The document discusses zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from rodents to humans, focusing on lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), salmonellosis, rat bite fever, and precautions people can take to prevent transmission. LCMV is commonly spread through contact with infected mouse urine and feces and can cause flu-like symptoms in adults but more severe illness in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Proper handwashing, gloves, and avoiding contact with wild rodents are recommended to prevent transmission of these diseases.
one of the best power point about plague(black death) , its easy for understand and prepared with a good quality which will be useful for all students and doctors that want w prepare a presentation
Plague is a deadly infectious disease caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria, which is commonly transmitted to humans by fleas that feed on infected rodents. There are three main forms of plague - bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic - which vary in their symptoms and transmission methods. While plague has caused several pandemics throughout history, it is now treatable with antibiotics when diagnosed early. Public health efforts focus on surveillance of rodent populations and fleas to control outbreaks.
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is transmitted between rodents and humans via flea vectors. Rodents like rats and gerbils serve as reservoirs for the plague bacterium. Fleas become infected by feeding on infected rodents and transmit the bacterium to other rodents or humans during subsequent blood meals when they attempt to feed but cannot due to blockages in their digestive tract. There are three main forms of plague - bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic - with pneumonic plague being able to spread from person to person. Historically, plague pandemics have contributed to major population declines and changes in societies.
Variola virus, otherwise known as smallpox, is believed to have first emerged in Africa around 10,000 BC and subsequently spread to other parts of the world. It was a serious infectious disease that impacted populations for centuries prior to its eradication. Key events in combating smallpox included variolation experiments in the 1700s, Edward Jenner's pioneering smallpox vaccination using cowpox in 1796, and the World Health Organization's global Smallpox Eradication Programme of the 1960s and 1970s that ultimately succeeded in eliminating the virus by 1980.
1) Anthrax is a bacterial infection caused by Bacillus anthracis that can enter the human body through the skin, lungs, or intestines.
2) It primarily affects cattle, sheep and goats but people can be infected through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.
3) The document then describes the clinical presentation of cutaneous (skin), inhalation, and intestinal anthrax as well as the pathology and epidemiology of anthrax infections.
Plague, also known as the black death, is a serious bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria usually transmitted through flea bites. There are three main types - bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, pneumonic plague affects the lungs and can spread through coughing, and septicemic plague infects the bloodstream. Treatment involves antibiotics but plague was historically very deadly, causing pandemics in 541 AD, 1334 AD, and 1894. Risk can be reduced by controlling rodents and fleas and using insect repellent when outdoors.
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that are transmitted between animals and humans. Some key points:
- Over 60% of known pathogens are zoonotic. Emerging diseases often originate from animal hosts.
- Transmission can occur directly, through a vector, or from humans to animals.
- Many common diseases started as zoonoses, such as measles, mumps, influenza and HIV.
- Potential carriers include many mammals, birds, arthropods.
- Zoonoses include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and prions causing diseases like rabies, anthrax, salmonellosis.
- Outbreaks can occur through exposure to infected animals at farms, markets, zoos. Foodborne
one of the best power point about plague(black death) , its easy for understand and prepared with a good quality which will be useful for all students and doctors that want w prepare a presentation
Plague is a deadly infectious disease caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria, which is commonly transmitted to humans by fleas that feed on infected rodents. There are three main forms of plague - bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic - which vary in their symptoms and transmission methods. While plague has caused several pandemics throughout history, it is now treatable with antibiotics when diagnosed early. Public health efforts focus on surveillance of rodent populations and fleas to control outbreaks.
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is transmitted between rodents and humans via flea vectors. Rodents like rats and gerbils serve as reservoirs for the plague bacterium. Fleas become infected by feeding on infected rodents and transmit the bacterium to other rodents or humans during subsequent blood meals when they attempt to feed but cannot due to blockages in their digestive tract. There are three main forms of plague - bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic - with pneumonic plague being able to spread from person to person. Historically, plague pandemics have contributed to major population declines and changes in societies.
Variola virus, otherwise known as smallpox, is believed to have first emerged in Africa around 10,000 BC and subsequently spread to other parts of the world. It was a serious infectious disease that impacted populations for centuries prior to its eradication. Key events in combating smallpox included variolation experiments in the 1700s, Edward Jenner's pioneering smallpox vaccination using cowpox in 1796, and the World Health Organization's global Smallpox Eradication Programme of the 1960s and 1970s that ultimately succeeded in eliminating the virus by 1980.
1) Anthrax is a bacterial infection caused by Bacillus anthracis that can enter the human body through the skin, lungs, or intestines.
2) It primarily affects cattle, sheep and goats but people can be infected through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.
3) The document then describes the clinical presentation of cutaneous (skin), inhalation, and intestinal anthrax as well as the pathology and epidemiology of anthrax infections.
Plague, also known as the black death, is a serious bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria usually transmitted through flea bites. There are three main types - bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, pneumonic plague affects the lungs and can spread through coughing, and septicemic plague infects the bloodstream. Treatment involves antibiotics but plague was historically very deadly, causing pandemics in 541 AD, 1334 AD, and 1894. Risk can be reduced by controlling rodents and fleas and using insect repellent when outdoors.
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that are transmitted between animals and humans. Some key points:
- Over 60% of known pathogens are zoonotic. Emerging diseases often originate from animal hosts.
- Transmission can occur directly, through a vector, or from humans to animals.
- Many common diseases started as zoonoses, such as measles, mumps, influenza and HIV.
- Potential carriers include many mammals, birds, arthropods.
- Zoonoses include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and prions causing diseases like rabies, anthrax, salmonellosis.
- Outbreaks can occur through exposure to infected animals at farms, markets, zoos. Foodborne
The document summarizes the history of three major plague pandemics:
- The Justinian Plague from 541-544 CE originated in Africa and killed over a third of Constantinople's population, contributing to the demise of the Byzantine Empire.
- The "Black Death" pandemic from 1347-1352 CE was the most devastating, killing an estimated 30-60% of Europe's population.
- The third pandemic lasted from 1894-1959, killing over 15 million people mostly in India, before being controlled through public health measures and antibiotics. Major outbreaks occurred in Hong Kong, Australia and India during this period.
Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Over 60% of known infectious pathogens are zoonotic. Emerging zoonoses pose serious health risks and their incidence is increasing. Zoonoses have diverse causative agents including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasites. Transmission can occur through direct or indirect contact with infected animals or carriers. High-risk groups include those with weak immune systems. Common zoonoses include rabies, anthrax, cat scratch disease, and infections from animal bites. Proper hygiene and protective measures are important for prevention and control of zoonotic diseases.
1. Vector-borne diseases are transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and mites or other living carriers like snails. Common vector-borne diseases include malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and lymphatic filariasis.
2. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with nematode worms transmitted via mosquito bites. It causes swelling in the limbs and genitals.
3. Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. It includes visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous forms.
4. Scabies is caused by the mite S
Plague : Medical Management and original method of treatment.Dmitri Popov
A new effective method of coutermeasure against biological weapons, antiviral treatment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis B and C and against other viral diseases was used in medical practice in hospitals.Research results show this method as effective method against severe viral infections, warfare, and outbreak infections, Biological warfare, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.
Yersinia pestis is the bacterium that causes plague. It is usually transmitted to humans by the bites of infected fleas that live on rodents. The rat flea Xenopsylla cheopsis is the most common and efficient vector. Certain environmental conditions like warm temperatures between 20-25 degrees Celsius and 60% humidity provide favorable conditions for plague transmission. Human activities and movement can also influence plague spread. Monitoring flea indices on rodents is important for evaluating plague risk and the effectiveness of control programs.
