Zoogeography, History, Branches
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Zoogeography is the branch of zoology that deals with the geographical distribution of animals. Alfred Russel Wallace is considered the father of zoogeography and was responsible for early contributions around regionalization of animal populations, a topic still studied today. Zoogeography maps current animal species distributions and formulates theories to explain them, taking into account geography, climate, geology, and evolutionary relationships between species.
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Branches of zoogeographic .
This document provides information about the 5th semester zoology course titled "Zoogeography & Palentology" with course code Zool-543 and 3 credit hours. It defines zoogeography as the study of animal distribution over the world. The document then outlines the history and branches of zoogeography, including applied, causal, and descriptive zoogeography. The causal branch examines ecological, historical, and experimental factors influencing distribution, while the descriptive branch studies animals and habitats through systematic, chorological, and faunistic approaches.
History of Zoogeography
This document provides a history of the field of zoogeography, summarizing the key contributions of various scientists. It discusses early attempts to divide the world into zoogeographical regions in the late 19th century by Schmarda and Sclater. Sclater's 1858 divisions of the world into six regions based on bird distributions formed the basis for modern zoogeography. The document then outlines later modifications and enhancements to zoogeographical schemes by scientists such as Wallace, Darlington, and others. It also discusses the impacts of plate tectonics theory and the vicariance model on modern biogeography.
Zoogeography
There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving less and less room for wildlife.
Wildlife are under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened ecosystems and their wildlife.
introduction to zoogeography
this video is about introduction to zoo geography, its history and branches of zoo geography . follow up categories are Bs zoology, and MSC zoology
Introduction to zoogeography and types of distribution
This document contain smart definitions about zoogeography and tells about the distribution and its types. This is studied in Master classes of zoology in AWKUM.
Types of Animal Distribution
This is a brief overview of the type of zoogeographic distributions of animals, such as cosmopolitan, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, and bipolar distributions.
Animal Systematics Lecture 3
1. Microevolution leads to genetic differences between populations over time, which can result in new species through macroevolution if enough differences accumulate.
2. A polytypic species consists of multiple geographically isolated populations that have undergone microevolution, like the different tiger subspecies.
3. Recognizing polytypic species simplifies classification by reducing many similar local populations to subspecies rather than considering each a unique species. However, delineating subspecies from one another or related species remains challenging.
Animal distribution zoogeo
Animals are not uniformly distributed across land and water due to factors like climate, food availability, shelter, and other species. Their distribution can be categorized as continuous, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, or bipolar. Continuous distribution means worldwide presence. Discontinuous distribution occurs when habitat is broken up, such as by oceans or changing land masses. Endemic distribution confines species to particular regions. Isolated and bipolar distributions restrict some animals only to specific isolated areas like Australia or polar regions.
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Branches of zoogeographic .
This document provides information about the 5th semester zoology course titled "Zoogeography & Palentology" with course code Zool-543 and 3 credit hours. It defines zoogeography as the study of animal distribution over the world. The document then outlines the history and branches of zoogeography, including applied, causal, and descriptive zoogeography. The causal branch examines ecological, historical, and experimental factors influencing distribution, while the descriptive branch studies animals and habitats through systematic, chorological, and faunistic approaches.
History of Zoogeography
This document provides a history of the field of zoogeography, summarizing the key contributions of various scientists. It discusses early attempts to divide the world into zoogeographical regions in the late 19th century by Schmarda and Sclater. Sclater's 1858 divisions of the world into six regions based on bird distributions formed the basis for modern zoogeography. The document then outlines later modifications and enhancements to zoogeographical schemes by scientists such as Wallace, Darlington, and others. It also discusses the impacts of plate tectonics theory and the vicariance model on modern biogeography.
Zoogeography
There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving less and less room for wildlife.
