Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria that can infect humans and many animal species like cattle, pigs, and dogs. It is primarily transmitted through contact with infected urine and can cause illness in the kidneys, liver, and other organs in both animals and humans. The document provides details on the causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, transmission, treatment, prevention, and zoonotic potential of leptospirosis.
This color atlas of poultry diseases .This is very useful guide for poultry farmers & poultry practicing professionals.The atlas contains colour photographs demonstrating the overall pathology of birds. The book includes more than 50 diseases from avian infectious pathology and a similar number from non-infectious pathology.There are both classic and well known diseases and new and little known diseases. The book is designed for veterinarians, veterinary students, poultry farmers and poultry specialists.
To get more free guides and literature and books please visit www.growelagrovet.com
Important Zoonotic disease and its prevention and control By: Dr.Manoj karkimanojj123
Zoonosis are those disease and infection which are naturally transmitted between animals and human. (WHO & FAO, 1959).
Zoonosis word derived from Greek word “ZOO” means Animals and “NOSES” means Disease.
One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more important in recent years because many factors have changed the interaction among human, animals and the environment. These changes have caused the emergence and re-emergence of many disease.
Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form of anthrax infection, and it is also considered to be the least dangerous. Infection usually develops from 1 to 7 days after exposure.
When anthrax spores get into the skin, usually through a cut or scrape, a person can develop cutaneous anthrax.
Вебинар для ЕИПСК.
Исследование аудитории поможет ответить на следующие вопросы:
Насколько эффективна наша работа в социальных сетях?
Достигаем ли мы поставленных задач?
Действительно ли мы знаем о том, что интересно нашим подписчикам?
Какими социальными сетями пользуются посетители учреждений культуры?
This color atlas of poultry diseases .This is very useful guide for poultry farmers & poultry practicing professionals.The atlas contains colour photographs demonstrating the overall pathology of birds. The book includes more than 50 diseases from avian infectious pathology and a similar number from non-infectious pathology.There are both classic and well known diseases and new and little known diseases. The book is designed for veterinarians, veterinary students, poultry farmers and poultry specialists.
To get more free guides and literature and books please visit www.growelagrovet.com
Important Zoonotic disease and its prevention and control By: Dr.Manoj karkimanojj123
Zoonosis are those disease and infection which are naturally transmitted between animals and human. (WHO & FAO, 1959).
Zoonosis word derived from Greek word “ZOO” means Animals and “NOSES” means Disease.
One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more important in recent years because many factors have changed the interaction among human, animals and the environment. These changes have caused the emergence and re-emergence of many disease.
Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form of anthrax infection, and it is also considered to be the least dangerous. Infection usually develops from 1 to 7 days after exposure.
When anthrax spores get into the skin, usually through a cut or scrape, a person can develop cutaneous anthrax.
Вебинар для ЕИПСК.
Исследование аудитории поможет ответить на следующие вопросы:
Насколько эффективна наша работа в социальных сетях?
Достигаем ли мы поставленных задач?
Действительно ли мы знаем о том, что интересно нашим подписчикам?
Какими социальными сетями пользуются посетители учреждений культуры?
Every company in the UK now needs to make plans to export if the UK is going to prosper after Brexit.
Owning a business website is the first step, making plans to be found in Search Results is the next. A free business Exporters Directory listing can be a significant step bringing products and services to the attention of overseas buyers.
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: "World: Tangerines, Mandarins, Clementines, Satsumas - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020". The report provides an in-depth analysis of the global tangerine market. It presents the latest data of the market value, consumption, domestic production, exports and imports, price dynamics and food balance. The report shows the sales data, allowing you to identify the key drivers and restraints. You can find here a strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market. Forecasts illustrate how the market will be transformed in the medium term. Profiles of the leading producers are also included.
Вебинар "Работа с аудиторией «Одноклассников»"Anna Mikhaylova
14.02.2017
Вебинар ЕИПСК
План вебинара
- Орг. вопросы
- Что такое комьюнити-менеджмент?
- Каким образом расширять аудиторию группы в ОК?
- Как аудитория «Одноклассников» реагирует на разный тип контента?
- Какие темы публикаций будут интересны вашим подписчикам?