Zoonosis history and bacterial zoonotic diseasesDeepika Jain
Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some key points:
- Zoonoses have affected humans throughout history, with examples like the bubonic plague in the 14th century killing one third of Europe's population.
- World Zoonoses Day is celebrated annually on July 6th in recognition of Louis Pasteur developing the first vaccine against rabies in 1885.
- At-risk groups like the immunocompromised, elderly, and those with HIV/AIDS are more susceptible to severe illness from zoonotic infections involving bacteria like Salmonella, Campylobacter, and parasites like Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium.
- Controlling
This is a PowerPoint presentation on the Plague, also known as the Bubonic Plague and the Black Death. The presentation includes an identification of the agent involved, who is at risk, where it is most common, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations of infection, resistance, and how it could be used in bioterrorism.
Plague is a bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis that primarily affects the lungs, lymph nodes, and blood vessels. It is a fatal disease that has killed over 200 million people throughout history. There are three main types of plague: bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, pneumonic plague causes coughing and sneezing and can be transmitted between people, and septicemic plague occurs when the bacteria enter the bloodstream directly. Yersinia pestis is usually transmitted to humans via infected fleas or animals. Modern antibiotics can treat plague if diagnosed early enough. Researchers are working to develop vaccines to protect against pneumonic plague.
This document summarizes several zoonotic protozoan diseases. It discusses Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, noting cats are the definitive host and transmission can occur congenitally or through undercooked meat. African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is transmitted by tsetse flies and caused by Trypanosoma brucei, while American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is transmitted by triatomine bugs and caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention are outlined for each disease.
Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted between animals and humans, with rabies being a notable example. Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system that is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals via bites or scratches. It is fatal in over 95% of cases in Asia and Africa. The rabies virus is a bullet-shaped rhabdovirus that infects both domestic and wild animals and spreads to humans through contact with infected saliva. There is no cure once symptoms appear, making vaccination important for those at risk of exposure.
This document discusses viral zoonotic diseases, with a focus on rabies. It defines zoonoses as diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Rabies virus causes progressive infection of the central nervous system. Rabies occurs worldwide except Australia and Antarctica. Transmission is typically through bites from rabid animals, most commonly dogs. Symptoms in humans include pain at the bite site, hydrophobia, and paralysis. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting the rabies virus or antibodies. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and rabies vaccines. Prevention relies on surveillance, mass dog vaccination, population control, and public education.
Zoonoses: A multi-dimensional public health problem in IndiaNataraju S M
This document discusses zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. It notes that zoonotic diseases pose a major public health challenge in India. Some examples of zoonotic diseases that have caused outbreaks in India are bird flu, pneumonic plague, rabies, and anthrax. These diseases can emerge from wildlife, livestock, or be neglected diseases. The document examines risk factors for zoonotic emergence, control programs in India, and calls for improved global surveillance and reducing human interaction with wildlife to prevent future zoonotic outbreaks.
Zoonotic infections are diseases that can spread from animals to humans. Over 60% of infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic. Transmission can occur through direct contact with infected animals, indirect contact, vectors like ticks and mosquitoes, or contaminated food. Common zoonotic diseases include anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, salmonellosis, E. coli, rabies, avian influenza, and prion diseases. Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and prions can all cause zoonotic diseases. Proper hygiene and food handling can help prevent transmission of zoonotic infections.
Smallpox is believed to have originated in Africa and first appeared in Egypt in 1350 BC. It was one of the most devastating diseases in history, killing around 30% of those infected. There are four main types that differ in symptoms and mortality rates. The disease was eliminated through a global vaccination program and the last known case was in Somalia in 1977. While the virus samples exist in two locations, there is concern it could be used as a biological weapon.
The document provides information on the plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It discusses the history of plague pandemics, the microbiology and pathogenesis of Y. pestis, and the clinical features and epidemiology of the three main forms of human plague infection: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. It also covers the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and infection control measures for human plague.
This document presents information about zoonotic diseases. It discusses that zoonotic diseases are infections transmitted between animals and humans. It then classifies zoonotic diseases into different categories like direct, cyclozoonosis, and saprozoonosis. The document outlines the modes of transmission as direct contact or through intermediate species. It recommends methods of control like dog detention and destruction of stray dogs. Finally, it provides tips to prevent zoonotic diseases like washing hands frequently and limiting places for mosquitoes to breed.
Far from being a historic medical curiosity, plague caused by Yersinia pestis persists as a threat worldwide. The disease is typically transmitted between rodents and humans by flea bites. Prompt diagnosis and immediate antibiotic treatment are essential since mortality rates are high if left untreated. While historically devastating pandemics occurred, modern recognition and management have reduced plague's impact, though it remains a public health concern in some regions.
The document provides a history of smallpox, describing its origins in ancient Egypt and India. It discusses how smallpox devastated populations before the vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796. While the vaccine helped reduce cases, smallpox continued to spread until the World Health Organization led a global campaign that eradicated the disease in 1980. The document also examines the causative variola virus, its transmission method through respiratory droplets, classification of ordinary and malignant types, and pathology of the disease.
Smallpox was intentionally spread among Native American tribes in the 18th century by distributing blankets exposed to smallpox. The disease devastated populations who had no immunity. In the late 20th century, smallpox was developed as an aerosol biological weapon by the Soviet Union. It remains a potential bioterrorism threat. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is highly contagious and potentially fatal if left untreated. It was declared eradicated worldwide in 1980 after global vaccination campaigns.
Essay Transmission, Treatment And Prevention Of SalmonellaKristen Stacey
Canadian researchers discovered a gene in broiler chickens that confers resistance to the antibiotic fosfomycin in Salmonella species. Broiler chickens are chickens raised on farms for meat rather than egg production. The researchers published their findings in a journal article describing the gene that provides antibiotic resistance in Salmonella found in these meat chickens.
The document discusses rabies, including its causes, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses including the rabies virus. It is transmitted primarily through bites or scratches from infected animals.
- Dogs are the most common source of human rabies globally. In the Americas, bat bites are more common.
- Diagnosis involves fluorescent antibody testing of brain or spinal cord tissue. Post-exposure prophylaxis within 10 days of exposure can prevent disease if vaccination and sometimes immunoglobulin are administered.
- No effective treatment exists once symptoms appear. Prevention focuses on vaccinating animals and prompt medical care after exposures.
The document summarizes the history of three major plague pandemics:
- The Justinian Plague from 541-544 CE originated in Africa and killed over a third of Constantinople's population, contributing to the demise of the Byzantine Empire.
- The "Black Death" pandemic from 1347-1352 CE was the most devastating, killing an estimated 30-60% of Europe's population.
- The third pandemic lasted from 1894-1959, killing over 15 million people mostly in India, before being controlled through public health measures and antibiotics. Major outbreaks occurred in Hong Kong, Australia and India during this period.
Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Over 60% of known infectious pathogens are zoonotic. Emerging zoonoses pose serious health risks and their incidence is increasing. Zoonoses have diverse causative agents including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasites. Transmission can occur through direct or indirect contact with infected animals or carriers. High-risk groups include those with weak immune systems. Common zoonoses include rabies, anthrax, cat scratch disease, and infections from animal bites. Proper hygiene and protective measures are important for prevention and control of zoonotic diseases.
1. Vector-borne diseases are transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and mites or other living carriers like snails. Common vector-borne diseases include malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and lymphatic filariasis.
2. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with nematode worms transmitted via mosquito bites. It causes swelling in the limbs and genitals.
3. Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. It includes visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous forms.