Wildlife are under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened ecosystems and their wildlife.
introduction to zoogeography
this video is about introduction to zoo geography, its history and branches of zoo geography . follow up categories are Bs zoology, and MSC zoology
Introduction to zoogeography and types of distribution
This document contain smart definitions about zoogeography and tells about the distribution and its types. This is studied in Master classes of zoology in AWKUM.
Types of Animal Distribution
This is a brief overview of the type of zoogeographic distributions of animals, such as cosmopolitan, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, and bipolar distributions.
Animal Systematics Lecture 3
1. Microevolution leads to genetic differences between populations over time, which can result in new species through macroevolution if enough differences accumulate.
2. A polytypic species consists of multiple geographically isolated populations that have undergone microevolution, like the different tiger subspecies.
3. Recognizing polytypic species simplifies classification by reducing many similar local populations to subspecies rather than considering each a unique species. However, delineating subspecies from one another or related species remains challenging.
Animal distribution zoogeo
Animals are not uniformly distributed across land and water due to factors like climate, food availability, shelter, and other species. Their distribution can be categorized as continuous, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, or bipolar. Continuous distribution means worldwide presence. Discontinuous distribution occurs when habitat is broken up, such as by oceans or changing land masses. Endemic distribution confines species to particular regions. Isolated and bipolar distributions restrict some animals only to specific isolated areas like Australia or polar regions.
Species concept
The document discusses various concepts and definitions of species in biology. It begins by explaining how species have traditionally been viewed as essential, fixed units but are now understood to evolve and diversify over time. It then examines different species concepts, including the biological species concept which defines a species as a population that can interbreed but is reproductively isolated from other species. The document also discusses concepts like nominalism which questions whether species are "real" categories. It explores recognition, cohesion and evolutionary species concepts, and defines types of species such as cryptic, endemic and polytypic species. Finally, it examines intraspecific categories below the species level like subspecies.
Animal distribution
This document discusses principles of animal distribution and barriers to animal distribution. It outlines several laws and principles that govern how animals are distributed, including that animals are generally found where they are best adapted, and barriers like oceans can prevent distribution to new areas. Barriers to distribution are categorized as extrinsic, like physical geographic barriers and climate, or intrinsic, stemming from animal behaviors. Different patterns of distribution are also described, such as continuous, discontinuous, and Arctic/polar distributions.
Animal distribution
Dr. Shoeb Ahmad, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, AKI's Poona College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Camp, Pune -41100, Maharashtra (INDIA)
Barriers of dispersal
The document discusses various barriers that limit the dispersal and distribution of animal species. There are three main categories of barriers: physical, climatic, and biological. Physical barriers include mountains, water bodies, and deserts which can isolate populations. Climatic barriers like temperature, humidity, and light also influence animal ranges. Biological barriers involve interactions with vegetation and other animals through predation, parasitism, and competition for resources. Together, these natural barriers influence the evolution and geographic distribution of wildlife.
Palaearctic region
The Palearctic region is one of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It includes Europe, northern Africa, northern China, Russia, Japan, Iran, Afghanistan, and western Pakistan. The climate is mostly temperate, with both forested and open steppe lands. Zoologically, the region contains many families of mammals like rabbits, hedgehogs, and deer. It also has over 50 families of migratory birds but no parrots. Reptiles include turtles, tortoises, lizards and snakes. Amphibians prominently feature newts and salamanders. Fish include carps, salmon, and eels, with carp being dominant.
Principles of systematic zoology
This document discusses taxonomy and systematics. It defines taxonomy as the theory and practice of classifying organisms, while systematics is the broader science of studying organism diversity and relationships. The key points are:
1. Taxonomy involves naming and arranging taxa in a hierarchical system of categories like kingdom, phylum, class etc.
2. A taxon is a formally recognized group of organisms at any level, while a category designates the taxonomic rank.
3. The history of taxonomy involved shifts from downward to upward classification as empirical methods replaced typological concepts.
4. The biological species concept defines species as interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from others.
