ICARDA, profile picture
Uploaded byICARDA
7,021 views

Pulses in Dry Areas: Importance, Challenges and Potential

The document discusses the significance of pulses in addressing global issues related to food security, nutrition, and sustainable agriculture, particularly in dry areas. It outlines challenges in pulse production, such as biotic and abiotic stresses, and emphasizes the need for scientific advancements in genetic improvement and sustainable farming practices. The potential of pulses as nutrient-rich crops is highlighted, alongside strategies to enhance their productivity and integration into cereal-based systems.

Embed presentation

International Conference on Pulses For Health, Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture in Dry Areas Marrakech, Morocco, 18 - 20 April, 2016 Pulses in Dry Areas: Importance, Challenges and Potential Mahmoud El Solh Director General ICARDA
Outline  Importance of Pulses;  Status of Pulses Production and Consumption;  Challenges facing pulses production in dry areas;  What science can do to address these challenges;  Large scale impact of research investment;  Conclusion.
Importance of Pulse Crops
3 Great Challenges of Agriculture • Growing world population will cause a “serious storm" of food, energy and water shortages by 2050 • Demand for food and energy will jump 70% and 100% and for fresh water by 30%, as the population tops 9 billion • In the past, only ~12 crops received the major attention of scientific interventions The Big Challenge: How to expand agriculture output without further constraining natural resources?
4 Hungry & undernourished people remains a global concern • About 1 billion people globally remain hungry every day. Many Asian countries including India is among the countries with 20-34% populations undernourished and categorized as ‘Alarming’ in the Global Health Index (GHI) 525 million in Asia undernourished
5 Why Pulses?
6 Pulses offer many nutritional benefits  Pulses are three times richer in low fat protein as compared to cereals including rice and wheat;  Pulses have complementary Amino acid profile with cereals;  Micro-nutrient rich grains (Fe, Zn);  Good carbohydrates make pulses a great functional food;  High in dietry fibre.
The Balanced Diet: Cereals with Pulses The complementarities of cereals & pulses in nutritional value Food Legumes: High in protein and Lysine, low in sulfur-containing amino acids: Protein percentage Faba bean 20 – 36 % Lentil 20 – 27 % Grass pea 25 – 31 % Kabuli Chickpea 16 – 24 % Field Pea 20 - 23 % Cereals/Wheat: low in both protein and lysine but high in sulfur- containing amino acids Combiningfood legumes andcerealsprovidesabalanceddiet: improving nutrition,especiallyinlow-incomecommunities whereothersourcesofproteinlikeanimalproteinarelimited.
8 Pulses - A potential whole food solution Source; Pallemulle, Thavarajah, Thavarajah et al. unpublished data, 2013 Nutrient Lentil Field pea Chickpea Rice Protein (%) 20 –27a 20 -23d 19-20 2.9 Se (µg kg-1) 425 –672a 373-519d 450-850 93 Fe (mg kg-1) 73 –90b 44-55 50-55 2.4 Zn (mg kg-1) 44 –54b 20-30 20-32 3.7 Phytic acid (mg g-1) 1.8 -4.4c 2.2 –8.2 4.9 –6.1 7.2-11.9 50g of pulses is a good source of Fe, Zn, and Se Effect of lentil diet on anemic Sri Lankan Children after 60 Days 3 -7
9 Bio-fortified pulses – a panacea for hidden hunger 0 20 40 60 80 100 BARI M4 BARI M5 BARI M6 BARI M7 Fe and Zn contents of lentil varieties released in Bangladesh Fe content (ppm) Zn content (ppm) In Bangladesh, bio-fortified lentils developed by NARS and ICARDA are now grown in 145,600 ha, producing 186,000 tons for domestic consumption
10 Enhancing Soil Productivity & Health through Biological Nitrogen Fixation0612182430364248 -0.96 -0.84 -0.72 -0.6 -0.48 -0.36 -0.24 -0.12 Similarity FLIP07-273C ILC263 FLIP07-282C FLIP07-33C FLIP08-79C FLIP06-37C FLIP07-258C FLIP07-3C LM162 FLIP07-6C FLIP07-240C LM164 FLIP08-92C ILC3284 ILC533 ILC3397 FLIP08-177C FLIP07-127C FLIP07-14C FLIP07-280C FLIP08-99C FLIP08-98C FLIP06-151C ILC482 FLIP05-156C FLIP07-252C FLIP07-262C FLIP08-105C FLIP07-306C FLIP08-223C FLIP07-255C FLIP07-269C FLIP07-38C FLIP08-193C FLIP08-154C FLIP08-251C FLIP07-308C FLIP07-340C FLIP07-322C FLIP07-332C FLIP08-23C LM140 LM149 FLIP06-166C FLIP07-182C ILC3279 FLIP07-217C FLIP07-268C FLIP07-254C FLIP07-44C  Chickpea and Faba bean genotypes screened  Super nodulating lines identified (Egypt)  TILLING population of FB developed  Stress tolerant Rhizobium strains identified  Host-Rhizobium- Environments interaction studied  Enhancement of soil productivity and soil health.
