2. WHAT IS MENOPAUSE?
• Menopause occurs when a woman hasn’t menstruated in 12
consecutive months and can no longer become pregnant naturally. It
usually begins between the ages of 45 and 55, but can develop before
or after this age range. The average age of women experiencing
their final menstrual period (FMP) is 51.5 years,
• Several environmental, genetic, and surgical
influences may alter ovarian aging
3. WHY DOES MENOPAUSE OCCUR?
• Menopause is a natural process that occurs as the ovaries age and produce
less reproductive hormones.
• The body begins to undergo several changes in response to lower levels of:
• estrogen
• progesteron
4. THERE ARE THREE PHASES OF TRANSITION
• Perimenopause
• Menopause
• postmenopause
9. PHYSIOLOGICAL
CHANGES
• The lack of estrogen and progesterone causes many changes in
women’s physiology that affect their health and well-being .
The symptoms of menopause due to changes in the
metabolism of the body.
Increased cholesterol level in the blood
Osteoporosis
Change Urinary system
Digestive system
Changes in genital organs (Uterus, ovaries, vagina, breast)
Changes in general appearance ( skin, weight, hair, voice)
Changes in vasomotor system (hot flashes, night sweat)
10. Transvaginal sonographic images
of a pre- and
postmenopausal ovary. A. In
general, premenopausal ovaries
have
greater volume and contain
follicles, which are seen as
multiple,
small, anechoic smooth-walled
cysts. B. In comparison,
postmenopausal ovaries have
smaller volume and are
characteristically
11. PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES
• The psychological changes are mainly manifested by
frequent headache, irritability, fatigue, depression and
insomnia . Although these are often said to be due to
changes in the hormonal levels, they are more likely to
be related to the loss of sleep due to night sweat.
• Diminished interest in sex may be due to emotional
upset or may be secondary to painful intercourse due
to a dry vagina.
12. DIAGNOSIS
• Tests typically aren't needed to diagnose menopause. But under
certain circumstances, you may recommend blood tests to
check your level of:
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen (estradiol),
because your FSH levels increase and estradiol levels decrease
as menopause occurs
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), because an underactive
thyroid (hypothyroidism) can cause symptoms similar to those
of menopause
13. TREATMENT
S:-
• NON- HORMONAL TREATMENT:-
LIFESTYLE CHANGES
ALTERNATIVE OR HERBAL THREAPY
VITAMIN E
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
• HORMONE REPLACEMENT THREAPY (HRT):-
is indicated in menopausal women to overcome the short-term
and long-term consequences of estrogen deficiency. HRT can
be administered orally( in pill form),vaginally( as a cream),or
transdermally ( in patch form) because it replaces female
hormones produced by the ovaries, hormone replacement
therapy minimize menopause symptoms. It can be used before,
during and after menopause.
14. INDICATION FOR
HRT
• 1.Relief of menopausal symptoms
• 2. Prevention of osteoporosis
• 3. To maintain the quality of life in menopausal years. special
group of women to whom HRT should be prescribed.
• 4.Premature ovarian failure
• 5.Surgical or radiation menopause
•TYPES OF HRT:-
Estrogen and progesterone
Estrogen only
Progestin only
RISK OF HRT:-
ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
BREAST CANCER
LIPID METABOLISM
DURATION:-recommend using
HRT for up to four to five years