Systematics
Classical and molecular taxonomic parameters, species concept, systematic gradation of animals, nomenclature, modern scheme of animal classification into sub-Kingdom, division, section, phyla and minor phyla
Species concepts 4
The document discusses several species concepts:
- The typological concept views species as fixed types, ignoring variation.
- The biological concept defines species as groups of interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from others.
- The nominalistic concept views species as human constructs rather than natural categories.
It also notes difficulties in applying the biological concept, such as asexual reproduction, similar but isolated species, and ring species where isolation breaks down.
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This document discusses zoogeography and the factors affecting animal distribution. It begins by defining zoogeography and describing the three levels at which distribution can be studied. It then outlines the six main zoogeographic regions identified by Sclater and Wallace: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian. For each region, it provides details on location, climate, vegetation, fauna, and subdivisions. It also discusses patterns of animal distribution and the barriers and means of dispersal that influence distribution patterns.
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Zoogeographers formulate theories to explain the distribution, based on information about geography, physiography, climate, and geologic history, as well as knowledge of the evolutionary history and relationships of the animals involved
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This document discusses the evolution of the theory of biological nomenclature. It begins by defining nomenclature and explaining how Carl Linnaeus established the system of binomial nomenclature in 1758. This system uses a two-part Latin name for each organism, with the first part indicating the genus and the second indicating the species. The document outlines the basic rules of binomial nomenclature and three essential requisites: uniqueness, universality, and stability. It also discusses how the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature codifies and regulates the rules, and how it has evolved over the last 150 years through various international bodies and congresses.
Higher taxa and higher category
- Higher category theory studies categories where some equalities are replaced by arrows, allowing the explicit study of structure behind those equalities.
- Strict higher categories generalize ordinary categories by including higher morphisms between lower morphisms, forming n-categories.
- Weak higher categories satisfy associativity and identity conditions only up to isomorphism or homotopy at the next level, making their definition more complex.
Barriers to Animal Dispersal
This document discusses various types of barriers to animal dispersal. It categorizes barriers into physiological, ecological, behavioral, and artificial barriers. For marine environments, key barriers include land masses, temperature, salt concentration, and pressure. In freshwater, land masses and salt concentration pose barriers. Terrestrial barriers include mountains, deserts, large rivers, rainfall regions, oceans, and human developments like urbanization and agriculture. The effectiveness of barriers depends on both the challenges they present and characteristics of attempting to cross organisms.
Contribution of systematics to biology by noor zada
Systematics has made immense contributions to biology and humankind. It was systematists who originally studied organic diversity and brought major evolutionary problems to light. Systematics reveals patterns in organic diversity and determines the reasons behind similarities through common descent or adaptation. It also contributes significantly to applied fields like medicine, agriculture, conservation, and resource management by identifying organisms and relationships. Systematics plays a key role in theoretical biology as well, such as developing population thinking and upholding natural selection.
Species concept
Organisms are classified into a hierarchical classification that groups closely related individuals.
The species is the basic biological unit around which classifications are based.
Taxonomic characters 7
This document discusses different types of taxonomic characters that can be used to distinguish between taxa. There are 5 main kinds of characters: 1) Morphological characters related to external features, structures, internal anatomy, development stages, and karyology. 2) Physiological characters like growth rates, temperature tolerances, and biochemical processes. 3) Ecological characters like habitat, food preferences, breeding seasons. 4) Ethological characters regarding behavior like mating calls and web patterns. 5) Geographical characters about distribution patterns that can help clarify taxonomy. A wide variety of observable attributes can serve as taxonomic characters to differentiate between species and other taxonomic levels.
Modern concept of natural selection2
Natural selection leads to the evolution of organisms over time through differential survival and reproduction based on heritable traits. There are three main types of selection: directional selection favors one trait extreme, stabilizing selection favors intermediate traits, and disruptive selection favors opposite trait extremes. Examples of natural selection in action include the evolution of melanism in moths due to pollution and the evolution of myxoma virus resistance in rabbits in Australia. Laboratory studies also demonstrate the effects of selection, such as increased growth in selectively bred salmon. Natural selection can result in radiation, convergence, regression, extinction, and coevolution between interacting species.
