Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It is spread through respiratory and throat secretions from coughing, kissing, or close contact. Common symptoms include fever, vomiting, lethargy, rashes, and headache. Treatment involves antibiotics such as penicillin. Vaccines can help prevent disease. Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and spreads through prolonged skin contact with infected individuals. It can cause skin lesions and nerve damage. Rabies virus infects the central nervous system through animal bites. Symptoms include spasms, hydrophobia, and death. Encephalitis refers to brain inflammation often caused by viral infections spread through insect bites

3. Meningococcal meningitis
Leprosy
Rabies
Encephalitis

4. Neisseria meningitis
Meningococcal Meningitis

5. Neisseria Meningitidis
• N. meningitidis is gram negative, Diplococci, capsulated.
• Aerobic- breaths oxygen
• Lives in mucous membranes in the nose a throat.
• spread through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions
(i.e., coughing, kissing).
• --not spread by casual contact or by simply breathing the air where
a person with meningitis has been.

6. • Bacteria can grow in the cerebrospinal fluid in
the subarachnoid space of the CNS.
• The blood brain barrier (capillaries) prevents
passage of some materials (such as antimicrobial
drugs) into
the CNS.
• Meningitis: Inflammation of meninges.

7. Common symptoms include :-
Regular fever, vomitting
Lethargy, un-active, Drowsy
Rashes on skin
Irritability, muscle pain
Headache
and a stiff neck is sometimes seen.

9.  The bacteria and leukocytes metabolize
the glucose normally found in cerebrospinal
fluid potentially depriving the brain of
nutrients.
 In addition, N. meningitis circulates in blood
and produces an endotoxin that causes a
drop in blood pressure leading to shock

10. • Highest incidence in children younger than 5 years and
particularly those younger than 1 year of age as passive
maternal antibody declines and as infants immune
system matures.
• Commonly colonize nasopharynx of healthy individuals;
highest oral and nasopharyngeal carriage rates in
school-age children, young adults and lower socio-
economic groups
Epidemiology of Meningococcal Disease

11. Epidemiology of Meningococcal Disease
• Humans only natural hosts
• Person-to-person transmission by
aerosolization of respiratory tract
secretions in crowded conditions
• Close contact with infectious person
(e.g., family members, day care
centers, military barracks, prisons, and
other institutional settings)

12. Laboratory Characterization of Neisseria
meningitidis
• Large numbers of encapsulated, small, gram-
negative diplococci.
• Transparent, non-pigmented non-hemolytic
colonies on chocolate blood agar with enhanced
growth in moist atmosphere with 5% CO2
• Oxidase-positive
• Acid production from glucose and maltose.

13. Prevention and Treatment of Meningococcal
Disease
• Penicillin is drug of choice for treatment in adjunct with
supportive therapy for meningeal symptoms.
• Chloramphenicol or cephalosporins as alternatives
• Chemoprophylaxis of close contacts with rifampin or
sulfadiazine (if susceptible)
• Polyvalent vaccine is effective in people older than 2 years
of age adjunct to chemoprophylaxis

15. Leprosy
• Mycobacterium leprae
• causes leprosy, or Hansen’s disease.
• Acid-fast rod that grows best at 30°C.
• Grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells.
• Transmission requires prolonged contact with an
infected person.

16. Carrier
• Armadillo
Humans and
Armadillos
are only
known
natural hosts
Zoological name- Cingulata

17. Resistance
• Viable for 9 -16 days, and in
moist soil for 46 days
• Direct sunlight for two hours.
• Ultraviolet light for 30
minutes..

18. Leprosy
• Leprosy is not highly contagious and is spread by
prolonged contact with exudates.
• Untreated individuals often die of secondary
bacterial complications, such as tuberculosis.
• Patients with leprosy are made noncontagious
within 4 to 5 days with sulfone drugs and then
treated as outpatients.

19. Leprosy
Tuberculoid (neural)
form
Lepromatous
(progressive) form
•Loss of sensation in
skin areas
•positive lepromin test
•Disfiguring nodules
over body
•negative lepromin test

20. Leprosy
Figure 22.9

21. Symptoms
nodules on skin
loss of sensation
white patches
Itching,some times scaly skin
At extream:- deformation of body
parts starts:- nose,eyes,hands
fingures,foot ,legs

23. Diagnosis of Leprosy
• Diagnosis must therefore be made by
doing a biopsy, in which a small piece
of skin is taken to analyse for the
leprosy bacterium. Early diagnosis is
very important because it can
prevent permanent deformities and
disability.

24. Leprosy
• Laboratory diagnosis is based on observations
of acid-fast rods in lesions or fluids and the
lepromin test.

