The document outlines 7 stages of vocal development in children from 0-24 months. Key stages include cooing and laughing from 8-20 weeks, babbling from 25-50 weeks, and a vocabulary of around 200 words by 18-24 months. It also summarizes theories of language acquisition, including imitation, innateness, cognition, and input theories.
Critical Language Awareness commonly described CLA is a prerequisite technique to Critical Discourse Analysis. CLA is primarily an understanding that makes us competent socially, politically, ideologically and among various discourses and contexts of different linguistic variations.
Critical Language Awareness commonly described CLA is a prerequisite technique to Critical Discourse Analysis. CLA is primarily an understanding that makes us competent socially, politically, ideologically and among various discourses and contexts of different linguistic variations.
Cognitive approaches to second
language learning
Yaseen Taha
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u Schools of thought
u cognitive approaches
u Behaviourism
u Learning strategies
u Processing approaches
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What are the Schools of thought?
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Schools of thought
Structural
linguistics and
behavioral
psychology
1900s, 1940s,
1950s
Generative
linguistics and
cognitive
psychology
1970s, 1980s
Constructivism
1980s, 1990s,
2000s
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What does cognitive theory mean?
u A theory of learning processes that focuses on how people
think, understand, and know. It does not specifies
precisely what is learned, what content will be easiest (or
most difficult) to learn, or what learners will select to
learn at different stages of development or levels of
mastery of a complex skill. It came about as a reaction to
behaviorism.
u A cognitive theory of learning sees second language
acquisition as a conscious and reasoned thinking process,
involving the deliberate use of learning strategies.
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Important cognitive theorists
u Allan Paivio, Robert Gagne, Howard Gardener, Benjamin Bloom.
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Behaviourism
u a highly influential academic school of psychology. It assumes
that a learner is essentially passive, responding to environment
stimuli. Believes that a learner starts out with a clean slate, and
behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement.
Reinforcement, positive or negative increases the possibility of an
event happening again. Punishment, both positive and negative,
decreases the possibility of an event happening again.
u It implies that the learner responds to environmental stimuli
without his/her mental state being factor in the learners' behavior.
Individual learns to behave through conditioning.
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Comparison between BEHAVIORIST theory and COGNITIVIST
theory
u Behaviorism is a learning theory
u As a formation of habit,
conditioning
u Practice is necessary, constant
repetition
u Learner is passive
u Behaviorists: teach, plan, present
language item, make Students
repeat
u Errors are forbidden
u Ignored thought and emotions
u Cognitivism is a learning theory, based
on how people think not a theory that
specifies precisely what is learned what
content will be easiest to learn, or what
learners will select to
learn at different stages of development
u Learning results from internal activity
(mental processes)
u Practice is necessary, but rote learning
and meaningless repetition is out.
u Learners process, store, and retrieve
information
u Cognitivists: creates opportunities for
learni
I would like to share here my ppt presentation of this SLA theory. It was hard finding and putting together the right materials or articles for my report but my Professor liked this final presentation^^ Through other presentations I found online, I somehow gained the idea on what and how to report it.
I hope this will also help other MALED students researching for this topic^^
Kindly inform me if I failed to cite other sources that you know or see. Thank you very much.
How do children develop speech comprehension. The relationship of speech, thought and comprehension.
The recognized cases of speech comprehension development with examples and explanation.
Cognitive approaches to second
language learning
Yaseen Taha
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
u Schools of thought
u cognitive approaches
u Behaviourism
u Learning strategies
u Processing approaches
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
What are the Schools of thought?
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Schools of thought
Structural
linguistics and
behavioral
psychology
1900s, 1940s,
1950s
Generative
linguistics and
cognitive
psychology
1970s, 1980s
Constructivism
1980s, 1990s,
2000s
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
What does cognitive theory mean?
u A theory of learning processes that focuses on how people
think, understand, and know. It does not specifies
precisely what is learned, what content will be easiest (or
most difficult) to learn, or what learners will select to
learn at different stages of development or levels of
mastery of a complex skill. It came about as a reaction to
behaviorism.
u A cognitive theory of learning sees second language
acquisition as a conscious and reasoned thinking process,
involving the deliberate use of learning strategies.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Important cognitive theorists
u Allan Paivio, Robert Gagne, Howard Gardener, Benjamin Bloom.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Behaviourism
u a highly influential academic school of psychology. It assumes
that a learner is essentially passive, responding to environment
stimuli. Believes that a learner starts out with a clean slate, and
behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement.