Species concept
Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. The biological species concept has been prevalent in the evolutionary literature for the last several decades and is emphasized in many college-level biology courses. It is probably the species concept most familiar to biologists in diverse fields, such as conservation biology, forestry, fisheries, and wildlife management. Species defined by the biological species concept have also been championed as units of conservation. The species concept for most phycologists is based on the morphological characters and hence the term ‘species’ means morphospecies. On the other hand, for evolutionary biologists, the term means biological species that can be defined as a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupy a specific niche in Nature.
Insular fauna
1) The document discusses the fauna of various insular regions including continental islands like the British Isles and Japan, oceanic islands like the Galapagos and Krakatau, and ancient islands like Madagascar and New Zealand.
2) It describes how the fauna of continental islands is similar to nearby mainland regions, while oceanic islands have less diverse and endemic fauna due to their isolation.
3) Madagascar is highlighted as an ancient island with many unique families of lemurs, birds, and reptiles found only there.
LESSON 1_INTRODUCTION TO LIVING ANIMALS.pptx
Zoology is the study of animals and their diversity. It emerged as a science in the 12th century and has since specialized in fields like anatomy, physiology, ecology, and evolution. Key figures like Aristotle, Darwin, and Linnaeus contributed foundational work in classification, evolution, and nomenclature. Today, zoologists face challenges understanding animal relationships and protecting species from threats like overpopulation and resource depletion.
1-Branches of Zoogeography_ppt.pdf
Zoogeography is the study of the patterns of distribution and diversity of animal species across space and time. It examines both the current distribution of species and their histories to understand why they live where they do. Species distributions have changed over time due to geologic changes and dispersals. There are different branches of zoogeography including descriptive zoogeography, which studies species interactions and distributions within biological communities; causal zoogeography, which seeks the factors influencing past and present distributions; and historical zoogeography, which determines the origins, extinctions, and dispersals of taxa.
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The Palearctic region is one of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It includes Europe, northern Africa, northern China, Russia, Japan, Iran, Afghanistan, and western Pakistan. The climate is mostly temperate, with both forested and open steppe lands. Zoologically, the region contains many families of mammals like rabbits, hedgehogs, and deer. It also has over 50 families of migratory birds but no parrots. Reptiles include turtles, tortoises, lizards and snakes. Amphibians prominently feature newts and salamanders. Fish include carps, salmon, and eels, with carp being dominant.
Principles of systematic zoology
This document discusses taxonomy and systematics. It defines taxonomy as the theory and practice of classifying organisms, while systematics is the broader science of studying organism diversity and relationships. The key points are:
1. Taxonomy involves naming and arranging taxa in a hierarchical system of categories like kingdom, phylum, class etc.
2. A taxon is a formally recognized group of organisms at any level, while a category designates the taxonomic rank.
3. The history of taxonomy involved shifts from downward to upward classification as empirical methods replaced typological concepts.
4. The biological species concept defines species as interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from others.
Systematics
Classical and molecular taxonomic parameters, species concept, systematic gradation of animals, nomenclature, modern scheme of animal classification into sub-Kingdom, division, section, phyla and minor phyla
Species concepts 4
The document discusses several species concepts:
- The typological concept views species as fixed types, ignoring variation.
- The biological concept defines species as groups of interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from others.
- The nominalistic concept views species as human constructs rather than natural categories.
It also notes difficulties in applying the biological concept, such as asexual reproduction, similar but isolated species, and ring species where isolation breaks down.
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This document discusses zoogeography and the factors affecting animal distribution. It begins by defining zoogeography and describing the three levels at which distribution can be studied. It then outlines the six main zoogeographic regions identified by Sclater and Wallace: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian. For each region, it provides details on location, climate, vegetation, fauna, and subdivisions. It also discusses patterns of animal distribution and the barriers and means of dispersal that influence distribution patterns.