- Вопросы и ответы
THIS VIDEO EXPLAINS ABOUT LEPTOSPIROSIS IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #LEPTOSPIROSIS,#FUNCTIONS,#SOURCE, #DEFICIENCY,#DISEASE,#NIGHTBLINDNESS#XEROPHTHALMIA,#BITOTSPOT,#CORNEALXEROSIS, #CONJUNCIVALXEROSIS, YELLOWFRUITS,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Rabies its transmission, clinical features and preventionmanojj123
Many people think that rabies is transmitted through only dog. But its not true, rabies is transmitted through not only dog, but also spread through bite or scratch from rabies infected animal like dog, bats, raccons, fox, monkeys etc.. Any open wound exposed saliva of infected animal can be potential source of infection.
Many European countries and North America have already eliminated rabies as a public health problem through mandatory vaccination of dog and good access to post exposure prophylaxis for human beings.
More than 95% of human death occurs in Asia/ Africa. And 99% of human rabies cases came from dogs. There is a small proportion of human rabies reported due to transmission via wild life (such as fox, wolves, jackels, raccoon, bats). Rabies kills more than 60,000 people each year (that is one death in every 9 minute) over 150 countries.
Leptospirosis: Its Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control Chandrani Goswami
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira.
Disease was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886
In 1908, a Japanese research group led by Ryokichi Inada and Yutaka to first identified the bacterium as the causative agent of leptospirosis and noted its presence in rats in 1916
Generally it is transmitted by the infected urine of rodents.
Leptospirosis is in the group of 17 neglected tropical diseases, categorized by WHO.
Leptospirosis is an underreported disease, and there are no reliable global incidence figures (WHO, 2015)
Synonyms: Weil's Syndrome, Weil-Vasiliev disease, Swineherd's disease, Rice-field fever, Waterborne fever, Nanukayami fever, Cane-cutter fever, Swamp fever, Mud fever, Stuttgart disease, and Canicola fever.
Infections spread from animals to human are called zoonotic infections.
The term zoonos is’ Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
Pathogens shared with wild or domestic animals cause more than 60% of infectious diseases in man.
Leptospirosis an emerging public health problem. I have give an overview and skipped Pathogenesis & Surviellance. Tried to keep it short & informative.
Food hygiene is more than cleanliness ......
Protecting food from risk of contamination, including harmful bacteria, poison and other foreign bodies.
Preventing any bacteria present multiplying to an extent which would result in the illness of consumers or the early spoilage of the food.
Destroying any harmful bacteria in the food by thorough cooking
or processing.
Discarding unfit or contaminated food.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. This is a natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a much faster rate than usual. Natural Causes of Extinction.
Difference between In-Situ and Ex-Situ conservation
Conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources helps protect, maintain and recover endangered animal and plant species. There are mainly two strategies for the conservation of wildlife: In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation. Although, both the strategies aim to maintain and recover endangered species, they are different from each other. Let us see how they differ from each other!
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Subtle differences in one person’s genes can cause them to respond differently to the same environmental exposure as another person. As a result, some people may develop a disease after being exposed to something in the environment while others may not.
As scientists learn more about the connection between genes and the environment, they pursue new approaches for preventing and treating disease that consider individual genetic codes.
How to store food in hot
The Good News
To maximize benefit of preservation, keep your food as fresh as possible for as long as possible. You can do this, even in the heat, by creating a “cooler” made from two basic terra cotta pots, one larger than the other. Put the smaller pot in the larger one, fill the gap with sand, and saturate the sand with water. Then cover it with a cloth. To add additional insulation from the heat, bury the pot up to its rim. The evaporation of moisture from the wet sand will cool the air around the food and help keep it fresh.
What is IUPAC naming?
In order to give compounds a name, certain rules must be followed. When naming organic compounds, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature (naming scheme) is used. This is to give consistency to the names. It also enables every compound to have a unique name, which is not possible with the common names used (for example in industry). We will first look at some of the steps that need to be followed when naming a compound, and then try to apply these rules to some specific examples.
IUPAC Nomenclature
IUPAC nomenclature uses the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms to determine the basic root name of the compound. The root name is then modified due to the presence of different functional groups which replace hydrogen or carbon atoms in the parent structure.
