cause, symptom, diagnosis

1. Clostridium tetani
Prepared by ------Sonali harsh raj

2. MORPHOLOGY
• Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic,
spore-forming rod shape bacterium.
• Drumstick appearance.

3. RESISTANCE
 • Heat resistant spores and usual antiseptics.
 • survive autoclaving at 121 C for 10-15 minutes.
 • resistant to phenol and other chemical agents.
RESERVOIRS
• soil
• intestine
• feces of livestocks
• Manure-treated soil
• skin surfaces
• contaminated heroin

4. SENSITIVITY
 • Organism is sensitive to heat.
 • Sensitive to oxygen
IMMUNITY
• Temporary Immunity

5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
 • acute, often fatal, disease caused by an
exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani.
 • rigidity and convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles.
 • involves the jaw (lockjaw) and neck and then
becomes generalized.

6. PATHOGENESIS
 • Enters through the wound.
 • Spores germinate in the presence of anaerobic
condition.
 Carried intra - axonally to CNS
 • Tetanospasmin spread in through blood and
lymphatic.
 • Interferes with release of neurotransmitters,
blocking inhibitor impulses.

7. SYMPTOMS
 Risus sardonicus
 Opisthotomus
 Extreme muscles spasms
 Drooling
 Hydrophobia

8. INCUBATION PERIOD
 • 6 to 10 days (variable).
 • Neonatal tetanus, symptoms usually appear from 4 to 14
days after birth.

9. Man Suffering from Tetanus

10. CLASSES
 • LOCAL (Uncommon)
 • CEPHALIC (Rare)
 • GENERALIZED (Common)

11. LOCAL
 • Persistent contraction of muscles in the same
anatomic area as the injury.
 • Precede the onset of generalized tetanus, but is
generally milder.
 • 1% of cases are fatal.

12. CEPHALIC
 • Occurs with otitis media (ear infections)
 • Head injuries.
 • Involvement of the cranial nerves, especially in the
facial area.

13. GENERALIZED
 • Trismus
 • stiffness of the neck and difficulty in swallowing
 • rigidity of abdominal muscles.
 • rise of 2°-4°C above normal temp.
 • sweating and elevated blood pressure
 • episodic rapid heart rate
 • Spasms

14. NEONATAL TETANUS
 • Occurs in infant
 • infection of the unhealed umbilical
 • estimated >270,000 deaths worldwide per year.

15. VIROLENCE FACTOR
 • Tetanospasmin
 • Mechanism of Action

16. PREVENTION & CONTROL
 Medical Management
 Tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
 Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG)
 Wound Management
 proper immunization
DIAGNOSIS
Primarily a clinical diagnosis;
Organism rarely isolated