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Zoogeographers formulate theories to explain the distribution, based on information about geography, physiography, climate, and geologic history, as well as knowledge of the evolutionary history and relationships of the animals involved
Evolution of theory of nomenclature
This document discusses the evolution of the theory of biological nomenclature. It begins by defining nomenclature and explaining how Carl Linnaeus established the system of binomial nomenclature in 1758. This system uses a two-part Latin name for each organism, with the first part indicating the genus and the second indicating the species. The document outlines the basic rules of binomial nomenclature and three essential requisites: uniqueness, universality, and stability. It also discusses how the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature codifies and regulates the rules, and how it has evolved over the last 150 years through various international bodies and congresses.
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- Higher category theory studies categories where some equalities are replaced by arrows, allowing the explicit study of structure behind those equalities.
- Strict higher categories generalize ordinary categories by including higher morphisms between lower morphisms, forming n-categories.
- Weak higher categories satisfy associativity and identity conditions only up to isomorphism or homotopy at the next level, making their definition more complex.
Barriers to Animal Dispersal
This document discusses various types of barriers to animal dispersal. It categorizes barriers into physiological, ecological, behavioral, and artificial barriers. For marine environments, key barriers include land masses, temperature, salt concentration, and pressure. In freshwater, land masses and salt concentration pose barriers. Terrestrial barriers include mountains, deserts, large rivers, rainfall regions, oceans, and human developments like urbanization and agriculture. The effectiveness of barriers depends on both the challenges they present and characteristics of attempting to cross organisms.
Contribution of systematics to biology by noor zada
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Species concept
Organisms are classified into a hierarchical classification that groups closely related individuals.
The species is the basic biological unit around which classifications are based.
Taxonomic characters 7
This document discusses different types of taxonomic characters that can be used to distinguish between taxa. There are 5 main kinds of characters: 1) Morphological characters related to external features, structures, internal anatomy, development stages, and karyology. 2) Physiological characters like growth rates, temperature tolerances, and biochemical processes. 3) Ecological characters like habitat, food preferences, breeding seasons. 4) Ethological characters regarding behavior like mating calls and web patterns. 5) Geographical characters about distribution patterns that can help clarify taxonomy. A wide variety of observable attributes can serve as taxonomic characters to differentiate between species and other taxonomic levels.
Modern concept of natural selection2
Natural selection leads to the evolution of organisms over time through differential survival and reproduction based on heritable traits. There are three main types of selection: directional selection favors one trait extreme, stabilizing selection favors intermediate traits, and disruptive selection favors opposite trait extremes. Examples of natural selection in action include the evolution of melanism in moths due to pollution and the evolution of myxoma virus resistance in rabbits in Australia. Laboratory studies also demonstrate the effects of selection, such as increased growth in selectively bred salmon. Natural selection can result in radiation, convergence, regression, extinction, and coevolution between interacting species.
Species concept
Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. The biological species concept has been prevalent in the evolutionary literature for the last several decades and is emphasized in many college-level biology courses. It is probably the species concept most familiar to biologists in diverse fields, such as conservation biology, forestry, fisheries, and wildlife management. Species defined by the biological species concept have also been championed as units of conservation. The species concept for most phycologists is based on the morphological characters and hence the term ‘species’ means morphospecies. On the other hand, for evolutionary biologists, the term means biological species that can be defined as a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupy a specific niche in Nature.
Insular fauna
1) The document discusses the fauna of various insular regions including continental islands like the British Isles and Japan, oceanic islands like the Galapagos and Krakatau, and ancient islands like Madagascar and New Zealand.
2) It describes how the fauna of continental islands is similar to nearby mainland regions, while oceanic islands have less diverse and endemic fauna due to their isolation.
3) Madagascar is highlighted as an ancient island with many unique families of lemurs, birds, and reptiles found only there.