Regional differences in the reliance of agriculture on legume fixed N or fertilizer N for food production Region Source & estimated annual N input Million ton N/year Asia & middle east 19 47 Europe 3 14 North America 8 14 Africa 3 5 South America 10 6 Oceania (Australia & NZ) 4 1 Total Global 47 87 value ≈>US$50 billion Source: Herridge et al (2008) Plant & Soil 311:1-18 Peoples et al (2009) Nitrogen Fixation in Crop Production: Agronomy Monograph 52, pp.349-385
1 : 1 line Includes 20 data points from Lars Ohlander, SLU Sweden Source: Angus et al (2008) Australian Agronomy Conf, Adelaide , Australia. www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2008/concurrent/rotations/5786_angusjf.htm Indirect contributions of legumes to food production Rotational benefits for following cereal crops
13 Pulses Eggs Chicken Pork Beef Water efficiency in food production (measured in galleons per ton) Daal (1kg) 1250 liters Chicken (1kg) 4325 liters Mutton (1kg) 5520 liters Beef (1kg) 13000 liters • 70-210 kg/ha N Fixed • 40-70 kg/ha N benefit • Phosphorus availability • Negative carbon food print Water efficiency Soil Health Water Efficiency and Nitrogen fixation
14 Low carbon footprint with pulses based systems Source: Gan et al., 2014 • The negative carbon footprints indicate that the production of a system sequesters more CO2 from the atmosphere than is emitted (a net sink of CO2). FFLxW FWW ContW LentilW Per ha -62 -218 -243 -552 Per kg -0.027 -0.164 -0.151 -0.377 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0• 70-210 kg/ha N Fixed • 40-70 kg/ha N benefit • Phosphorus availability
15 Pulses offer scope for diversification of cereal-based systems Early varieties Diversification Expansion in rice fallow Spring planting • Intensification & diversification of Cereal- based Cropping System by inclusion of pulses as catch crop • Introduction in Rice-fallows in South Asia • New niches such as winter planting • Market opportunities for more rural income Market opportuniti es
16 Market evolution of cereals and pulses Pulses are becoming cash crops due to the high demand 16
17 Steep rise in food prices in India over 30 years Pulses are becoming cash crops in India
Challenges Facing Enhancing Pulses Productivity and Production
19 Challenges to Pulse Productivity & Production  Mostly grown under rainfed marginal conditions: considered as secondary crops;  Instability in yield: prone to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses;  Changing climate: emerging new stresses;  Low yield potential: limited use of wide range of genetic diversity and desirable genes;  Use of less inputs by farmers;  Inappropriate supportive policies favouring cereals production at the expense of pulses;  Limited access to quality seed of improved varieties  Low investment in pulses R & D
20 Production constraints in chickpea as an Example  Biotic stress – Ascochyta Blight – Fusarioum wilt – Rust – Botrytis Grey Mould – Leaf miners: – Leaf caterpillar – Pod borers – cyst nematode  Abiotic stress – Drought – Heat – Cold – Salinity – Waterlogging – Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity
21 Constraints in other Food Legumes: Lentil & Faba Bean Stemphylium blight Rust Diseases Root diseases Drought and heat Weeds • Biotic stresses • Abiotic stresses • Problem soils • Socio-economic problems • Government policies Botrytis fabae Orabance in Faba bean
What Science can do to Explore the Potential of Pulses to Enhance their Productivity and Yield Stability
23 Strategy for Enhancing Pulses Production • Crop genetic improvement & new genetic gains for improved varieties; • Vertical increase in productivity through sustainable intensification of production systems; • Closing the yield gaps • Horizontal expansion • Reduced post-harvest losses • 25-60% yield gaps in pulses • Reasons are many……. • Closing the yield gaps can alone supply 60% of pulses deficit • Farmers participatory research
