernias occur in the groin.
• The lifetime risk of inguinal hernia is 27% in men and 3% in women.
• And hence Of inguinal hernia repairs, 90% are performed in men, and
10% are performed in women.
• The incidence of inguinal hernia in men has a distribution, with peaks
before the first year of life and after age 40.
4. cont …
• Indirect inguinal and femoral hernias occur more commonly on the right
side.
• This is attributed to a delay in atrophy of the processus vaginalis after the
normal slower descent of the right testis to the scrotum during fetal
development.
• The predominance of right-sided femoral hernias is thought to be caused
by the tamponading effect of the sigmoid colon on the left femoral canal
• The prevalence of hernias increases and the likelihood of strangulation and
need for hospitalization increase with aging.
5. Applied anatomy
• The inguinal canal is an
approximately 4- to 6-cm long cone
shaped region situated in the
anterior portion of the pelvic basin
• The canal extends between the
internal (deep) inguinal and
external (superficial) inguinal rings
• Note the ASIS and the Pubic
turbacle
6. Boundaries
• The external oblique aponeurosis anteriorly.
• Internal oblique muscle laterally
• The transversalis fascia and transversus abdominis muscle posteriorly,
• The internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscle superiorly
• The inguinal (Poupart’s) ligament inferioirly
7. • The inguinal canal contains the spermatic cord in men and the round
ligament of the uterus in women
The contents
3 coverings
• Internal spermatic fascia (derived from transversalis fascia)
• Cremasteric fascia (derived from internal oblique)
• External spermatic fascia (derived from external oblique aponeurosis)
8. Cont…
3 arteries
• Testicular artery
• Artery of the vas
• Cremasteric artery
3 veins
• Pampiniform plexus of veins
• Cremasteric vein
• Vein of the vas
9. Cont…
3 nerves
• Ilioinguinal nerve
• Genital branch of Genitofemoral
nerve
• Sympathetic fibres from T10-11
spinal segments
3 other structures
• Vas deferens
• Lymphatic vessels of the testis
• A patent processus vaginalis in
patients with indirect hernia
14. Aetiology : Congenital causes
• Results from preformed hernial sac as a result of persistent processus
vaginalis
• Failure of the peritoneum to close results in a patent processus
vaginalis (PPV).
• In preterm babies, indirect inguinal hernias as a result of PPV is very
high
• However, overall, the risk of developing a symptomatic hernia during
childhood in the presence of a known PPV is relatively low.
15. Acquired causes
• Increase intra-abdominal
pressure
Chronic cough
Straining
Obstructive uropathy
Chronic constipation
Lifting heavy objects
• Weakness of abdominal wall
due:-
Acquired deficiency of collagens
Damage to the ilioingiunal nerve
18. According to its site of exit
Indirect
• Comes through deep inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric
artery
Direct
• Comes out through the Hesselbach’s triangle
• The neck of the sac lies medial to the inferior epigastric artery
20. According to the contents
• Enterocoele (intestines)
• Omentocoele (omentum)
• Cystocoele (urinary bladder)
• Littre’s hernia (Meckel’s diverticulum)
• Richter’s hernia (part of the circumference of the bowel)
23. Clinical examination (local)
• Position and extent
• To get above the swelling
• Consistency
• Impulse on coughing
• Reducibility
• Invagination test
• Ring occlusion test
• Zieman’s (three finger test)
25. Imaging investigations
• In the case of an ambiguous diagnosis, radiologic investigations may
be used as an adjunct to history and physical examination.
• Imaging in obvious cases is unnecessary.
1. USS
• least invasive technique and does not impart any radiation to the
patient.
• Anatomic structures can be more easily identified by the presence of
bony landmarks;
• Sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 77%.
26. 2. CT-SCAN
• Meta-analysis determined standard CT detects inguinal hernia with a
sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 65%.
• limited availability restrict its routine use.
3. MRI
• With a sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 96%.
• The expense of MRI precludes its routine use to diagnose inguinal
hernias.
Sensitivity & specificity : MRI > USS> CT
28. NON SURGICAL MX
I. Watchful waiting
• Recommended in asymptomatic patients especially in adults if the
hernia size is small, reducible and does not cause anxiety to the
patient
• Patient should be counseled of the danger signs so that they can
present early to the facility for prompt actions.
29. II. Truss
• Confine hernias to a reduced state and intermittently relieve
symptoms in up to 65% of patients; however, they do not prevent
complications, and they may be associated with an increased rate of
incarceration
• The requirement : reducible hernia and patient
Indications
- Very old or frail patients
- Patients who refuses surgery
- Can sometimes be used in children
31. III. Taxis method
• Taxis from Greek – meaning “Arrangement”
• It is the manual reduction of hernia under minimal anaesthesia
• Taxis should be attempted for incarcerated hernias without sequelae
of strangulation, and the option of surgical repair should be discussed
prior to the maneuver.
• Analgesics and light sedatives are administered, and the patient is
placed in the Trendelenburg position.
32. …
• The hernia sac is elongated with both hands, and while slight counter
traction is maintained,
• Reduction of the contents is attempted circumferentially in a small
stepwise fashion to ease their reduction into the abdomen.
