3. Present
AR
Yo o
Tu as
ER/IR
El, ella, ud. a
Yo o
Nosotros amos
Tu es
Vosotros aís
El, ella, ud. e
Ellos, ellas, uds. an
Nosotros emos/imos
Vosotros éis/ís
Ellos, ellas, uds. en
4. Stem Changers
Stem changers are verbs that change in every form EXCEPT the
nosotros and vosotros forms.
O > UE E>I
Contar Repetir
Cuento Repito
Cuentas Repites
Cuenta Repite
Contamos Repetimos
Contáis Repetís
Cuentan Repiten
E > IE O > UE
Cerrar Dormir
Cierro Duermo
Cierras Duermes
Cierra Duerme
Cerramos Dormimos
Cerráis Dormís
Cierran Duermen
5. Irregular “yo”
Irregular “yo” verbs are verbs that change in the yo form such as
go, zco, and other verbs like ser and ir.
-go verbs Other verbs
Poner – to put Ser – to be
Pongo Soy
Decir (e<i) – to say -zco verbs Estar – to be
Digo Conocer - Estoy
Tener – to have Conozco Ir – to go
Tengo Producir Voy
Traer – to bring Produzco Ver – to see
Traigo Conducir
Hacer – to do Conduzco Saber – to know
Hago Se
Oir – to hear Dar -
Oigo Doy
6. Saber vs. Conocer
To know
“Saber” is used to express knowledge about a fact or different
information.
Juan sabe donde está María.
Juan knows where Maria is.
“Conocer” is used to say if a person is acquainted with another.
Yo no conozco a María.
I don't know (am not acquainted with) Maria.
7. Reflexives
In Spanish, when you talk about an action being performed on yourself,
you show the reflexive nature of the action with a reflexive verb.
Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject of the sentence has performed
an action on itself. In other words, in a reflexive sentence the subject is
the same as the object.
If a verb is reflexive, it ends in „se‟.
Lavarse – to wash oneself
Rascarse – to scratch oneself
Llamarse – to call oneself
When conjugating, move the „se‟ to the front of the verb and change it
to the corresponding pronoun: me, te, se, nos, or se. Then conjugate
the verb.
Me lavo Se lava Os laváis
Te lavas Nos lavamos Se lavan
8. Se impersonal
We use the se impersonal verbs when making a general assumption
about people in general. Se is placed in front of the verb in impersonal
and use the singular verb.
How does one say
¿Cómo se dice
"icecream" in
"helado" en italiano?
Italian?
Plural impersonal does not use se in front of the verb.
They say that Dicen que la pizza
vegetarian pizza is vegetariana es
healthy. saludosa.
9. Verbs like gustar
These verbs are taken and congugated into either the „el/ella/usted‟
form or the „ellos/ellas/ustedes‟ form along with the correct pronoun.
Me gustan los libros.
Pronouns
--The books are
Me pleasing to me
Te Or
Se --I like the books
Nos
Se
Parecer – to appear to be
Doler – to be painful
Aburrir – to bore Picar – to itch
Fascinar – to be fascinating too Encantar – to love something
Bastar – to be sufficient Quedar – to be left over
Importar – to be important to Faltar – to be lacking something
Molestar – to be a bother to
Discutar – to hate something
10. -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/gir
-uir/-guir
Atribuir
Concluir
Construir
Contribuir -ger/-gir
Destruir *Change the G>J in the yo form. In the
Distribuir other forms, use G.
Excluir Coger – to catch Exigir – to demand
Incluir Cojo Exijo
Instruir Coges Exiges
-cer/-cir Coge Exige
Atribuir Cogemos Exigemos
Concluir Cogéis Exigis
Construir Cogen Exigen
Contribuir
Destruir
Distribuir
Excluir
Incluir
Instruir
11. Imperfect
Imperfect tense is used to represent things that happened in the past
that occurred repeatedly or occurred over a period of time. It‟s like a
movie in the past.
AR HABLAR ER/IR VIVIR
aba hablaba ía vivía
abas hablabas ías vivías
aba hablaba ía vivía
ábamos hablábamos íamos vivíamos
abais hablabais IR íais vivíais
aban hablaban iba ían vivían
ibas
VER iba SER
veía veíamos íbamos era éramos
veías veíais ibais eras erais
veía veían iban era eran
a menudo, a veces, cada día, cada año, con frecuencia, de vez
cuando, en aquella época, frecuentemente, generalmente, muchas
veces, mucho, nunca, por un rato, siempre, tantas veces, todas las
semanas, todos los dias, todo el tiempo, and varias veces
12. Preterite
Trigger Word Translation
The preterite tense
Ayer Yesterday
allows you to refer to
The day before
specific past actions Anteayer
yesterday
performed (1) at a Anoche Last night
fixed point in time, (2)
La Semana Pasada Last week
a specific number of
El Mes Pasado Last month
times, (3) during an
enclosed amount of El Año Pasado Last year
time. El Fin De Semana Pasado Last weekend
Ella trabajó por dos Form -AR -ER, -IR
horas.