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Scope and importance of genetics
Genetics is the study of genes and heredity in living organisms. It is a field of science that seeks to understand how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Genetics plays a crucial role in fields like medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology by helping us understand diseases and traits as well as develop new crop varieties and medical treatments.
Geological time Scale
The geological timescale divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil and rock evidence. The two eons are the Precambrian (earliest life) and Phanerozoic (complex life). Major periods include the Carboniferous (coal plants), Permian (mass extinction), Jurassic (rise of dinosaurs), and Cretaceous (asteroid impact killed dinosaurs). Today we are in the Quaternary period of the Cenozoic era.
Other patterns of organization
This document discusses different levels of biological organization, including unicellular, diploblastic, and triploblastic. It describes the three main patterns of triploblastic organization: acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate. The presence or absence of a body cavity distinguishes these patterns and provides advantages like more room for organs and improved gas exchange.
Genetics, classicle and moddern
Classical genetics focuses on visible results of reproduction and heredity based on Mendel's experiments, while modern genetics examines DNA and its role in cellular chemical reactions. The key difference is that classical genetics is based on phenotypes from breeding, whereas modern genetics allows direct study of genotypes at the molecular level through DNA.
Patterns of orgnization in animals
Radially symmetrical animals like sea anemones have body parts arranged evenly around a central axis, with no distinct head or tail. Bilaterally symmetrical animals like foxes have a head and tail region, allowing for directional movement and more complex sensory and nervous systems to evolve. There are three forms of tissue organization: protists and sponges lack symmetry; radially symmetrical animals have parts arranged around a central axis; and bilaterally symmetrical animals have distinct head and tail regions allowing for directional movement.
Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They typically contain between 2 and 50 amino acids. Chains with fewer than 10 or 15 amino acids are called oligopeptides, which include dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. Peptides can be formed through the partial hydrolysis of proteins.
Evolutionary relationship of phylum Arthropda and class insecta
The document discusses the evolutionary relationships within the phylum Arthropoda, including insects. Key points include:
- Arthropoda are characterized by jointed legs, a segmented and hardened exoskeleton, and metameric segmentation.
- Insects have three distinct body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), while other arthropods like spiders have two regions.
- Molecular evidence links arthropods with other moulting invertebrates like nematodes and velvet worms in the clade Ecdysozoa.
- Fossil evidence suggests Onychophora and Tardigrada shared traits with early arthropods like paired nerve cords and striated muscles.
- There are
Drinking Water and POllution source
There are two main sources of drinking water - surface water and groundwater. Surface water can become contaminated from pollution sources like factories, waste disposal, and agricultural runoff. Groundwater is also at risk of contamination from leaks and spills from underground storage tanks, waste disposal, and excess fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture. Contaminated drinking water can cause serious health issues in both humans and wildlife. Various remediation methods exist to clean contaminated groundwater, including physical filtration, biological degradation using microorganisms, chemical treatments, and the use of ozone or UV light to purify the water. Protecting drinking water sources from pollution is important for public health.
Equipment use for pesticide application
This document provides information on various types of application equipment used to apply pesticides, with a focus on different types of sprayers. It describes several categories of sprayers from simple handheld models to motorized field sprayers. For each type of sprayer, it outlines the basic design and components, typical capacities, advantages, and limitations. The document aims to educate readers on the different sprayer options available for various pesticide application needs and settings.
Birds Migration
Birds migrate for various reasons including seeking food, avoiding predators, and responding to seasonal changes. There are different types of bird migration including longitudinal, altitudinal, and partial migrations. Birds have developed adaptations for migration such as morphological features, behavioral modifications, specialized moult cycles, and navigation abilities. Many birds migrate along global flyways like the Africa-Eurasia, East Asia-Australasia, and Americas flyways. In Pakistan, birds migrate through the Indus flyway, and the houbara bustard undertakes long distance migration from Central Asia to Pakistan each winter. Threats to migratory birds include habitat destruction, hunting, fishing, grazing, poverty, and lack of awareness.
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