24 Genetic gains : Traits in Focus  Heat and drought tolerance  Resistances to diseases  Resistance to insect pests  Orobanche tolerance  Enhancing biological nitrogen fixation  Extra short duration  Herbicide tolerance  Machine harvesting  Water use efficiency  Fertilizer use efficiency  Improved plant architecture Cross Segregating Populations Genotype Phenotype QTLs Gene Discovery New Variety
Collec t Mission: Conserv e Characteriz e Evaluate Documen t Distribute Taxon/Crops No. of Accessions Food Legumes 35,867 Wild Relatives of Food Legumes 1,149 Forage Legumes 31,856 Range/pasture species 7,013 Total 75,885 Make-up of the ICARDA legumes collection Legumes Genetic Resources at ICARDA
Link environmental data to collection sites Adapted from D T F Endresen (NGB) Choose accessions from environments where selection pressure exists for adaptive traits to stress e.g. drought, heat, salinity. For diseases and pests, select material from environments that favor high pest populations Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) Application: Focusing on the ‘Best Bet’ Accessions
27 Genetic stocks for desirable traits developed by FIGS  Development of FIGS subsets - 10 FIGS subsets for chickpea - 4 FIGS subsets for lentil Biotic and abiotic stresses… - Botrytis grey mold - Ascochyta blight - Fusarium - Leaf minor - Pod borer ‒ Salinity tolerance ‒ Heat tolerance ‒ Cold tolerance ‒ Drought ‒ Virus 1908 accessions of chickpea and 400 accessions of lentil shared as FIGS to institutes all over the world
28 Forty out of 160 crosses in 2015 have been conducted in ICARDA-Terbol station assigned for pre-breeding research. The traits included earliness, large seed, AB, FW, cold, heat and drought tolerance. Conventional Breeding: Chickpea crossing block in 2015
 Genomics  Marker Assisted Selection  Double Haploids  Embryo Rescue  Tissue Culture  DNA Fingerprinting  Genetic Engineering Biotechnology Tools
30 Genomic tools in chickpea breeding Sub-set/reference-set (gene banks) RILs TILLING (Mutants) MAGIC/NAM Training population Association mapping Bi-parental/Mapping+QTL Reverse genetics approach Multi parent/association mapping Genomic selection Genotyping (SSR, GBS, SNP, DArT…etc) Phenotyping (Different field environments, environmental control, high- throughput score, precision, experimental design, data analysis…etc) Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) New released varieties Seven subsets (each/170-200 genotypes) for drought, salinity, cold, AB, FW, viruses and BGM More than 20 RILs have been developed for drought, salinity, cold, AB, FW…etc. Kabuli (Ghab5-1237 lines) have been developed and advanced to M5. Disi (1700 lines) have been advanced F5 MAGIC population have been developed from 12 parents NAM: is under development Not yet applied in chickpea Genetic resource
31 Precision Phenotyping FW and salinity screening in hydroponics Wilt sick plots for Fusarium wilt Orobanche screeningAscochyta Blight screening Drought and heat screening Cold screening
32 Novel Techniques for Phenotyping Screening for Fusarium wilt resistance
33 Source of variation d.f. SS MS F Genotype 137.00 210.88 1.54 1.86*** Location 1.00 1.04 1.04 1.26 Genotype X Location 137.00 150.46 1.10 1.33 Error 275.00 227.41 0.83 Total 551.00 609.38 • genotypes were screened in the field (Arish Egypt) and (hydroponic) • Alpha lattice design ( two replications) • 100 mM NaCl was used in hydroponic method • No significant difference have been observed between the tow methods • Significant differences have been identified between the genotypes. • Based on the average from the two locations, seven tolerant genotypes have been identified as the most tolerant genotypes from both experiments CV% = 7.8; LSD = 1.27 100 mM NaCl treatment Control Screening for salinity tolerance in chickpea under field condition and hydroponic system
34 Germplasm evaluated during 2014-15 620 lentil accessions 365 chickpea accessions Fusarium wilt Ascochyta Blight screening Chickpea Trait Genotypes Ascochyta blight 700 (Germplasm) 300 (segregating) Nitrogen fixation 100 Herbicides tol. 100 Fusarium wilt 300 (Germplasm) 200 (segregating) Heat tolerance 100 Plant traits Lentil Trait Lines Herbicide tolerance 500 Orobanche tolerance 250 Heat tolerance 200 Machine harvest 250 Rust resistance 120