4. Scabies is caused by the mite S
Plague : Medical Management and original method of treatment.Dmitri Popov
A new effective method of coutermeasure against biological weapons, antiviral treatment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis B and C and against other viral diseases was used in medical practice in hospitals.Research results show this method as effective method against severe viral infections, warfare, and outbreak infections, Biological warfare, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.
Yersinia pestis is the bacterium that causes plague. It is usually transmitted to humans by the bites of infected fleas that live on rodents. The rat flea Xenopsylla cheopsis is the most common and efficient vector. Certain environmental conditions like warm temperatures between 20-25 degrees Celsius and 60% humidity provide favorable conditions for plague transmission. Human activities and movement can also influence plague spread. Monitoring flea indices on rodents is important for evaluating plague risk and the effectiveness of control programs.
Zoonosis history and bacterial zoonotic diseasesDeepika Jain
Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some key points:
- Zoonoses have affected humans throughout history, with examples like the bubonic plague in the 14th century killing one third of Europe's population.
- World Zoonoses Day is celebrated annually on July 6th in recognition of Louis Pasteur developing the first vaccine against rabies in 1885.
- At-risk groups like the immunocompromised, elderly, and those with HIV/AIDS are more susceptible to severe illness from zoonotic infections involving bacteria like Salmonella, Campylobacter, and parasites like Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium.
- Controlling
This is a PowerPoint presentation on the Plague, also known as the Bubonic Plague and the Black Death. The presentation includes an identification of the agent involved, who is at risk, where it is most common, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations of infection, resistance, and how it could be used in bioterrorism.
Plague is a bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis that primarily affects the lungs, lymph nodes, and blood vessels. It is a fatal disease that has killed over 200 million people throughout history. There are three main types of plague: bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, pneumonic plague causes coughing and sneezing and can be transmitted between people, and septicemic plague occurs when the bacteria enter the bloodstream directly. Yersinia pestis is usually transmitted to humans via infected fleas or animals. Modern antibiotics can treat plague if diagnosed early enough. Researchers are working to develop vaccines to protect against pneumonic plague.
This document summarizes several zoonotic protozoan diseases. It discusses Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, noting cats are the definitive host and transmission can occur congenitally or through undercooked meat. African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is transmitted by tsetse flies and caused by Trypanosoma brucei, while American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is transmitted by triatomine bugs and caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention are outlined for each disease.
Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted between animals and humans, with rabies being a notable example. Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system that is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals via bites or scratches. It is fatal in over 95% of cases in Asia and Africa. The rabies virus is a bullet-shaped rhabdovirus that infects both domestic and wild animals and spreads to humans through contact with infected saliva. There is no cure once symptoms appear, making vaccination important for those at risk of exposure.
This document discusses viral zoonotic diseases, with a focus on rabies. It defines zoonoses as diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Rabies virus causes progressive infection of the central nervous system. Rabies occurs worldwide except Australia and Antarctica. Transmission is typically through bites from rabid animals, most commonly dogs. Symptoms in humans include pain at the bite site, hydrophobia, and paralysis. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting the rabies virus or antibodies. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and rabies vaccines. Prevention relies on surveillance, mass dog vaccination, population control, and public education.
Zoonoses: A multi-dimensional public health problem in IndiaNataraju S M
This document discusses zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. It notes that zoonotic diseases pose a major public health challenge in India. Some examples of zoonotic diseases that have caused outbreaks in India are bird flu, pneumonic plague, rabies, and anthrax. These diseases can emerge from wildlife, livestock, or be neglected diseases. The document examines risk factors for zoonotic emergence, control programs in India, and calls for improved global surveillance and reducing human interaction with wildlife to prevent future zoonotic outbreaks.
Zoonotic infections are diseases that can spread from animals to humans. Over 60% of infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic. Transmission can occur through direct contact with infected animals, indirect contact, vectors like ticks and mosquitoes, or contaminated food. Common zoonotic diseases include anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, salmonellosis, E. coli, rabies, avian influenza, and prion diseases. Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and prions can all cause zoonotic diseases. Proper hygiene and food handling can help prevent transmission of zoonotic infections.
Smallpox is believed to have originated in Africa and first appeared in Egypt in 1350 BC. It was one of the most devastating diseases in history, killing around 30% of those infected. There are four main types that differ in symptoms and mortality rates. The disease was eliminated through a global vaccination program and the last known case was in Somalia in 1977. While the virus samples exist in two locations, there is concern it could be used as a biological weapon.
The document provides information on the plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It discusses the history of plague pandemics, the microbiology and pathogenesis of Y. pestis, and the clinical features and epidemiology of the three main forms of human plague infection: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. It also covers the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and infection control measures for human plague.
This document presents information about zoonotic diseases. It discusses that zoonotic diseases are infections transmitted between animals and humans. It then classifies zoonotic diseases into different categories like direct, cyclozoonosis, and saprozoonosis. The document outlines the modes of transmission as direct contact or through intermediate species. It recommends methods of control like dog detention and destruction of stray dogs. Finally, it provides tips to prevent zoonotic diseases like washing hands frequently and limiting places for mosquitoes to breed.
Far from being a historic medical curiosity, plague caused by Yersinia pestis persists as a threat worldwide. The disease is typically transmitted between rodents and humans by flea bites. Prompt diagnosis and immediate antibiotic treatment are essential since mortality rates are high if left untreated. While historically devastating pandemics occurred, modern recognition and management have reduced plague's impact, though it remains a public health concern in some regions.
The document provides a history of smallpox, describing its origins in ancient Egypt and India. It discusses how smallpox devastated populations before the vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796. While the vaccine helped reduce cases, smallpox continued to spread until the World Health Organization led a global campaign that eradicated the disease in 1980. The document also examines the causative variola virus, its transmission method through respiratory droplets, classification of ordinary and malignant types, and pathology of the disease.
Smallpox was intentionally spread among Native American tribes in the 18th century by distributing blankets exposed to smallpox. The disease devastated populations who had no immunity. In the late 20th century, smallpox was developed as an aerosol biological weapon by the Soviet Union. It remains a potential bioterrorism threat. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is highly contagious and potentially fatal if left untreated. It was declared eradicated worldwide in 1980 after global vaccination campaigns.
Essay Transmission, Treatment And Prevention Of SalmonellaKristen Stacey
Canadian researchers discovered a gene in broiler chickens that confers resistance to the antibiotic fosfomycin in Salmonella species. Broiler chickens are chickens raised on farms for meat rather than egg production. The researchers published their findings in a journal article describing the gene that provides antibiotic resistance in Salmonella found in these meat chickens.
The document discusses rabies, including its causes, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses including the rabies virus. It is transmitted primarily through bites or scratches from infected animals.
- Dogs are the most common source of human rabies globally. In the Americas, bat bites are more common.
- Diagnosis involves fluorescent antibody testing of brain or spinal cord tissue. Post-exposure prophylaxis within 10 days of exposure can prevent disease if vaccination and sometimes immunoglobulin are administered.
- No effective treatment exists once symptoms appear. Prevention focuses on vaccinating animals and prompt medical care after exposures.
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted through bites from infected blackflies. The blackflies breed near rivers and streams, and their bites can lead to skin disease, visual impairment, and blindness if left untreated. Symptoms include itchy skin rashes, skin nodules, and vision changes that can progress to permanent blindness. Treatment involves repeated doses of ivermectin to kill the larvae and prevent further damage, though it does not kill the adult worms. Mass drug administration of ivermectin donations are being used to control the disease in endemic areas by reducing transmission from infected individuals.