She worked for two Yo -é -í
hours. Tú -aste -iste
Ella/Él/Ud. -ó -ió
Ellos vendieron el Nosotros -amos -imos
coche. Vosotros -asteis -isteis
They sold the car. Ellos/Ellas/ -aron -ieron
Uds.
13. -car, -gar, -zar
There are three spelling
changes in Spanish which
affect verbs in the preterite as Verb Translation Preterite Yo Form
well as in other tenses. In the Pagar To pay (for) Yo pagué
preterite , these changes To water (a plant)
Regar Yo regué
occur only in the first person
singular yo form. Jugar To play (a game) Yo jugué
Verbs ending in –car: the c Buscar To look for; Yo busqué
changes to qu before the search
letter e
Ex: Yo practiqué. (I Aparcar To park Yo aparqué
practiced.) Tocar To touch; play Yo toqué
Verbs ending in –gar: Insert a (an instrument)
u before the e
Ex: Yo llegué. (I arrived.) Organizar To organize Yo organicé
Verbs ending in –zar: the z Simbolizar To symbolize Yo simbolicé
changes to c before the letter
Autorizar To authorize Yo autoricé
e
Ex: Yo empecé. (I began.)
14. Spock
Ir: To go Ex:
Ser
Ser: To be Fui al cine.
Dar: To give I went to the movies.
Ver: To see Ella dio un regalo a
Hacer: To su abuela.
do; make She gave a gift to her
grandmother.
Ir Ser Dar Ver Hacer
Yo Fui Fui Di Vi Hice
Tú Fuiste Fuiste Diste Viste Hiciste
Ella/Él/Ud. Fue Fue Dio Vio Hizo
Nosotros Fuimos Fuimos Dimos Vimos Hicimos
Ellos/Ellas/ Fueron Fueron Dieron Vieron Hicieron
Uds.
15. Cucaracha
Verbs Stem Change
Form Ending
Andar Anduv- Yo -e
Estar Estuv- Tú -iste
Poder Pud- Ella/Él/Ud. -o
Poner Pus- Nosotros -imos
Querer Quis- Vosotros -isteis
Saber Sup- Ellos/Ellas/Uds. -ieron
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin-
Form Ending Verbs Stem Change
Yo -e
Decir Dij-
Tú -iste
Traer Traj-
Ella/Él/Ud. -o
Nosotros -imos Conducir Conduj-
Vosotros -isteis Producir Produj-
Ellos/Ellas/ -eron
Uds. Traducir Traduj-
16. Snake/snakey
Snakey verbs are verbs that are irregular in the preterite tense that
change –yendo and –yeron.
Form Ending Form Ending Form Ending
Yo Oí Yo Leí Yo Cayí
Tú Oíste Tú Leíste Tú Caíste
Ella/Él/Ud. Oyó Ella/Él/Ud. Leyó Ella/Él/Ud. Cayó
Nosotros Oímos Nosotros Leímos Nosotros Caímos
Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Leyeron Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Cayeron
Oyeron
17. Comparatives/superlatives
Comparatives are Superlatives are used
used to compare two when you want to
things. You can use compare two or more
the word “than” or things. There is only
sometimes the word one superlative, so the
“but”. word used is “the”.
You are taller than
You are taller than
everyone in your
she.
class.
Tu eres más alto que
Tu eres el más alto en
ella.
tus clase.
18.
19. Table of Contents
1. Preterite vs. Imperfect
2. Future
3. Conditional
4. Por
5. Para
6. Por vs. Para
7. Commands
8. Present perfect
20. Preterite vs. Imperfect
The preterite tense allows you to refer to specific Imperfect tense is used to represent things that
past actions performed (1) at a fixed point in happened in the past that occurred repeatedly or
time, (2) a specific number of times, (3) during an occurred over a period of time. It‟s like a movie in
enclosed amount of time. the past.
Form -AR -ER, -IR Form AR ER/IR
Yo -é -í Yo -aba -ía
Tú -aste -iste Tu -abas -ías
Ella/Él/Ud. -ó -ió
El/Ella/Usted -aba -ía
Nosotros -amos -imos
Nosotras/Nosotros -ábamos -íamos
Vosotros -asteis -isteis
Vosotros/Vosotras -abais -íais
Ellos/Ellas/ -aron -ieron
Uds. Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -aban -ían
Trigger Word Translation
Ayer Yesterday
The day before VER IR SER
Anteayer
yesterday veía veíamos iba era éramos
Anoche Last night veías veíais ibas eras erais
La Semana Pasada Last week veía veían iba era eran
El Mes Pasado Last month íbamos
El Año Pasado Last year ibais
El Fin De Semana Pasado Last weekend iban
21. Future tense with irregulars
The future tense is Form Ending
used to tell what "will" Yo -é
happen, or what "shall"
Tú -ás
happen.