Identify traits and associated molecular markers for drought tolerance Drought Resistance Score (DRS): Estimated by using a rating scale ranging from 1 (plants with 95–100 % pod setting) to 9 (plants did not set any pods and died). Phenology traits: 1. plant height (PLHT), 2. days to flowering (DFLR), 3. days to maturity (MAT) Yield-related traits: 1. grain yield (GY), 2. biological yield (BY), 3. Harvest index (HI), 4. number of pods/3 plants (Pod), 5. Percentage of empty pods (%Epod), 6. 100 seed weight (100 sw), 7. seed number/3 plants (SN). Developing short-duration cultivars that escape terminal drought and heat stress Drought Tolerance
LG4LG3 TA-34 H5H-032 TS-19 H3F-08 STMS-10 STMS-21 H1F-14 TR-31 H3H-04 GA-119 H1E-06 H4G-07 H6C-07 H1P-092 H1B-04 20.4 20.4 24.0 13.3 4.4 7.9 12.1 19.1 20.6 26.0 3.5 0.7 0.6 14.6 2 A B Scy17 H1B-17 TA-72 NCPGR-74 H3D-09 H5G-01 H1G-20 TA-146 SCEA19 H1A-12 TS-104 H4G-11 H5H-02 H1H-15 TR-20 10.3 17.4 13.2 14.7 12.2 6.9 7.0 7.8 15.9 17.1 5.3 1.4 2.0 11.2 1 A B YP YP YP SN SN SN SN POD POD POD SW SW PB PB PLHT PLHT HI HI HTSMAT EPOD EPOD BY BY FDFLR DFLR DFLR FLRD GFIL D GFILD GFILD GFILD HTS Pleiotropic QTLs on LG3 and LG4 were identified as associated with several traits including two conferring heat & drought tolerance in chickpea (HTS). Heat & Drought Tolerant Chickpea
37  Heat tolerant faba bean varieties in Sudan  Production increased from ~40,000 tons in 1995 to 150,000 tons at present. ‒ Area increased by 50,000 ha ‒ Productivity increased by 600 kg/ha  Misr3 - orobanche tolerant and Nubaria2 and Nubaria3 - drought tolerant varieties helped improved the self sufficiency level of faba bean in Egypt Climate resilient varieties of faba bean in Egypt and Sudan
38 ILC533 cold susceptible Screening for cold tolerance  Every year screening for cold tolerance done by early planting  Several genotypes have been identified used in breeding work to develop cold tolerant varieties Breeding for Cold Tolerance ILC533 cold susceptible Resistant lines
Increase chickpea productivity through forward breeding and management strategies of Ascochyta Blight • New gene mining (using targeted subsets from ICARDA genebanks using FIGS) • Development of new markers closely associated with AB resistant (Mapping and QTL analysis using RIL population or by association mapping) • Applying of marker assisted selection in chickpea breeding program for AB resistance • Multi-location testing • Study of development of the new pathotypes (4 pathotypes identified and reported by ICARDA) • Pyramiding of AB resistant genes • Combine with cold tolerance • CRISPR-Cas9 (genome editing) for enhancing AB resistance ICARDA strategy for enhancing AB resistance
Four A. rabiei pathotypes amplified by AroH5T primers. Two mating types of A. rabiei were amplified using The multiplex MAT-specific primers. Murad et al. 2009 Molecular detection of Ascochyta rabiei pathotypes
Resistant Susceptible Orobanche-resistant in faba bean in Egypt
Resistance to Botrytis fabae Disease in Faba beans in Egypt
43 Insect Resistant Chickpea Leaf miner • 6 segregating population and FIGS set evaluated at Kemis Zemamra station in Morocco • 200 single plants with good resistance and pods/plant. Evaluation of breeding lines for resistance to Leaf miner Damage by Helicoverpa pod borer in chickpea Pod borer • FIGS (375) evaluated in Annaceur (off season) • 34 lines with 1-5% damage
44 Extra Early Lentils from Wild Species
45 Extra Early Varieties Replacing fallow in rice fallow in South Asia Lowland Areas in Ethiopia
Machine Harvesting Lentil  Good standing ability  Erect and high biomass  More height of the first pod  No pod drop and shattering  Idlib2, Idlib 3, Idlib 4, Ibla 1, ILL 590, ILL1005, ILL6037, ILL6212, ILL7155
47 Machine Harvestable Traits  Screened breeding lines for good standing ability, Erect tall, more height of the first pod, no pod drop and shattering and prominent tendrils  Two lines with above traits, 08S41102 and 08S41137, identified .
48 Chickpea Development of large-seeded, short duration chickpea varieties with resistance to wilt and Ascochyta blight and tolerant to drought and heat suitable to mechanical harvest