The document discusses various diseases and how they are transmitted. It defines disease and describes how microbes can enter the body through close contact, touching infectious materials, being carried by healthy individuals, contact with pets or small animals, contaminated food or water, transplantation of infected organs, or through the air. It also discusses how immunity against diseases can occur naturally from things like breastfeeding or artificially through vaccines. Several nervous system diseases are then outlined such as cerebello-olivary degeneration, choroid plexus papilloma, Klüver-Bucy syndrome, locked-in syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and Parinaud syndrome.
This document provides information about mosquitoes in California, including their life cycle, habitats, and importance as disease vectors. It discusses several species of mosquitoes that are of major concern in the state due to their ability to transmit diseases to humans such as encephalitis and malaria. The full life cycle from egg to adult can take less than a week. Mosquitoes are managed to reduce nuisance and public health risks from the transmission of pathogens.
This document discusses leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by sandflies. It causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar), cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. India has the highest burden of visceral leishmaniasis globally, with Bihar being the most affected state. The parasite infects macrophages and clinical features include irregular fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, and anemia. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasite in tissue aspirates or using serological tests. Treatment options include pentavalent antimony, pentamidine, amphotericin B, and miltefosine. Control relies on
Important Zoonotic disease and its prevention and control By: Dr.Manoj karkimanojj123
Zoonosis are those disease and infection which are naturally transmitted between animals and human. (WHO & FAO, 1959).
Zoonosis word derived from Greek word “ZOO” means Animals and “NOSES” means Disease.
One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more important in recent years because many factors have changed the interaction among human, animals and the environment. These changes have caused the emergence and re-emergence of many disease.
Loiasis is caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa which is transmitted through the bites of deerflies in certain rainforests in West and Central Africa. Adult worms live under the skin and in connective tissues, producing microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream. Most people are asymptomatic but some experience Calabar swellings or eye worms. Diagnosis involves finding microfilariae in blood samples or detecting antibodies. Treatment uses diethylcarbamazine or albendazole but heavy infections require specialist care due to risks of inflammation. There is no vaccine and prevention focuses on avoiding deerfly habitats and using insect repellents.
Ascaris lumbricoides is a common roundworm parasite that infects an estimated 1 billion people worldwide (1 out of 4 people), being most prevalent in underdeveloped areas with poor sanitation. It is transmitted via ingestion of eggs from contaminated food or soil and causes symptoms ranging from abdominal discomfort to pulmonary issues during larval migration. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs like mebendazole or albendazole and prevention focuses on improved sanitation and limiting the use of human feces as fertilizer.
Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain. It is transmitted via saliva from bites or scratches of infected animals, mostly dogs. Rabies has been known since ancient times and was considered a serious problem in the 19th century. While still fatal once symptoms appear, vaccination is highly effective post-exposure at preventing the disease. Current recommendations include vaccination of animals to eliminate rabies in populations and informing people in endemic areas on risks and prevention.
Ascariasis is caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. It infects over 1 billion people worldwide, especially children in tropical areas with poor sanitation. Symptoms range from none to intestinal blockage by worms. Diagnosis is via egg detection in stool or imaging worms. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs like mebendazole or albendazole. Prevention requires improved sanitation and mass drug administration programs.
Salmonella is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica. It is commonly spread through contaminated food or contact with infected animals. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and usually last 4-7 days. While most people recover without treatment, some at-risk groups can develop more severe illnesses. There are over 2,500 types of Salmonella bacteria. Proper food handling and cooking can help prevent salmonella outbreaks.
Rabies its transmission, clinical features and preventionmanojj123
Many people think that rabies is transmitted through only dog. But its not true, rabies is transmitted through not only dog, but also spread through bite or scratch from rabies infected animal like dog, bats, raccons, fox, monkeys etc.. Any open wound exposed saliva of infected animal can be potential source of infection.
Many European countries and North America have already eliminated rabies as a public health problem through mandatory vaccination of dog and good access to post exposure prophylaxis for human beings.
More than 95% of human death occurs in Asia/ Africa. And 99% of human rabies cases came from dogs. There is a small proportion of human rabies reported due to transmission via wild life (such as fox, wolves, jackels, raccoon, bats). Rabies kills more than 60,000 people each year (that is one death in every 9 minute) over 150 countries.
The document provides information about rabies including its definition, causes, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It defines rabies as a viral disease affecting the nervous system that is fatal if not treated. The rabies virus is transmitted via saliva, usually through animal bites. Symptoms start with fever and pain at the bite site then progress to neurological symptoms. Diagnosis involves biopsy of skin or antibody tests. Post-exposure prophylaxis within 7 days of exposure can prevent onset of disease. Vaccination and avoiding contact with wild animals are key prevention methods.
Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. It is a major public health problem in tropical areas, causing around 500 million cases and 1 million deaths annually. Young children and pregnant women are most vulnerable. The parasite has a complex life cycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts. Symptoms occur during the parasite's blood stage and include fever, chills and anemia. Host and parasite factors determine disease severity, from asymptomatic to severe or fatal cases.
The document discusses Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever. It first appeared in Africa in 1976 and causes severe bleeding and organ failure in humans and nonhuman primates. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids of infected individuals or contaminated environments. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, prevention focuses on isolation of patients, medical staff training in infection control, safe burials, and avoiding contact with high-risk animals like bats that may carry the virus. The document provides details on the virus's pathogenesis, symptoms, subtypes, transmission methods, and the challenges it poses given its rapid multiplication and ability to evade immune responses.
Monkeypox is a zoonotic virus similar to smallpox that is endemic to parts of Africa. It can be transmitted from animals to humans via contact with bodily fluids or consumption of undercooked meat. Human to human transmission is also possible. Symptoms include fever, headache, rash and lesions. There have been increasing outbreaks linked to international travel and exotic pet trade. While there is no proven treatment, isolation and vaccination can help control outbreaks. Prevention requires education on risks, offering PPE, and restricting animal importation.
Strongyloides is a parasitic roundworm infection that was first described in French troops in Vietnam in the late 19th century. It is most common in tropical areas. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some can become severe or critical if left untreated. The parasite enters the body through exposed skin and has a complex life cycle involving an internal autoinfection that can cause chronic or disseminated infections in immunosuppressed individuals. Diagnosis is usually by microscopic identification of larvae in stool samples. Treatment is recommended for all infected individuals due to risk of severe disease.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria that can infect humans and many animal species like cattle, pigs, and dogs. It is primarily transmitted through contact with infected urine and can cause illness in the kidneys, liver, and other organs in both animals and humans. The document provides details on the causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, transmission, treatment, prevention, and zoonotic potential of leptospirosis.
Milk And Viable Salmonella Essay ExampleNina Vazquez
Salmonella is a bacterial pathogen that causes foodborne illness. It is responsible for approximately 60% of reported bacterial foodborne illness cases and 40% of all foodborne illness in the United States. Salmonella bacteria are commonly found in foods like poultry, eggs, meat and dairy if they are contaminated. Symptoms of salmonellosis include diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps and usually resolve within a week. Prevention involves proper food handling and cooking to kill any salmonella bacteria.
La distocia o parto difícil en vacas puede causar graves pérdidas económicas y mortalidad. Requiere conocimiento para su correcta asistencia durante el parto. Es importante identificar cuando un parto es anormal y actuar de manera adecuada para ayudar a la vaca y el becerro sin causar daños.
