1. Libra de gramatica
CARMELTIA HUSKINS

2. Table of Contents
 Present
 Stem Changers
 Irregular “yo”
 Saber vs. Conocer
 Reflexives
 “Se” Impersonal
 Diphthongs with accents
 Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir
 Hace + Time + Que + Presente
 Imperfect
 Preterite
 Spock Verbs
 Cockroach Verbs
 Snake/Snakey
 Comparatives/ Superlatives
 El Futuro
 Commands
 Por
 Para
 Por vs. Para
 Present Perfect
 Double Object Pronouns
 Adverbs
 Subjunctive
 Se Impersonal
 Progressives (ir, andar, seguir)

3. Present
To use the present tense of a regular verb, replace the ar/er/ir ending with a
conjugated ending .
“Ar” “Er”
Yo- O Yo- O
Tu- As Tu- Es
Ud. El/ella – A Ud. El/ella- E
Nosotros- Amos Nosotros- imos
Uds. Ellos/ as- Uds. Ellos/ as-
An En

4. Stem Changers
All stems change except for Nosotros
O -> UE
E -> IE E -> I
Pensar Poder Pide
-Pienso -Puedo -Pido
-Piensas -Puedes -Pides
-Piensa -Puede -Pide
-Pensamos -Podemos -Pedimos
-Piensan -Pueden -Piden

5. Irregular “Yo”
Irregular verbs that the yo form is different from the rest

6. Saber vs. Conocer
Both mean “to know” something.
Saber
-Se
-Sabes
-Sabe
-Sabemos
Saben
Conocer
-Conozco
-Conoces
-Conoce
-Conocemos
-Conocen

7. Reflexives
What the action is being reflected upon.
Acostarse: To go to bed
-Me Acosto
-Te Acostas
-Se Acosta
-Nos Acostamos
Llamarse: To be called -Se Acostan
Levantarse: To get up
Ponerse: To put on
Cansarse: To get tired
Sentarse: To sit down

8. “Se” Impersonal
Not one specific thing or person is being specified. Very general.

9. Diphthongs with Accents
When a weak and a strong vowel or two weak vowels combine to create a single syllable.

10. Verbs like… uir/guir, cer/cir, and ger/gir

11. Hace + Time + Que + Present tense
 This is used to show the length of
time that an action took place.

12. Imperfect : This action has not been completed. There is no definite end
or beginning. Like a continuous movie.
 Trigger words
 Nunca – Never
 A veces – Sometimes
 Todo el Tiempo – all of the time

13. El Preterito
 Past Tense
 Has a known beginning and/or ending
 Snapshot of time
Trigger Words
*Ayer
*Anoche
*Anteayer E I
*la semana pasada Aste Iste
O Io
Amos Imos
Aron Ieron

14. Irregulares
-Car -Gar -Zar
Que Gue Ce
Only for the yo form.
Make sure that all
spellings have an
accent mark on the e.

15. Spock
Dar
Di
Ser S
D diste
Fui e
a V Dio
Fuiste I r r Dimo
e s
Fue r Diero
r
Fuimos n
s
Fuistei
Fueron
Ir er Hacer
c
Fui Ha Hice
Fuiste Hiciste
Fue Hizo
Fuimos Hicimos
Fueron Hicieron

16. Cucaracha Verbs
 Andar anduve
 Conducir* conduje
 Decir* dije
 Estar estuve
 Hacer hice
 Poner puse
 Poder pude
 Querer quise
 Saber supe
 Tener tuve
 Traer* traje
 Venir vine

17. Snake / Snakey
 Snake = E to I
 Ex. Pedir, Venir
 Snake = O to U
 Morir
 Snakey = O to Y
 Ex. Oir
 Snakey = E to Y
 Creer

18. Comparatives and Superlatives
 Expresses differences and comparisons
Menos + Adj + Que Mas + Adj + Que

19. El Futuro
 Infinitive + E, As, Emos, An
 Vivire – Yo Vivire
 Immediate Future = Ir + a + Infinitive
Trigger Words
La semana
Proxima
Pasado Ano
Manana
Ano

20.  Decir dir- to say
 Hacer har- to make/ do
 Haber hab- to have
 Poder podr- to put, place, set
 Querer querr- to love
 Saber sabr- to leave , go out
Infinitive
 Tener tendr- to have
E
 Valer valdr- to be worth As
A
 Venir vendr- to come Emos
An

21. Por
 Unit of measure
 Per, by
 Exchange or substitution
 In exchange for
 Object of a search
 Means by which something is done
 By, By way of, by means of
 Reason or motive for an action
 Because of, on account of, on behalf of
 Duration of an action
 During, In
 Motion or general location
 Around, through, along, by

22. Para
 Who someone works for
 Recipient of something
 Comparison with others or an opinion
 Considering
 Purpose + Noun
 For, used for
 Purpose – Goal + Infinitive
 In order to
 Destination – Towards, In the direction of
 Deadline – Specific time in the future
 By, For

23. Por vs. Para
 Both mean for but are not interchangeable!
Para Por

24. Present Perfect
 Haber + -Ado or – Ido
 He Habia, Has Habias, Ha Habia, Hemos Habiamos, Hand Habian
 Irregulars
 Abrir – Abierto
 Cubir – Cubierto
 Decir – Dicho
 Escribir – Escrito
 Hacer – Hecho
 Morir – Muerto Sing to the tune of
 Poner – Puesto Twinkle Twinkle
 Resolver – Resuelto Little Star
 Romper – Roto
 Ver – Visto
 Volver – Vuelto
 Ir - Ido

25. Double Object Pronouns
 Verbo + Indirect Object Pronoun + Direct Object Pronoun
 Damelo! – Give it to me!
 Dimelo! - Tell me it!
 Give him the present
 Da le (se) DOP

26. Adverbs
 -mente = -ly
 Slowly, Quickly, Readily
 Changing an adverb that ends with an “o”
 Change “o” to “a” and and –mente
 Rapido – Rapidamente : Tranquilo – Tranquilamente
 For others…
 Just add –mente when ending with a consonant
 Facil – Facilmente : Frequente – Frequentemente
 Irregular Adverbs
 Bastante- Bad
 Demasiando – Too
 Mal – Badly
 Peor – Worse
 Siempre - Always

27. Subjunctive
Indicative Subjunctive
Facts Attitudes
Real Uncertain
Definite Hypothetical
Main Clause + Connector + Subordinate Clause
W- Wish, Want
E- Emotion
Es muy importante que aprendas el subjectivo
D-Doubt (no creer)
D- Denial Impersonal Expressions
I- Impersonal Expressions Es bueno que…
N- non-Existing Es mejor que…
G- God (Ojala) Guest Ojala que…
Es malo que…
Es necesario que…
Es urgente que…

28. Subjunctive Cont.
Sw
itc
ht
oo
 Regular Present Subjunctive- Hablar pp
osi
te
 Hable, Hables, Hable, Hablemos, Hablen vow
el
 Irregular Yo
 Conducir (zco) Conduzca
Ir Stem Changers
Pedir – e:i Pida, Pidamos
Sentir – e:ie Sienta
Dormir – o:ue Duerma, Duermas, Dueran

29. Progressives (ir, andar, seguir)