49 Large seeded cultivars for market opportunities 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Area (000 ha) Production (000 tons) Yield (kg/ha) 328 438 411 430 431 475 508 409 500 499 643 696 906 950 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1971-73 1974-76 1980-82 1986-88 1989-91 1998-2K 2003-05 Small seeded lentil Large seeded lentil Development of large-seeded Kabuli chickpea varieties 25-28 g 100 seed-1 34-40 g 100 seed-1 >50 g 100 seed-1 Before 2000 Target of the project After 2000 lentil and chickpea
IPM of Chickpea Leaf Miner  Up to 45% yield loss in Morocco in spring chickpea  Botanical pesticides such as neem oil is effective for its control.  Parasitoids: conservation and enhancement through diversified cropping system and the use of flowering medicinal plants as strips between chickpea fields.  Early planting date (winter)
Large Scale Impact of Research Investment in Pulses
Winter vs. Spring Chickpea in West Asia & North Africa Mature winter crop Spring sown crop
53 Drought Tolerant Chickpea Variety Survived 2007 Excessive Drought in Turkey The Kabuli chickpea, ‘Gokce’, developed by ICARDA and Turkish national scientists, has withstood severe drought in Turkey and produced when most other crops failed in 2007. Gokce is used on about 85% of the chickpea production areas (over 550,000 ha). With a yield advantage of 300 kg/ha over other varieties, and world prices over USD 1000/t, this represents an additional USD 165 million for Turkish farmers, in 2007 alone..
Impact of research investment on Pulses Production Improvement in Ethiopia High yielding rust resistant Alemaya lentil variety widely adopted in Ethiopia Increase in production 2000/01 - 2009/10: •Lentils: 3 times •Faba Bean: 40% •Chickpea: 60% Increased production and added value products provides employment through food processing in rural areas Field visits to pulse farmer involving policy makers Decortication of lentil
55 Research Impact on Pulses in Ethiopia  Chickpea production was doubled between 2000 and 2015.  Kabuli Chickpeas – Expanding in Central Highlands  Export 54,000 tons Chickpea and 18,000 tons lentil  Drought tolerant and Orobanche resistant faba bean with farmers  Pulses contribute >90 million USD to Ethiopia foreign exchange
56 Fast-tracking of Iron & Zinc-rich lentil varieties India: Pusa Vaibhav (Fe 102 ppm) Bangladesh: Barimasur-4 (Fe 86 ppm; Zn-59 ppm Ethiopia: Alemaya (Fe-98, Zn-64 ppm) Nepal: Shekhar (Fe-78 ppm; Zn-68 ppm)
Lentil cultivars with high concentration of Fe & Zn are in ‘fast-tracking’ seed dissemination  Ethiopia: Alemaya  Bangladesh: Barimasur-4, Barimasur-5 and Barimasur-6, Barimasur-7, Binamasur-7  India: Pusa Vaibhav  Nepal: Sisir, Shital, Shekhar, Khajurah-1, Khajurah-2  Syria: Idlib-2, Idlib-3 and Idlib-4  Turkey: Myveci-2001  Portugal: Beleza
58 Impact on bio-fortified lentil in Bangladesh 0 20 40 60 80 100 BARI M4 BARI M5 BARI M6 BARI M7 Fe and Zn contents of lentil varieties released in Bangladesh Fe content (ppm) Zn content (ppm) • Five bio-fortified varieties (BARI M4, M5, M6 and M7, M-8) released • Average production 1.3 t/ha • Producing 186,000 ton micronutrient dense lentil worth $30 million annually • About 1 million farm families are directly benefited in house-hold nutritional security
Massive Technology Up-scaling of bio-fortified lentil in Bangladesh
60 Rice Jul-Oct Lentil Nov - Feb Sesame Mar - May Fallow after rice Nov - June Example: 3 crops (India) per year Rice Fallow Replacement by Pulses in India & Bangladesh
(Biradar and Xiao, 2011) (Biradar et al., 2012*) Tapping potential of Rice Fallow in South Asia: Legumes Food from Fallows 11.6 m ha in India > 1.2 m ha in Bangladesh 0.55 m ha in Nepal
63 Early Lentil Demonstration Replacing Fallow in Fallow Rice Rotation in Bangladesh & India
64 Enhancing farmers’ income and house-hold nutritional security through intensification in Rice – Fallow Replacement A farmer, Mr. S H Khunou earned Rs 80,000 ($ 1230) in 2 ha rice- fallow land in Manipur state of India from lentil A farmer, Mr. P. Das earned Rs. 24,600 ($ 378) from lentil in 0.48 ha rice fallow land
Grasspea in rice fallow in island of West Bengal