Este documento presenta valores normales de actividad colinesterasa en sangre, cerebro y retina de varias especies domésticas como una herramienta de diagnóstico para intoxicaciones por insecticidas organofosforados y carbamatos. Los resultados muestran los niveles promedio de actividad colinesterasa en muestras de caninos, felinos, equinos, bovinos, porcinos y bovinos. Estos valores coinciden con los reportados por otros laboratorios certificados, validando el uso de esta prueba para diagnosticar intoxicaciones por compuestos
This document provides a history of microbiology from its early observations in the late 1600s to modern developments. It discusses key early figures like van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes under primitive microscopes. Later, Pasteur's experiments in the 1860s definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established microbes as living organisms. Major developments in microscopy and culture techniques in the late 1800s-early 1900s allowed microbiology to progress as a science and identify microbes as the causes of disease.
Este documento presenta un curso sobre ganadería bovina elaborado por la Escuela Internacional de Agricultura y Ganadería de Nicaragua. El curso cubre temas como las razas bovinas más comunes en Nicaragua (lecheras como Pardo Suizo, Jersey y Holstein, y de carne como el Brahman), el manejo del ganado, la reproducción, salud y alimentación. El objetivo es mejorar los rendimientos de la producción de leche y carne en Nicaragua mediante la capacitación de productores, pasando de una ganadería de subsistencia a
La FDA finalmente admite que la carne de pollo contiene arsénico, un químico cancerígeno que se agrega intencionalmente a los piensos de las gallinas. La investigación de la FDA muestra que el arsénico de los piensos termina en la carne de pollo que consumen los humanos. A pesar de esto, la FDA y la industria avícola afirman que la carne de pollo con arsénico es segura para comer.
Este documento presenta una guía sobre el manejo y cuidado de conejos como animales de laboratorio. Explica la taxonomía, características y biología del conejo, así como su uso común en laboratorios. Detalla los requerimientos del micro y macroambiente para los conejos, incluyendo alojamiento, alimentación, temperatura y limpieza. Asimismo, cubre temas como el manejo, cuidados médicos, técnicas de sujeción y eutanasia de los conejos. El objetivo principal es transmitir los aspectos básicos para
Este documento resume los resultados de un estudio prospectivo sobre la transferencia de menos de tres embriones seleccionados en pacientes con buen pronóstico de embarazo. Los resultados muestran tasas de embarazo favorables al transferir menos de tres embriones, con una tasa de embarazos múltiples menor. El estudio concluye que transferir dos embriones seleccionados es una estrategia efectiva para reducir los embarazos múltiples asociados a las técnicas de reproducción asistida.
La transferencia de embriones permite aumentar la capacidad reproductora de hembras de alto valor genético y disminuir el intervalo generacional. La técnica implica la superovulación de hembras donantes, su inseminación artificial y la recogida y transferencia de embriones a hembras receptoras. El éxito depende de factores como la sincronización de donantes y receptoras, la calidad de embriones y hembras, y el manejo adecuado por personal cualificado.
Este documento presenta los principios básicos de la peluquería canina. Explica los pasos para el baño, corte de pelo, limpieza de oídos y patas, y las herramientas necesarias como máquinas de corte de pelo, tijeras, cepillos y accesorios. También describe la importancia de tener sectores separados para el baño, secado y peluquería.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. A
zoonotic disease is one that can be
transmitted from animals to humans or from
humans to animals. (1)
4. What are some of the more famous
zoonotic diseases?
Possibly the most well know
zoonotic disease in history is
the Plague or “Black Death”.
Associated with rodents and
other mammalian species,
this disease cost Europe a
third of its population in the
14th and 15th century. It
continues to be a threat to
the health of humans and
animals in the western United
States and throughout the
world. (2)
painting taken from:
http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/index
.shtml
5. What Zoonotic Diseases Will We
Cover?
We
will cover some of the more prominent zoonotic
diseases of rodents:
LCMV
(Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus)
Salmonellosis
Rat Bite Fever
Hantavirus
Plague
Leptospirosis
Monkey Pox
6. With each disease we will attempt to
answer the following questions:
What
is it?
What animals can
transmit it to humans?
How do I get it?
What are the
symptoms?
What precautions can
I take to avoid getting
it?
7. Something to Keep in Mind
Because comercial animal
suppliers as well as
institutional QA departments
often perform extensive
screening for these agents,
you are much more likely to
encounter these diseases
outside of the animal facility.
Therefore many of the
preventative measures
mentioned in this training
speak more to pet ownership
and wildlife.
8. Something to keep in mind
However, new diseases can
always be discovered and
new strains of
transgenic/knockout mice
may be immunosuppressed
and therefore more sensitive
to disease. Therefore, PPE
should always be properly
worn to protect both
people and animals.
Uhhh…..bad idea.
9. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
(LCMV)
What
is it?
Lymphocytic
choriomeningitis, or LCM, is a
rodent-borne viral infectious disease. (1)
It is the primary viral infection of laboratory mice
from which humans can contract severe illness.
(28)
10. LCMV (Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus)
What
animals can
transmit it to humans?
The primary host of LCMV
is the common house
mouse (Mus musculus).
(5)
photo taken from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_musculus
11. LCMV – What animals carry it?
LCMV is not normally found
in pet rodents, such as
hamsters, gerbils, and guinea
pigs. However, pet rodents
can become infected after
being in contact with wild
house mice in breeding
facilities, pet stores, or
homes. People have become
infected from contact with
LCMV-infected hamsters. (5)
photo taken from AALAS Learning Library
12. How Are We Exposed?
Humans
can develop LCMV infection from
exposure to urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting
material of infected rodents. LCMV infection can
also occur when these materials are inhaled or
directly introduced into broken skin or into the
nose, eyes, or mouth, and possibly by a bite
from an infected animal. (5)
13. How is LCMV contracted?
LCMV
utilizes numerous cell lines as laboratory
hosts , including transplantable tumor lines and
tissue culture cell lines. (27)
Our
QAL does screen all cell lines here,
however this is still a possible means for LCMV
to infect our animals.
14. How is LCMV Contracted?
Infected
mice shed LCMV into feces, saliva,
nasal secretions, and urine. Moreover, their
high-titer viruria (presence of virus in urine) may
transform used bedding and other materials into
highly infectious fomites.(29)
16. Vector
– a living thing that can transmit a
disease
Fomite
– an inanimate object (bedding, dust
pan, etc.) that can transmit a disease
17. What does that mean?
It
means that if there is fomite transmission, it’s
not just the person who touches or handles the
animal that is at risk. Anyone who is handling
objects that come in contact with the infected
animal is also at risk.
Therefore, if fomite transmission exists, you are
at risk if you dump the bedding of infected
animals.
So…PPE, PPE, PPE!!!!!
18. How is LCMV contracted?
A pregnant woman who
becomes infected can pass
the LCMV infection to her
unborn baby; in addition,
LCMV can be spread through
organs transplanted from an
infected donor. With the
exception of these situations,
there is no documented
evidence of person-to-person
transmission. (5)
19. What are the symptoms of LCMV?
Although
infection with the virus is not
uncommon (about 5% of the general population
has been exposed to it), it is rare for people to
actually become ill from LCMV. (6)
20. What are the symptoms of LCMV?
Adults
with normal immune systems can be
infected with LCMV without symptoms, or they
may develop a mild illness with symptoms that
may include the following: fever, lack of
appetite, muscle aches, headache, chills,
nausea, and vomiting. (5)
21. What are the symptoms of LCMV?
People
with weakened immune systems may
have more severe or fatal illness when infected
with LCMV.
Women who become infected with LCMV during
pregnancy may have spontaneous abortion, or
their baby may have severe birth defects,
including congenital hydrocephalus (fluid on the
brain), chorioretinitis (inflammation of the eye),
blindness, or mental retardation. (5)
22. Symptoms in Hamsters
The
early signs of LCMV infection in a hamster include
loss of activity
loss of appetite
rough coat.