Reinforcement, positive or negative increases the possibility of an
event happening again. Punishment, both positive and negative,
decreases the possibility of an event happening again.
u It implies that the learner responds to environmental stimuli
without his/her mental state being factor in the learners' behavior.
Individual learns to behave through conditioning.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Comparison between BEHAVIORIST theory and COGNITIVIST
theory
u Behaviorism is a learning theory
u As a formation of habit,
conditioning
u Practice is necessary, constant
repetition
u Learner is passive
u Behaviorists: teach, plan, present
language item, make Students
repeat
u Errors are forbidden
u Ignored thought and emotions
u Cognitivism is a learning theory, based
on how people think not a theory that
specifies precisely what is learned what
content will be easiest to learn, or what
learners will select to
learn at different stages of development
u Learning results from internal activity
(mental processes)
u Practice is necessary, but rote learning
and meaningless repetition is out.
u Learners process, store, and retrieve
information
u Cognitivists: creates opportunities for
learni
I would like to share here my ppt presentation of this SLA theory. It was hard finding and putting together the right materials or articles for my report but my Professor liked this final presentation^^ Through other presentations I found online, I somehow gained the idea on what and how to report it.
I hope this will also help other MALED students researching for this topic^^
Kindly inform me if I failed to cite other sources that you know or see. Thank you very much.
How do children develop speech comprehension. The relationship of speech, thought and comprehension.
The recognized cases of speech comprehension development with examples and explanation.
First Language Acquisition Schedule of ChildrenBibi Halima
1. First Language Acquisition
2. The Acquisition schedule of Child’s language
3. Post-telegraphic Stage
4. Patterns in development; Developmental sequences in First Language acquisition
an introduction to psycholinguistics
chapter 1 How children learn language
21 slide of the first chapter explaining most important parts of the first chapter.
Language, Language Acquisition, Language Learning, Second Language,Bilingualism, Child Language, Linguistics,Hypothesis, Noam Chomsky (Cognitive Generative Quantitative
Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics) (Anthropological Comparative Historical Etymology Graphetics Phonetics Sociolinguistics) (Computational Contrastive
Evolutionary Forensic Internet
Language acquisition
Second-language acquisition
Language assessment
Language development
Language education
Linguistic anthropology
Neurolinguistics Psycholinguistics)
(History of linguistics
Linguistic prescription
List of linguists
Unsolved linguistics problems)
First and Second Language Acquisition Information
First Language
Milestones in Language Development
Phonology
First year: vocal play; canonical babbling
Second year: representational phonology (can distinguish the difference between phonemes)
Third year: phonetic inventory completion
Fourth year: phonological awareness grows
Lexicon
First year: recognition of own name; first word
Second year: word spurt; 50 word productive vocabulary
Third year: 500 word productive vocabulary
Fourth year: knowledge of derivational morphology; increases vocabulary
Grammar
Second year: first word combinations
Second and third years: increasing length of word combinations; adding grammatical morphemes;
negative and question forms
Fourth year: complex (i.e., multi-clause) utterances
Communication
First year: intentional communication begins
Second year: range of distinguishable communicative purposes grows
Third year: conversational initiative and responsiveness grow
Fourth year: narrative skills develop
Emergence of Responses and Vocalizations in the First Year of Life
Age Group Responses Vocalizations
Newborns Startles Crying
Is calmed by voice Vegetative sounds
Prefers mother’s voice
1-3 months Laughs Cooing sounds
Smiles at speaker Crying
Vowel sounds
3-7 months Responds to emotional intonation Speech-like sounds
(e.g., friendly, angry) Syllables
Reduplicated babbling
ba, ga, bababa
8-12 months Responds to name Varigated babbling
Responds to no gadabaga
Recognizes games and routines like Sentence intonation
Peek-a-boo or bye-bye Protowords
Recognizes some words
1
First Words
Many children go through a transitional phase between babbling and their first real words. The first
“real” words appear at the end of the first year for the normal child. These real words are preceded by
protowords or idiomorphs which are personally meaningful that are not real words like mutz when
given milk. The single-word stage has been called the holophrastic (“entire expression”) phase because
children use single words to express a complete thought. Milk could mean I want milk, I spilled the milk,
Mom has no milk, That’s milk. The holophrase derives its meaning in part from the context in which it
occurs.