Lack of organic manure in soil: Cow-dung is used as fuel No-till lentil in Bangladesh No-till lentil in, India: relay crop in rice field No-tillage lentils in Nepal Grasspea under no-tillage in India Zero-till chickpea in India CA Technology: Pulses are best fit
67 Nepal – emerged as an exporter of lentil in South Asia  Ten lentil varieties released  Production of improved varieties: 124,952 t.  Total values = 61.92 m USD /year  >800,000 farm families benefited 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Local varieties Improved varieties Grain yield (kg/ha)
68 Faba bean production in Egypt  Production increased from 130,000 ton in 2012 to 175,000 ton in 2015  Misr3 - Orobanche tolerant and Nubaria2 and Nubaria3 - drought tolerant varieties  Self sufficiency level of faba bean in Egypt increased from 28% in 2012 to 37% at present
69 Heat tolerant faba bean in Sudan Production increased from ~40,000 t in nineties to 150,000 t at present. • Increase in area (~20000 ha in nineties to ~70000 ha) • Productivity from 1500 to 2120 kg/ha
Grasspea causes Neurolathyrism or Paralysis
71 Grasspea Low ODAP content for safe human food and with high biomass for animal feed targeted to various cropping system niches Uses as dal, besan, vegetable, fodder/straw Introductions from ICARDA
Variety Nirmal produced 0.8-1.7 t/ha Low-ODAP Grass pea varieties in Bangladesh and India
Recommendations & Conclusion
74 How to raise awareness about pulse benefit?  Inclusion pulses benefits in school curriculum among children;  Innovations in pulse products and ready to eat products;  Messages by celebrities and eminent personalities about the benefits of pulses in electronic media and print;  National, regional and global events involving participation of general public and celebrities;  Short documentary films on benefits on pulses.
75 Recommendations & Conclusions  Pulses for Food Security  Pulses contribute to global food and nutritional security both directly & indirectly through high protein content.  Major source of micro nutrients  Important source of dietary fibre;.  The protein content of legumes is not as affected by e[CO2] as cereals & grasses –  Pulses for Environmental Benefits and Mitigation of Climate Change  Pulse production enhance soil N content and soil productivity and health;  Production of pulses has lower greenhouse gas emissions than crops that require N-fertilization;.  Lower fossil energy costs than crops that needs N-fertilization;
76 Recommendations & Conclusions (cont’d)  Pulses for Environmental Benefits and Mitigation of Climate Change (cont’d)  The inclusion of legumes in farming systems appears to accelerate soil C sequestration promote soil health since it breaks the disease and insect cycles in soil created by the prevailed cereal mono-culture .  Considering the nutritional and environmental benefits of pulses, it is essential that pulses consumption is well encouraged;  It is important to bridge the gap between production and consumption at both national and global levels;  There is an urgent need to invest more in science and technology to enhancing pulses productivity, production and reduce production cost. . The IYP is an excellent opportunity to promote the consumption of pulses & more investment in science and Technology to enhance pulses productivity and production for global food and nutrition security and healthy soils.
77 Global Pulses Federation 2016 International Year of Pulses Signature Events
United States of America (USAD & USDA) World Bank Germany United Kingdom IFAD Italy The Netherlands European Commission Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD) Canada Sweden Australia (ACIAR & GRDC) Norway CGIAR Desertification Trust Fund Iran Denmark Japan UNDP IDRC OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) Egypt France Ford Foundation Syria Switzerland Austria Pakistan Asian Development Bank Spain Belgium FAO Yemen Saudi Arabia Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) India Morocco Turkey Tunisia China UNEP Global Mechanism-UNCCD Ethiopia Finland Cornell University Global Crop Diversity Trust Libya South Africa Sudan Harvest Plus OCP Foundation Morocco CRP Grain Legumes Donors to ICARDA since its establishment in 1977 (In descending order of contribution)
Pulses…….. Safeguarding our nutritional security and environmental sustainability Thank you