Later, the animal may show signs of weight loss,
hunched posture, inflammation of the eye lids, and
eventually death. This can take several weeks or
months.
Or, they may show no signs at all.
23. LCMV in the News
In
the spring of 2005, LCMV was determined to
be the cause of three deaths in recipients of
organ transplants, all of whom had received
organs from the same donor. LCMV was later
found in the organ donor’s pet hamster. (6)
24. What precautions can be taken to avoid
contracting LCMV?
Wash
hands
thoroughly with soap
and water after handling
pet rodents or cleaning
up pet droppings, cages,
or areas where pets have
been. (6)
25. Precautions - LCMV
Young
children should be
closely supervised when
cleaning cages or
handling rodents. They
should be supervised or
assisted in washing their
hands immediately after
handling rodents and
rodent cages or bedding.
(6)
26. Precautions - LCMV
Pet
rodents should never be kissed or held
close to the face.
Pet rodents should always be supervised when
not in their cages, and should not be allowed to
come in contact with wild rodents or their
droppings or nests.
27. Precautions - LCMV
Cages
should be cleaned
in a well-ventilated area
or outside. Wear rubber,
latex, vinyl or nitrile
gloves and wash hands
thoroughly when you are
done. Once the cage is
clean of organic material,
wash it with a dilute
bleach solution (one and
one-half cups of bleach
to one gallon of water).
28. Precautions - LCMV
Pregnant women or
persons with a
weakened immune
system are at higher
risk of more serious
disease if they do
become infected with
LCMV. (6)
29. Precautions - LCMV
Pregnant
women and those with weakened
immune systems should seriously consider
not owning a pet rodent. If they do have pet
rodents, such persons, at a minimum, should
avoid prolonged stays in the room where the
rodent resides, keep the animal in a separate
part of the home, and ask someone else to
clean the cage and care for the animal.
(6)
30. Precautions - LCMV
Follow
common practices for mouse-proofing
your house. Because the common house
mouse is the primary host, keep them out of
your home.
If purchasing a pet rodent, look out for animals
that look sick or show LCMV symptoms. If
symptoms are observed, avoid buying a pet
from that store.
37. Salmonellosis
What
is it?
Salmonellosis is an infection with a bacteria
called Salmonella.
Salmonella is most commonly associated with
insufficient hygiene or inadequately cooked food
during food preparation. For the purposes of this
training, we will focus more on its acquisition
from pets.
38. What animals can transmit
Salmonellosis to humans?
Salmonella may be found in the feces of some pets, especially
those with diarrhea.
Reptiles are particularly likely to harbor Salmonella. (7)
Pet turtles are a primary source of salmonella. For this reason
the little red slider turtles can no longer be bought.
In addition to reptiles, salmonellosis outbreaks have been
reported after handling of pet chicks, ducklings, kittens, and
hedgehogs (10).
40. Salmonellosis - Rodents
Case
Reports:
South Carolina. During June 2004, a boy aged 4
years was hospitalized for 5 days with fever (105ºF
[40.6ºC]), watery diarrhea, and abdominal cramping. A
stool culture yielded S. Typhimurium. Nine days before
the boy's illness, his family had purchased a hamster
from a retail pet store supplied by an Arkansas
distributor; the hamster was found dead 2 days after
purchase. (10)
41. Salmonellosis - Rodents
Minnesota. During August 2004, a boy aged 5 years had
diarrhea of 14 days' duration (initially bloody), abdominal
cramps, vomiting, and fever (103ºF [39.4ºC]). A stool culture
yielded S. Typhimurium. Four days before the boy became ill,
his family had purchased a mouse from a retail pet store
supplied by a Minnesota distributor. The mouse became
lethargic and had diarrhea immediately after purchase. Even
though the mouse was ill, the boy frequently handled and kissed
the mouse. One week after purchase, the mouse died. Cultures
of the mouse's lungs, pooled liver and spleen, and intestines
yielded growth of S. Typhimurium. (10)
42. Salmonellosis – How is it contracted?
Salmonella
may be found in the feces of some
pets, especially those with diarrhea, and people
can become infected if they do not wash their
hands after contact with these feces. (7)
43. Salmonellosis – How do I get it?
Handling
of
infected animals is
a possible means
of transmission.
44. Salmonellosis - Symptoms
Most
persons infected with Salmonella develop
diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72
hours after infection. The illness usually lasts 4
to 7 days, and most persons recover without
treatment. (7)
45. Salmonellosis - Symptoms
In
some persons the diarrhea may be so severe
that the patient needs to be hospitalized. In
these patients, the Salmonella infection may
spread from the intestines to the blood stream,
and then to other body sites and can cause
death unless the person is treated promptly with
antibiotics. The elderly, infants, and those with
impaired immune systems are more likely to
have a severe illness. (7)
46. Salmonellosis – Preventative Measures
Expect rodent feces to be
potentially infectious.
Thoroughly wash hands with
soap and water after handling
rodents or their cages or
bedding.
Wear gloves when handling
or cleaning up after animals.
Young children who are
unable to reliably wash their
hands should avoid contact
with rodent feces. (8)
53. Rat Bite Fever
What
Rat
is it?
Bite Fever is a disease condition caused by
microorganisms (a bacteria called
strebtobacillus) present in the upper respiratory
tracts and oral cavities of asymptomatic
rodents, especially rats. (9)
54. Rat Bite Fever
What
animal can transmit
Rat Bite Fever to
humans?
The
name says it all:
primarily rats
55. How do humans contract Rat Bite
Fever?
Human
infection can result from a bite or
scratch from an infected or colonized rat,
handling of an infected rat, or ingestion of
food or water contaminated with infected
rat excreta. (9)
56. What are the symptoms of Rat Bite
Fever?
An abrupt onset of fever,
myalgias (muscle pain),
arthralgias (joint pain),
vomiting, and headache
typically occurs within 2--10
days of exposure and is
usually followed by a
maculopapular rash on the
extremities.
RBF has a case-fatality rate
of 7%--10% among untreated
patients. (9)
Maculopapular rash
57. Recent Cases
Two
cases of fatal Rat Bite Fever occurred 2003.
One case occurred in Florida and the other in
Washington state.
Both cases involved previously healthy individuals.
In one case, the patient was a pet store worker who
had experienced a rat bite.
The other case involved a patient who had nine pet
rats, but no known animal bites in the previous two
weeks.(9)
58. Preventing Rat Bite Fever Infection
Wear
protective gloves, practice regular hand washing,
and avoid hand-to-mouth contact when handling rats or
cleaning rat cages
Adults should closely supervise children aged <5 years
to prevent bites and hand-to-mouth contact.
If bitten by a rat, promptly clean and disinfect the
wound.
Report any bite wound that occurs to Debbie or
Maureen!
63. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
What
is it?
Hantavirus
pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a
deadly disease (caused by a virus) transmitted
by infected rodents. HPS was first recognized in
1993 and has since been identified throughout
the United States. (12)
64. How HPS Came to be Known to the
Public
An
outbreak of unexplained illness occurred in
May 1993 in the "Four Corners," an area of the
Southwest shared by New Mexico, Arizona,
Colorado, and Utah. A number of previously
healthy young adults suddenly developed acute
respiratory symptoms; about half soon
died. (13)
65. What animals can transmit HPS?
Found Throughout
North America
Southeastern U.S.
Primary reservoir for Hantavirus!
Cotton Rat
Deer Mouse
Southern New England,
Mid-Atlantic and southern states,
Mid-Western and western states
Southeastern U.S.
Rice Rat
White Footed Mouse
66.