25. Treatment of Leprosy
• Multidrug regime
Rifampicin 600 mg / once month
Dapsone 100/day
Clofazimine 50 mg/daily.
Continue for 6 months
Other Drugs for Leprosy
1.Ethionamide
2.Prothionamide.

27. Family: Rhabdoviridae
Neurotropic virus
Single stranded RNA
genome
enveloped
These are 2–10 µm in
diameter
Cause acute infection of
the central nervous
system.

28. How Is Rabies Transmitted?

29. How Is Rabies Transmitted?

30. Rabies Virus (Rhabdovirus)
• Transmitted by animal bite.
• Virus multiplies in skeletal muscles, then brain cells causing encephalitis.
• Initial symptoms may include muscle spasms of the mouth and pharynx and
hydrophobia.
• The virus multiplies in skeletal muscle and connective tissue.
• Encephalitis occurs when the virus moves along peripheral nerves to the CNS.
• Symptoms of rabies include
– spasms of mouth and throat muscles followed by extensive brain and
spinal cord damage.

31. Rabies Virus (Rhabdovirus)

32. Clinical Findings
• Bizarre behavior.
• Agitation
• Seizures.
• Difficulty in drinking.
• Patients will be able to eat solids
• Afraid of water - Hydrophobia.
• Spasms of Pharynx produces choking.
• Death in 1 -6 days.
• Respiratory arrest / Death / Some may survive.

33. WOUND MANAGEMENT
Cleansing-with soap and water (minimum 10min)
punctured wound irrigated with catheters
Chemical treatment-virucidal agents-
70%alcohol, povidine iodine, tincture iodine, etc
Local adminisration of rabies antiserum
Suturing -done after 24-48hrs with antiserum locally
Antibiotics
Immunization against tetanus
Wound not to be dressed or bandaged

35. IMMUNIZATION OF DOGS
• Most important weapon in rabies control
• 80-90% dog popoulation-accesible for vaccination
• Mass vaccination-effective tool
• Primary immunization-age-3 to 4 months
• Booster dose-regular interval based on type of
vaccine

36. ENCEPHALITIS

37. Encephalitis Basics
• Encephalitis is irritation and swelling
(inflammation) of the brain, most often due
to infections.
• Encephalitis is a rare condition. It occurs
more often in the first year of life and
decreases with age. The very young and the
elderly are more likely to have a severe case.
• Parenchymal damage varying from mild to
profound.

38. Causes of Encephalitis
Encephalitis is most often caused by a viral
infection. Many types of viruses may cause it.
Exposure to viruses can occur through:
• Breathing in respiratory droplets from an
infected person
• Contaminated food or drink
• Mosquito, tick, and other insect bites
• Skin contact

39. Symptoms of Encephalitis
• Some patients may have symptoms of a cold or stomach infection before
encephalitis symptoms begin.
• When a case of encephalitis is not very severe, the symptoms may be
similar to those of other illnesses, including:
• Fever that is not very high
• Mild headache
• Low energy and a poor appetite
• Clumsiness, unsteady gait
• Confusion, disorientation
• Drowsiness
• Irritability or poor temper control
• Light sensitivity
• Stiff neck and back (occasionally)
• Vomiting

40. PROBLEMS

41. Complications with Encephalitis
• Permanent brain damage may occur in severe
cases of encephalitis. It can affect:
• Hearing
• Memory
• Muscle control
• Sensation
• Speech
• Vision

42. •Antiviral medications, such as acyclovir (Zovirax) and foscarnet (Foscavir) -
- to treat herpes encephalitis or other severe viral infections (however, no
specific antiviral drugs are available to fight encephalitis)
•Antibiotics -- if the infection is caused by certain bacteria
•Anti-seizure medications (such as phenytoin) -- to prevent seizures
•Steroids (such as dexamethasone) -- to reduce brain swelling (in rare
cases)
•Sedatives -- to treat irritability or restlessness
•Acetaminophen -- for fever and headache
If brain function is severely affected, interventions like physical therapy
and speech therapy may be needed after the illness is controlled.
Prophylaxis

43. Prophylaxis
• The goals of treatment are to provide
supportive care (rest, nutrition, fluids) to
help the body fight the infection, and to
relieve symptoms. Reorientation and
emotional support for confused or delirious
people may be helpful.

44. Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology,6TH Edition, bY:- A.J SALLE, TATA McGraw-HILL PUBLISHING
COMPANY LTD.
Prescott,Harley,and Klein’s Microbiology,7TH Edition, by:- Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood, Christopher
J. Woolverton , McGraw-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION
IMAGES:- Google images
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/meningococcal-disease
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/
http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/leprosy-symptoms-treatments-history
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001347.htm
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001334.htm
http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/encephalitis.html
 http://www.encephalitis.info/
REFERENCE