• Should not be performed when strangulation is suspected, as
reduction of potentially gangrenous tissue into the abdomen may
result in an intra-abdominal catastrophe
34. 1. OPEN APROACH
A. HERNIOTOMY
• Higher sac ligation with no repair of posterior abdominal wall
• Children < 10yrs of age
B. HERNIORAPHY
• Herniotomy plus tissue repair of posterior abdominal wall
C. HERNIOPLASTY
• Herniotomy plus posterior wall re-enforcement using a prosthetic
mesh
35. I. Modified Bassini repair
• The conjoined tendon is
approximated to the shelving
portion of the inguinal ligament
with interrupted non absorbable
sutures
• RECURRENCE 9-10%
• .
36. II. Shouldice repair
• The iliopubic tract is sutured to the medial flap of the transversalis
fascia and the internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscles.
• The second of the four suture lines, reversing toward the pubic
tubercle approximating the internal oblique and transversus muscles
to the inguinal ligament.
• It is a continuous running suture technique
37. Cont…
• It is associated with
a very low
recurrence rate
and a high degree
of patient
satisfaction rate
• RECURENCE 1%
38. III. Desarda hernia repair
• The medial leaf of the external oblique aponeurosis is sutured to the
inguinal ligament from the pubic tubercle to the abdominal ring using
1–0 Ethilon or Prolene interrupted sutures.
• A splitting incision is then taken in the EOA, partially separating a
strip. This splitting incision is extended medially up to the pubic
symphysis and laterally 1 to 2 cm beyond the reconstructed
abdominal ring.
• The free border of the strip of the EOA is now sutured to the internal
oblique or conjoined tendon lying close to it with 1–0 Ethilon or
Prolene interrupted sutures.
40. iv. Darning repair (Darn Moloney)
• A pure tension free repair by
continuously placing the suture
btn the conjoined tendon and
the inguinal ligament without
approximating them
Advantages
• Tension free
• Recurence 1.5%
41. V. Lichtenstein mesh repair
• Re enforcement of the posterior
abdominal wall wit a prosthetic
mesh
Advantages
• Tension free
• Recurence < 1%
44. 1. Femora/low Lockwood’s approach
• A transverse groin incision made below the inguinal ligament
• The contents mostly omentum assessed for viability and reduced
• Neck pulled down and ligated as high as possible
• Canal is closed by suturing the illiopectinal line to the inguinal ligament
by non absorbable eg prolene 0
• A mesh plug can also be used to close the defect
45. 2. Inguinal/Lotheissen’s approach
• Most of the steps similar to that of open inguinal hernia repair
• Should be preferred approach interms of open methods as it facilitate
adequate exposure
• Cord mobilized and retracted upward
• Dissection made to reach the transversus fascia which is opened
medially to inferior epigastric vessel
• Femoral hernia found and reduced
• The defect closed by suturing the conjoined tendon to the illio-
pectinal line so as to form a shutter
The classical McVay (coopers suture to inguinal ligament ) is strong
but with tension culminating to recurrence
46. 3. Pre peritoneal/High McEvedy’s approach
• Best approach to deal with bowel strangulation as it allow generous
incision in peritoneum to give proper exposure for bowel resection
• Incision is made in lower abdomen at the lateral edge of the rectus
muscle
• Anterior rectus sheath is incised and rectus muscle retracted medially
and dissection done down to pre-peritoneal space
• Femoral hernia is delivered and contents assessed for viability and
dealt accordingly
• Sac closed and the defect with placement of a mesh/plug.
• The mesh-plug repair is tension free, easy, low post op pain with low
recurrences
48. Indications
The indications for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair are similar to
those for open repair.
• Most surgeons would agree that the endoscopic approach to bilateral
or recurrent inguinal hernias is superior to the open approach.
• Concurrent inguinal hernia repair can be considered if a hernia
patient is scheduled to undergo another laparoscopic procedure
without gross contamination, such as prostatectomy
• Preferred to Lichtenstein repair for recurrent hernias after open
anterior repair
49. ROBOTIC ASSISTED METHODS
Similar to laparoscopy, robot-assisted repair is ideal for:
• Recurrent inguinal hernia patients who had previous anterior repair and
• Bilateral inguinal hernias.
Contraindications to robotic hernia repair are the same as for laparoscopic
repair and include
• coagulopathy and/or severe cardiopulmonary disease precluding induction
of general anesthesia and pneumoperitoneum.
• Previous preperitoneal repair is a relative contraindication along with the
presence of a large incarcerated inguinal hernia.
• Patient evaluation should proceed similarly to workup for laparoscopic
inguinal hernia repair.
50. . From Neumayer L,
Giobbie-Hurder A,
Jonassen O, et al: Open
mesh versus
laparoscopic mesh
repair of inguinal
hernias. N Engl J Med
350:1819–1827, 2004.
Sabiston 20th ed,pg
1129
51. REFERENCES
I. Shwartz’s principle of surgery 11thEd
II. Sabiston textbook of surgery 15th and 20thEd
III. Shamim,M,.2021,’Femorl hernia; Open laparascopic Surgery
Approaches’, in M.Shamim (ed.),The art of science of Abdominal
Hernia, Intech open, London.10.5772/intechopen.98954