67. How is HPS Transmitted?
Hantavirus
is transmitted by infected rodents
through urine, droppings, or saliva. Individuals
become infected with HPS after breathing fresh
aerosolized urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting
materials. Transmission can also occur when
these materials are directly introduced into
broken skin, the nose or the mouth. If a rodent
with the virus bites someone, the virus may be
spread to that person, but this type of
transmission is rare. (14)
68. How is HPS Transmitted?
In
most cases, infections occurred when rodent
infested buildings were swept or cleaned out.
69. Early Symptoms
Early symptoms include fatigue, fever and muscle
aches, especially in the large muscle groups-thighs,
hips, back, and sometimes shoulders. These
symptoms are universal.
There may also be headaches, dizziness, chills, and
abdominal problems, such as nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, and abdominal pain. About half of all HPS
patients experience these symptoms.
(15)
70. Late symptoms
Four
to 10 days after the initial phase of illness,
the late symptoms of HPS appear. These
include coughing and shortness of breath, with
the sensation of, as one survivor put it, a "...tight
band around my chest and a pillow over my
face" as the lungs fill with fluid.
(15)
71. HPS Symptoms - Treatment
There
is no specific treatment, cure, or vaccine
for hantavirus infection. However, we do know
that if infected individuals are recognized early
and receive medical care in an intensive care
unit, they may do better. In intensive care,
patients are intubated and given oxygen therapy
to help them through the period of severe
respiratory distress.
(16)
72. HPS Symptoms - Treatment
The
earlier the patient is brought in to intensive care,
the better. If a patient is experiencing full distress, it is
less likely the treatment will be effective.
Therefore, if you have been around rodents and have
symptoms of fever, deep muscle aches, and severe
shortness of breath, see your doctor immediately. Be
sure to tell your doctor that you have been around
rodents-this will alert your physician to look closely for
any rodent-carried disease, such as HPS. (16)
73.
74. HPS
Recent Cases
Two cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
were reported in Randolph County, West Virginia in
July of 2004.
One case was fatal and involved a graduate student
who spent the previous month trapping small mammals
and handling mice daily.
The other case involved a patient who had spent a
weekend at a mouse infested cabin. In this case the
patient became very ill, but did survive. (17)
75. HPS Prevention/Precautions
Safely clean up rodentinfested areas
Air out infested spaces
before cleanup
Spray areas of infestation
and all excreta, nesting, and
other materials with
household disinfectant or
10% bleach solution then
clean up, seal in bags, and
dispose. (21)
77. HPS Prevention/Precautions
When
cleaning potentially rodent infested areas,
wear a mask.
To limit dust particles from being stirred up, wet
down potentially rodent infested areas prior to
cleaning them.
78. Question 1
In
the U.S. which animal is considered to be the
primary reservoir for hantavirus?
82. Question 3
List
some preventative measures that can be
taken to minimize contracting HPS
83. Plague
What is it?
Plague is an infectious disease of
animals and humans caused by a
bacterium named Yersinia pestis.
(18)
Between 5 and 15 cases are
reported each year in the United
States.
Plague is a seasonal disease, with
most reported human cases
occurring between March and
October.(19)
84. What and Where?
Yersinia
pestis is endemic to the western half of
the United States and has been isolated as far
east as Dallas and the western edges of
Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, And South
Dakota.(19)
85. What and Where?
From
1970 to 2001, 377 human cases have
been reported in the U.S.
Most
were in New Mexico (201 cases), followed
by Arizona (55 cases), Colorado (42 cases),
and 37 cases were reported in California. (19)
86.
87. What Animals Carry Plague?
Epidemics
of plague in humans usually involve
house rats and their fleas. (20)
88. Plague Carriers
Rock
squirrels and their
fleas are the most
frequent sources of
human infection in the
southwestern states. For
the Pacific states, the
California ground squirrel
and its fleas are the most
common source.(20)
Rock Squirrel
http://www.hoglezoo.org/animals/view.php?id=2
89. Plague Carriers
Many
other rodent
species, for instance,
prairie dogs, wood rats,
chipmunks, and other
ground squirrels and
their fleas, suffer plague
outbreaks and some of
these occasionally serve
as sources of human
infection. (20)
Prairie Dog
90. What Animals Carry Plague?
Domestic
cats (and
sometimes dogs) are
readily infected by fleas
or from eating infected
wild rodents. Cats may
serve as a source of
infection to persons
exposed to them. Pets
may also bring plagueinfected fleas into the
home.(20)
91. How is Plague Transmitted?
Plague is transmitted from
animal to animal and from
animal to human by the bites
of infective fleas. Less
frequently, the organism
enters through a break in the
skin by direct contact with
tissue or body fluids of a
plague-infected animal, for
instance, in the process of
skinning a rabbit or other
animal. (20)
Male Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea)
engorged with blood.
92. How is Plague Transmitted?
Plague
is also transmitted by inhaling infected
droplets expelled by coughing, by a person or
animal, especially domestic cats, with
pneumonic plague. Transmission of plague from
person to person is uncommon and has not
been observed in the United States since 1924
but does occur as an important factor in plague
epidemics in some developing countries. (20)
93. Plague Symptoms
The
typical sign of the
most common form of
human plague is a
swollen and very tender
lymph gland,
accompanied by pain.
The swollen gland is
called a "bubo" (hence
the term "bubonic
plague"). (20)
94. Plague Symptoms
Bubonic
plague should be suspected when a
person develops a swollen gland, fever, chills,
headache, and extreme exhaustion, and has a
history of possible exposure to infected rodents,
rabbits, or fleas. (20)
Approximately 15% of reported humans with
plague die. (19)
95. Plague Prevention/Precautions
Watch for plague activity in rodent
populations where plague is known
to occur. Report any observations
of sick or dead animals to the local
health department or law
enforcement officials.
Eliminate sources of food and
nesting places for rodents around
homes, work places, and recreation
areas; remove brush, rock piles,
junk, cluttered firewood, and
potential-food supplies, such as pet
and wild animal food. Make your
home rodent-proof. (21)
96. Plague Prevention/Precautions
If you anticipate being exposed to
rodent fleas, apply insect repellents
to clothing and skin, according to
label instructions, to prevent flea
bites. Wear gloves when handling
potentially infected animals.
If you live in areas where rodent
plague occurs, treat pet dogs and
cats for flea control regularly and
not allow these animals to roam
freely. (21)
103. Leptospirosis
What
is it?
Leptospirosis
is a
bacterial disease that
affects humans and
animals. It is caused by
bacteria of the genus
Leptospira. (22)
104. Which animals carry Leptospira?
Many
different kinds of
animals carry the
bacterium; they may
become sick but
sometimes have no
symptoms. Leptospira
organisms have been
found in cattle, pigs,
horses, dogs, rodents,
and wild animals. (22)
105. How Do People Get Leptospirosis?
Humans
become infected through contact with
water, food, or soil containing urine from these
infected animals. This may happen by
swallowing contaminated food or water or
through skin contact, especially with mucosal
surfaces, such as the eyes or nose, or with
broken skin. The disease is not known to be
spread from person to person. (22)
106. What are the Symptoms of
Leptospirosis?
Symptoms
of
leptospirosis include high
fever, severe headache,
chills, muscle aches, and
vomiting, and may
include jaundice (yellow
skin and eyes), red eyes,
abdominal pain, diarrhea,
or a rash. (22)
107. What are the Symptoms of
Leptospirosis?
If
the disease is not treated, the patient could
develop kidney damage, meningitis
(inflammation of the membrane around the brain
and spinal cord), liver failure, and respiratory
distress. In rare cases death occurs. (22)
108. Prevention/Precautions
The
risk of acquiring leptospirosis can be greatly
reduced by not swimming or wading in water
that might be contaminated with animal urine.