Hybridization describes the bonding atoms from an atom's point of view. For a tetrahedral coordinated carbon (e.g. methane CH4), the carbon should have 4 orbitals with the correct symmetry to bond to the 4 hydrogen atoms.
INTRODUCTION:
Hybrid Orbitals
Developed by Linus Pauling, the concept of hybrid orbitals was a theory created to explain the structures of molecules in space. The theory consists of combining atomic orbitals (ex: s,p,d,f) into new hybrid orbitals (ex: sp, sp2, sp3).
1. Why Firefly give light during night?
2. Why atomic mass and Atomic numbers are given to elements ?
3. Why elements have been characterized and classified into different groups?
4. What is the transition of elements and what they play their role in elements stability?
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
1. 1
Leptospirosis
Introduction
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects farm animals, wildlife and humans.
There are many different strains or serovars, carried by rodents and many other wild animals
including rabbits, skunks and birds. Cattle, pigs and dogs are the main domestic animal carriers
of leptospirosis.
Leptospirosis in cattle is generally caused by one of two strains: Leptospira hardjo or Leptospira
Pomona. These two bacteria infect the kidney and genital tract of cattle.
Causative Agent
Leptospirosis is primarily a disease of animals, occasionally infect humans. It is caused by
pathogenic spirochete of the genus leptospira that traditionally consist of two species, Leptospira
interrogans and Leptospira biflexa. The former includes all pathogenic serovars and the later
includes the saprophytic strains. Leptospira strains have been divided into 26 serogroups, of
which 2 belong to saprophytic leptospires.
Each serogroup consists of several strains designated as seorovars. Nearly 300 host adopted
leptospiral serovars are naturally carried by more than a dozen species of rodents, wild and
domestic animals. The moderate to highly conducive abundantly available variety of hosts,
results in successful perpetuation of this organism. The leptospira serovars predominantly
present in India are L.andamana, L.pomona, L.grippotyphosa, L.hebdomadis, L.semoranga,
L.javanica, L.autumnalis, L.canicola.
Pathogenesis
Leptospira enter the body through exposed mucous membranes in the mouth, eyes, skin
abrasions or gastrointestinal tract. The incubation period for leptospirosis is 4 to 20 days. The
leptospires circulate in the blood for 7 days. The leptospires replicate in the liver, kidneys, lungs,
genital tract and central nervous system. The bacteria remain in the kidneys and may be shed in
the urine for a few weeks to many months after infection.
Clinical signs
Leptospirosis is less common in cattle under 15 months of age than in older animals. The clinical
signs of infected calves include;
High fever
Hemolytic anemia (breakdown of red blood cells)
Hemoglobinuria (blood/hemoglobin in urine)
2. 2
Jaundice (yellowing of tissues)
Meningitis and death.
Myalgia
Headache
Conjuctival suffusion
Oliguria/Anuria and/or proteinuria
Nausea
vomiting
Abdominal pain
Diagnosis
Serological evaluation of a herd or pen can infer antibody production against leptospira. Urine
can be tested using dark-field microscopy and/or immunofluorescence. However, these tests are
expensive and the dark-field microscopy isn’t very sensitive. The gold standard is bacterial
culture. Leptospira can be isolated from blood, urine, kidney, liver or any other tissue infected by
the bacteria.
Transmission
Transmission of leptospira often involves direct contact with infected urine, placenta or milk. It
can be transmitted venereally or transplacentally. The most common transmission is through
direct or indirect contact with infected urine. Dairies commonly have leptospira contaminations
in their environment. Dairy feeder calves are probably the largest carriers of leptospira in
commercial feedyards. Dairy calves commonly suckle the sheaths and scrotums of other calves
in the pen. This would be a direct contamination of infected urine from carriers by this suckling
habit.
Leptospira can also survive in the environment. Leptospira favors moist environments and
moderately warm temperatures. Leptospira can survive for extended periods in stagnant water
(i.e. waterholes in pens). Survival of leptospiral is brief in dry soil, cold temperatures or very hot
temperatures. Therefore leptospira outbreaks are most common in dairy calves in the fall and
spring.