However, the future Ella/Él/Ud. -á
tense is NOT used to Nosotros -emos
express a willingness Ellos/Ellas/Uds -án
to do something. .
Verb Stem Verb Stem
Change Change Ex: Using the verb
hablar, to speak.
Decir Dir- Venir Vendr-
Yo Hablé
Hacer Har- Poder Podr- Tu Hablás
Poner Pondr- Querer Querr- Ella Hablá
Nosotros Hablemos
Salir Saldr- Saber Sabr-
Ellos Hablán
Tener Tendr- Valer Valdr-
22. Conditional with irregulars
The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, and is translated as would, could,
must have or probably.
Hablar
Hablaría
Hablarías
ía Hablaría
ías Hablaríamos
ía Hablaríais
íamos Hablarían
íais
ían
venir valer tener salir decir caber
yo vendría yo valdría yo tendría yo saldría yo diría yo cabría
saber querer poder haber poner hacer
yo sabría yo querría yo podría yo habría yo pondría yo haría
23. Por
Duration of an action
For, during, in
Exchange or
substitution
For, in exchange for
Por aquí
Por eso
24. Describes the purpose + noun
For, used for
Para
Destination
Toward, in the direction of
Recipient of something
For
Deadline or a specific time in the future
By, for
Comparison with others or an opinion
For, considering
Purpose or goal + infinitive
In order to
In the employ of
For
25. Commands
Commands are used when telling someone what to do. Informal commands are used when
talking to a friend or a child. Formal commands are used when you want to be polite or
show respect.
•Start with the „yo‟ form of
present indicative If the „yo‟ form is irregular in
•Drop the „-o‟ ending present tense, it carries over to
•Add on the following the command form as well.
endings:
-AR verbs: -e (Ud.) –en Tener – Tengan
(Uds.) Traer – Traiga
-ER and IR verbs: -a (Ud.) – Venir -- Venga
an (Uds.)
26. Present Perfect
The present perfect is created by taking the verbs „has‟ or „have‟ and combining them with
the past participle. Two verbs are required: the main verb and the „have‟ or „has‟.
The past participial is created by dropping the
infinitive ending and adding –ado or –ido.
He --(yo) He comido.
I have eaten.
Has --(tú) Has comido.
You have eaten.
Ha --(él) Ha comido.
He has eaten.
Hemos --(nosotros) Hemos comido.
Habéis We have eaten.
--(vosotros) Habéis comido.
Han You-all have eaten.
--(ellos) Han comido.
They have eaten.
27. Double Object Pronouns
DO Pronouns English
me me
te you (familiar)
lo, la him, her, it, you (formal)
nos us
os you-all (familiar)
los, las them, you-all (formal) le lo = se lo
le la = se la
le los = se los
le las = se las
les lo = se lo
les la = se la
les los = se los
les las = se las
28. Adverbs
Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular
form of the adjective. This ending corresponds to -ly in English.
Adjective Fem. Form Adverb
claro clara claramente
constante constante constantemente
Muy very
difícil difícil difícilmente Nunca never
Peor worse
Poco little
Bastante quite
Demasiado too
Mal badly
Mucho a lot
Siempre always
29. Subjunctive
The subjunctive case expresses attitudes as uncertain or hypothetical.
Put it in the yo
form, drop the o Hable Coma Escriba
and then add the Hables Comas Escribas
opposite vowel. Hable Coma Escriba
Hablemos Comamos Escribamos
Habléis Comáis Escribáis
Hablen Coman Escriban
1. Dar dé esté vaya haya sepa sea
2. Estar des estés vayas hayas sepas seas
3. Ir dé esté vaya haya sepa sea
4. Haber demos estemos vayamos hayamos sepamos seamos
5. Saber deis estéis vayáis hayáis sepáis seáis
6. Ser den estén vayan hayan sepan sean
30. Se impersonal
To form the impersonal se, verbs are always 3rd person singular and
are commonly followed by a direct object.
Se necesita que la gente proteja la Tierra.
Impersonal Se Formula (It's necessary that people protect the Earth.)
se + 3rd person singular
Se habla español aquí.
(Spanish is spoken here.)
Se dice que va a llover mañana.
(It's said it is going to rain tomorrow.)
Se prohibe fumar.
(Smoking is prohibited.)
No se permite hacer fotos aquí.
(Photographs are not permitted.)
31. Progressive w/ ir, andar and seguir
Seguir/Andar/Ir + present participle = to still do something or to go on
doing it
ella anda buscando trabajo = she's going around looking for work
ella va adaptándose a su puesto = She is slowly but surly adjusting to her job
Él sigue buscando trabajo = He is still looking for work