Two-word utterances are referred to as telegraphic speech because they resembled the sparse syntax
used in telegrams that people sent to save money before e-mail and fax technology. The first two-word
phrases represent different kinds of intentions. Roger Brown, A First Language, The Early Stages,
described the semantic relationships which reflect the semantic roles of the words in the sentence:
Agent + action Mommy come.
Action + object Drive car.
Agent + object Mommy sock.
Action + location Sit chair.
Entity + location Cup table.
Possessor + possession My doggie.
Entity + attribute Crayon big.
Demonstrative + entity Dat money.
Children’s Complex Sentences, In Order of Developmen.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
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DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
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Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
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The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
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4. The Theories. The Imitation Theory. David Crystal Children learn language through copying and imitating others. This is how children develop regional accents. The Innateness Theory. Noam Chomsky Language Acquisition Device – the special brain mechanism which allows us to learn language. All languages shares a structure – universal grammar. The Cognition Theory. Jean Piaget A child must understand a word before they use it. They have to experience a word before they can use it. If they use a word to describe a feeling, such as “anger”, they have to understand what it is like to have that feeling. The Input Theory. Similar to ‘behaviourism’ by Skinner Child Directed Speech is the biggest influence to a child’s language development. Parents speak slowly to children, they also use a higher pitch and full grammatical structures. They enforce turn taking and question and answer sequences.
5. The Theories. Test. The Imitation Theory. David Crystal Children learn language through copying and imitating others. This is how children develop regional accents. The Innateness Theory. Noam Chomsky Language Acquisition Device – the special brain mechanism which allows us to learn language. All languages shares a structure – universal grammar. The Cognition Theory. Jean Piaget A child must understand a word before they use it. They have to experience a word before they can use it. If they use a word to describe a feeling, such as “anger”, they have to understand what it is like to have that feeling. The Input Theory. Similar to ‘behaviourism’ by Skinner Child Directed Speech is the biggest influence to a child’s language development. Parents speak slowly to children, they also use a higher pitch and full grammatical structures. They enforce turn taking and question and answer sequences.
6. Over and underextension Categorical Analogical Mismatch Statements One word is applied to everything in that category. For example: “apple” = orange, peach... Other round fruits. One word used to describe something in a different category. For example: “ball” = apple, melon... Other things which resemble a ball. The word used is random, has loose association with the objet. Perhaps through the environment or the child’s personal experience. For example: “duck” = When they see an empty pond.
7. Over and underextension Test. Categorical Analogical Mismatch Statements One word is applied to everything in that category. For example: “apple” = orange, peach... Other round fruits. One word used to describe something in a different category. For example: “ball” = apple, melon... Other things which resemble a ball. The word used is random, has loose association with the object. Perhaps through the environment or the child’s personal experience. For example: “duck” = When they see an empty pond.
8. Bellugi’s Theories. Stages of Negation Stage 1: The child will use “no” at the start or end of the sentence. e.g. “No wear shoes.” Stage 2: Moves “no” / “not” inside of the sentence. e.g. “I no want it.” Stage 3: Achieves the correct form. e.g. “I don’t want to...” Stages of Pronouns Stage 1: Uses own name. “ Tom play.” Stage 2: Recognises “I” and “Me” (First person object and subject pronouns.) e.g. “Me play toy” Stage 3: Learns the correct form.
9. Bellugi’s Theories. Test. Stages of Negation Stage 1: The child will use “no” at the start or end of the sentence. e.g. “No wear shoes.” Stage 2: Moves “no” / “not” inside of the sentence. e.g. “I no want it.” Stage 3: Achieves the correct form. e.g. “I don’t want to...” Stages of Pronouns Stage 1: Uses own name. “ Tom play.” Stage 2: Recognises “I” and “Me” (First person object and subject pronouns.) e.g. “Me play toy” Stage 3: Learns the correct form.