More Related Content

PPTX
Suraj ELP PPT
byPoojaSinghRajput2
 
PPTX
Quality Seed Production in Pulses
byAbhishek Malpani
 
PPT
Pearl millet
bymohans118
 
PPTX
Presentation mechanization of horticulture in India
bySuresh Mandhar
 
PPTX
Soyabean
bySiddharth Khanna
 
PPTX
Pearl millet
byWasim Shaikh
 
PPTX
Seed hardening
byKomandla venkatkiran Reddy
 
PPTX
Role and mechanism of botanicals in pest management
byKarthikeyan S
 
Suraj ELP PPT
byPoojaSinghRajput2
 
Quality Seed Production in Pulses
byAbhishek Malpani
 
Pearl millet
bymohans118
 
Presentation mechanization of horticulture in India
bySuresh Mandhar
 
Soyabean
bySiddharth Khanna
 
Pearl millet
byWasim Shaikh
 
Seed hardening
byKomandla venkatkiran Reddy
 
Role and mechanism of botanicals in pest management
byKarthikeyan S
 

What's hot

PPTX
Challenges facing by the farmers in pulses production and productivity ?
bySuman Dey
 
PPT
Integrated Nutrient Management For Sustainable Vegetable Production
byVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
 
PDF
Horticultural practices in vegetable crops
byParmarManishkumarNar
 
PPTX
Sweet gourd (Momordica cochinchinensis)
byAdhiyamaan Raj
 
PPT
Tomato production technology
byAnanda Murthy H C
 
PPTX
3. chickpea ppt 1
bySHIV SINGH YADAV
 
PPTX
Genetic principles of seed production
byVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
 
PPTX
Recent approaches for evaluating cropping systems
byJagadish.M Gayakwad
 
PPTX
Advances in use of plant bio-regulators for fruit production-includes new gen...
byPanchaal Bhattacharjee
 
PDF
Rawe Report
byOdisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar.
 
PDF
Pigeon pea Breeding- Crop Improvement kharif
byDr.Pratibha Bisen
 
PPTX
Rice based cropping system
byksksolanki7
 
PPTX
Training and pruning in apple
byAndrew Myrthong
 
PPTX
EFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
bySHRAVAN KUMAR REDDY
 
PPTX
Rejuvenation of Old/senile orchards-A success story
byParshant Bakshi
 
PPTX
Chilli ppt
byNugurusaichandan
 
PPTX
Breeding of soyabean
byGovinda sijapati
 
PPTX
Safflower
byHasanali nadaf
 
PPT
Rootstock
byChongtham Allaylay Devi
 
PPTX
Integrated weed management
byrajendra750
 
Challenges facing by the farmers in pulses production and productivity ?
bySuman Dey
 
Integrated Nutrient Management For Sustainable Vegetable Production
byVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
 
Horticultural practices in vegetable crops
byParmarManishkumarNar
 
Sweet gourd (Momordica cochinchinensis)
byAdhiyamaan Raj
 
Tomato production technology
byAnanda Murthy H C
 
3. chickpea ppt 1
bySHIV SINGH YADAV
 
Genetic principles of seed production
byVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
 
Recent approaches for evaluating cropping systems
byJagadish.M Gayakwad
 
Advances in use of plant bio-regulators for fruit production-includes new gen...
byPanchaal Bhattacharjee
 
Rawe Report
byOdisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar.
 
Pigeon pea Breeding- Crop Improvement kharif
byDr.Pratibha Bisen
 
Rice based cropping system
byksksolanki7
 
Training and pruning in apple
byAndrew Myrthong
 
EFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
bySHRAVAN KUMAR REDDY
 
Rejuvenation of Old/senile orchards-A success story
byParshant Bakshi
 
Chilli ppt
byNugurusaichandan
 
Breeding of soyabean
byGovinda sijapati
 
Safflower
byHasanali nadaf
 
Rootstock
byChongtham Allaylay Devi
 
Integrated weed management
byrajendra750
 

Viewers also liked

PPTX
Pulses: India and World
byAnand Thokal
 
PPTX
PULSE CROPS FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION INTENSIFICATION
byExternalEvents
 