Protective clothing or footwear should be worn
by those exposed to contaminated water or soil
because of their job or recreational activities.
(22)
109. Question 1
True
or false – Animals infected with
leptospirosis will always show signs of illness.
113. Monkeypox
What
is it?
Monkeypox
is a rare viral disease that occurs
mainly in the rain forest countries of central and
west Africa. The disease was first discovered in
laboratory monkeys in 1958. Blood tests of
animals in Africa later found evidence of
monkeypox infection in a number of African
rodents.(23)
114. Monkeypox – what is it?
The
virus that causes monkeypox was recovered from
an African squirrel. Laboratory studies showed that the
virus also could infect mice, rats, and rabbits. In 1970,
monkeypox was reported in humans for the first time.
(23)
It looks very similar to small pox and the two are
difficult distinguish. Small pox is of particular concern
as a biological weapon because it has been eliminated
and people are no longer vaccinated for it, creating a
large population of susceptible people.
115. So why the concern for a disease that
occurs in Africa?
As
of July 8, 2003, a total
of 71 cases of
monkeypox have been
reported to CDC from
Wisconsin (39), Indiana
(16), Illinois (12),
Missouri (two), Kansas
(one), and Ohio (one).
(24)
116. What animals carry monkeypox?
In these cases, the patients
were exposed to monkeypox
by prairie dogs.
Traceback investigations
have determined that all 35
confirmed human cases of
monkeypox were associated
with prairie dogs obtained
from an Illinois animal
distributor (IL-1), or from
animal distributors who
purchased prairie dogs from
IL-1 (24).
Prairie Dog
117. What animals carry monkeypox?
Prairie
dogs at IL-1
appear to have been
infected through
contact with Gambian
giant rats and
dormice that
originated in Ghana.
(24)
118. How is monkeypox contracted?
People
can get monkeypox from an animal with
monkeypox if they are bitten or if they touch the
animal’s blood, body fluids, or its rash.
The disease also can spread from person to
person through large respiratory droplets during
long periods of face-to-face contact or by
touching body fluids of a sick person or objects
such as bedding or clothing contaminated with
the virus. (23)
119. Monkeypox Symptoms
The
illness begins with fever, headache, muscle
aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, a
general feeling of discomfort, and exhaustion.
120.
121. Monkeypox symptoms
Within
1 to 3 days (sometimes longer) after the
appearance of fever, the patient develops a
papular rash (i.e., raised bumps), often first on
the face but sometimes initially on other parts of
the body. The lesions usually develop through
several stages before crusting and falling off.
122. Primary inoculation site right index finger, 5/27/03. 14 days after prairie dog bites, 11days after
febrile illness, hospital day 5. (25)
124. Monkeypox Precautions/Prevention
Consult:
“ Monkeypox in Animals: The Basics for People Who
Have Contact with Animals” at the CDC website
listed below for a detailed explanation of the issues
surrounding animals and monkepox.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/animalbasics.htm
129. The Take Home Messages
As
stated at the outset, commercial suppliers
and most institutional QA labs screen for these
diseases, so the risk of you acquiring any of
these diseases at work is minute.
However, the importance of PPE on the job
cannot be stressed enough. A new disease
outbreak is always a possibility, so each animal
should be treated as a potential disease carrier.
130. Take Home Messages
Many
rodent diseases are carried by wild
rodents. In many cases, disease outbreaks
among domestic rodents are caused by their
interaction with wild rodents.
Although many facilities are relatively secure
against wild rodents, wild rodents do find their
way into animal facilities. Therefore, it is not
beyond the realm of possibility that lab mice can
be exposed to disease by a wild rodent.
131. Take Home Messages
ALWAYS
wash your hands after handling pets or their
waste. If possible, wear gloves too.
Frequently clean cages.
Keep an eye on children around pets, and be certain
that they are frequently washing their hands.
Be aware of the fact that in many cases pregnant
women and immunosuppresed people are more
susceptible to the harmfuall affects of these diseases.
132. Take Home Messages
Keep
your house clean, eliminate sources of
food and nesting for rodents and do everything
that you can to make it rodent proof.
Do not purchase pets that appear to be sick.
However, in the case of many of these
diseases, animals may show no clinical signs of
illness. Therefore, even if an animal appears to
be healthy, people can still be at risk, and all
precautions should be taken.
133. Take Home Messages
If
your pet appears to be sick, consult a
veterinarian.
If
you become sick and have to see a doctor, tell
him/her that you have had contact with animals
so that can be considered for a possible
diagnosis.
134.
135. References
1. CDC. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/lcmv/qa.htm
2. AALAS. ALAT Training Manual. Pg. 194. 2004.
3. Orloski, Kathleen, Lathrop, Sarah. Plague: a veterinary perspective. JAVMA, Vol 222, No. 4, February 15,
2003, pg 444.
4. CDC. Basic Information about SARS. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/factsheet.htm
5. Galvani, Alison. Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS? Emerging Infectious Diseases
Journal. Vol. 10, No. 7. July 2004. CDC.
6. CDC. Information for Pet Owners: Reducing the Risk of Becoming Infected with LCMV from Pet Rodents.
August 22, 2005. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/lcmv/owners.htm
7. Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services. Human Health Risks Associated with Pet Rodents.
August, 2005.
8. CDC. Salmonellosis – Frequently Asked Question. http://
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm#How%20do%20people%20catch%20Salmonella
9. National Research Council. Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals. pg. 88. 1997.
10.
11.
12.
13.
CDC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. May 6, 2005 / 54(17);429-433
CDC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. January 7, 2005/53(51&52); 1198-1202
CDC. All About Hantaviruses. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/index.htm
CDC. Tracking a Mystery Disease: Highlights of the Discovery of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/history.htm
136. References
14. CDC. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: What You Need To Know.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/FAQ.htm
15. CDC. What Are the Symptoms of HPS?
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/symptoms.htm
16. CDC. What is the Treatment for HPS?
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/treating.htm
17. CDC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. November 26, 2005/53(46);1086-1089.
18. CDC. CDC Plague Home Page. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/index.htm
19. Orloski, Kathleen, Lathrop, Sarah. Plague: a veterinary perspectice. JAVMA, Vol 222, No. 4, February
15, 2003.
20. CDC. Information On Plague. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/info.htm
21. CDC. Plague Prevention and Control. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/prevent.htm
22. CDC. Leptospirosis: Frequently Asked Questions.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/leptospirosis_g.htm
23. CDC. What You Should Know About Monkey Pox. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/factsheet2.htm
24. CDC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. July 11, 2003/52(27);642-646.
25. Reed, Kurt, Melski, John, Stratman, Erik. Index Case and Family Infection of Monkey Pox from Prairie
Dogs Diagnosed in Marshfield, WI. (Clinical Photos) Marshfield Clinic. May-June 2003.
26. CDC. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus from Pets. http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/lcmv_rodents.htm
27. National Research Council. Infectious Diseases of MIce and Rats. Pg. 200. 1991.
28. Fox, Cohen, Loew. Laboratory Animal Medicine. American College of Laboratory Medicine Series. 1984.
29. Dykewicz, Howarth, Schonberger. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Outbreak Associated with Nude Mice in
a Research Institute. JAVMA, March 11, 1992 – Vol267, No.10.
137. Credit and disclaimer
This
presentation was created while I was an
employee of Priority One Services at the
National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences. Thus, both deserve credit for
supporting this work.
However, the opinions expressed in this
presentation are those of the author and do not
necessarily reflect those of the aforementioned
groups.