Factors Responsible ForThe Emergence OfLeptospirosis
The conditions that are favourable for maintenance and transmission of Leptospirosis are:
a) Reservoir and carrier hosts
Leptospirosis has a very wide range of natural rodent, and non-rodent reservoir hosts especially
rats, cattle, dogs, foxes, rabbits, etc. The animals act as carriers of the leptospires and excrete
3. 3
large number of leptospires in their urine, thus responsible for the contamination of large and
small water bodies as well as soil.
b) Flooding, drainage congestion
Flooding and drainage congestion may be risk factors for contamination of water bodies with
infected animal urine. Water logged areas may force rodent population to abandon their burrows
and contaminate the stagnant water by their urine.
c) Animal-Human Interface
The potential for infection increases through exposure from occupational or recreational
activities without proper protection. Poor cleanliness/sanitation in recreational areas may attract
animal host such as rodent thus increases the risk of contamination. These may be due to poor
maintenance of facilities, improper disposal of waste and public attitude/ apathy.
d) Human host risk factors
Several sections of the population are more susceptible to infection such as those not previously
exposed to the bacteria in their environment (naïve immunities), and those with chronic disease
and open skin wounds.
HIGH RISK GROUPS
Exposure depends on chance contacts between human and infected animals or a
contaminated environment through occupational and/or recreational activities. Some
groups are at higher risk to contract the disease such as:
Workers in the agricultural sectors
Sewerage workers
Livestock handlers
Pet shops workers
Military personnel
Search and rescue workers in high risk environment
Disaster relief workers (e.g. during floods)
People involved with outdoor/recreational activities such as water recreational activities,
jungle trekking, etc.
Travelers who are not previously exposed to the bacteria in their environment especially
those travelers and/or participants in jungle adventure trips or outdoor sport activities
People with chronic disease and open skin wounds.
4. 4
Treatment
Leptospira is a bacterium that is susceptible to dihydrostreptomycin or long-acting
oxytetracycline. We are currently recommending a mass-treatment of the pen with Tetradure 300
at 5 cc/cwt subcutaneously. This new oxytetracycline has blood levels above MIC (minimum
inhibitory concentration) for eight days. Cattle should also be vaccinated with an IBR/Lepto
vaccine at the time of mass-treatment.
Prevention
There are two avenues of prevention for leptospirosis: 1) vaccination and 2) environmental
sanitation. Since dairy cattle are the highest risk for leptospirosis, we are recommending that all
dairy calves receive a leptospirosis vaccination upon arrival.
There are many different brands available and none seem to be better nor worse than the others.
Vaccination will not stop an infected animal from shedding the bacteria however it will help
reduce the infection of naïve calves. Environmentally, we need to be sure that we remove areas
of stagnant water in the feeding and hospital pens. Especially, if there are dairy calves in the pen.
For people who work with animals:
Cover cuts and abrasions with a waterproof dressing;
Wear protective clothing (for example, gloves, eye shields or goggles, aprons and boots)
when working with animals that could be infected, especially if there is a chance of
contact with urine;
Wear gloves when handling cattle placentas or stillborn or aborted calves or carcasses;
Shower after work and wash and dry hands after handling potentially infected material;
Do not eat or smoke while handling animals that may be infected. Wash and dry hands
before smoking or eating;
Vaccinate livestock as recommended by your vet.
For other people:
Avoid swimming in water where there is a possibility of contamination with animal
urine.
Cover cuts and abrasions with waterproof dressings, especially before coming into
contact with soil, mud or water that may be contaminated with animal urine.
Wear footwear outdoors, especially when walking in mud or moist soil.
Wear gloves when gardening.
Control rodents by cleaning up rubbish and removing food sources that are close to
housing.
Do not feed raw offal to dogs.
5. 5
Zoonosis
Leptospirosis is a human pathogen. The bacteria can get into your body through cuts and
scratches, the lining of your mouth, throat and eyes after contact with infected urine, blood or
contaminated water. Care should be taken when necropsying animals suspected of being infected
with leptospira.
How can we prevent exposure?
1) Cover all cuts and broken skin before and during work
2) Wear protective clothing and eyewear when necropsying
3) Wash you hands after handling any animal before eating, drinking, smoking, dipping, or
chewing tobacco.
Human clinical signs of leptospirosis:
1) fever and flu like symptoms
2) lethargy, aching joints, headaches
3) long period of sickness with the potential for renal failure
Prepared By Amjad Khan Afridi
Submitted To Sir Ghadir Ali