PPT
Horsegram
byIIM Ahmedabad
 
PPT
Achievements in Pulses and Oilcrops Research in BRAC, Bangladesh
byBRAC AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAZIPUR, BANGLADFESH
 
PDF
Manual of Seed Handling in Genebanks
bySeeds
 
PDF
Chickpea breeding at ICRISAT
byICRISAT
 
PPTX
Climate-smart agriculture: What role for fertilizers?
byICARDA
 
PPT
Cereals & pulses
byehospitalitymentor. com
 
PPTX
Improving Food Security & Nutrition (IFSN) Overview of Project & Research
byIFPRIMaSSP
 
PPT
Crop production&magement
bySubham Modi
 
PPTX
Pulses Panchayat
byICARDA
 
PDF
Meghalaya State Report - December 2016
byIndia Brand Equity Foundation
 
PPTX
Using pulse diversity to manage pests and diseases
byBioversity International
 
PPTX
Sustainable Food Production: Improving Food Security and Human Nutrition in ...
byIFSD14
 
PPTX
Breeding and genetics for improved productivity and resilience - Claire Domon...
byExternalEvents
 
PPTX
Dissecting water-saving traits in pulses
byICARDA
 
DOC
BRAC pulses progrmme & its activities
byBRAC AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAZIPUR, BANGLADFESH
 
PPT
Terrestrial resource challenge
byJames Company
 
PPTX
Securing pulses under changed climates - Rebecca Ford
byClimate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries
 
PPT
Hour 1
bysyaheer77
 
Pulses: India and World
byAnand Thokal
 
PULSE CROPS FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION INTENSIFICATION
byExternalEvents
 
Horsegram
byIIM Ahmedabad
 
Achievements in Pulses and Oilcrops Research in BRAC, Bangladesh
byBRAC AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAZIPUR, BANGLADFESH
 
Manual of Seed Handling in Genebanks
bySeeds
 
Chickpea breeding at ICRISAT
byICRISAT
 
Climate-smart agriculture: What role for fertilizers?
byICARDA
 
Cereals & pulses
byehospitalitymentor. com
 
Improving Food Security & Nutrition (IFSN) Overview of Project & Research
byIFPRIMaSSP
 
Crop production&magement
bySubham Modi
 
Pulses Panchayat
byICARDA
 
Meghalaya State Report - December 2016
byIndia Brand Equity Foundation
 
Using pulse diversity to manage pests and diseases
byBioversity International
 
Sustainable Food Production: Improving Food Security and Human Nutrition in ...
byIFSD14
 
Breeding and genetics for improved productivity and resilience - Claire Domon...
byExternalEvents
 
Dissecting water-saving traits in pulses
byICARDA
 
BRAC pulses progrmme & its activities
byBRAC AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, GAZIPUR, BANGLADFESH
 
Terrestrial resource challenge
byJames Company
 
Securing pulses under changed climates - Rebecca Ford
byClimate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries
 
Hour 1
bysyaheer77
 

Similar to Pulses in Dry Areas: Importance, Challenges and Potential

PPT
Pulse crops, Chickpeas, Mungbean, Mashbean..ppt
bySindh Agriculture University Tandojam
 
PDF
IFPRI- Boosting Pulse Production in India-What worked and what did not, N P S...
byInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
 
PPTX
Improving quality of pulses through physiological approaches
byVivek Zinzala
 
PPTX
agriculture science practical crop production pulses and its significance to ...
byBABLUHRANGKHAWL
 
PPTX
Pulses for improved nutrition and the role of biotechnologies
byExternalEvents
 
PPTX
1. Introduction to leguminous crop production
bycianreesegt
 
PPTX
Pulses of INDIA Agronomy agriculture presentation
byRanit Sarkar
 
PDF
Grain Legumes 1st Edition Antonio M De Ron
bydialscroonza
 
PPTX
Pulses r and d in india dr. s k datta
byipga
 
PPT
Pulses-BHUPPT.ppt
byShar2903vesh06
 
PDF
ICRISAT message for International Year of Pulses 2016 ‪#‎IYP‬ ‪#‎IYP2016‬
byTropical Legumes III
 
PPTX
Diversification of production systems for dietary diversity
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Key messages on pulses
byFAO
 
PDF
Pulses and biodiversity
byCREAFEM FOOD CONSULTING®
 
PPTX
Pulses for Harvesting ‘More from Less’ in Dry Areas
byICARDA
 
PDF
IFPRI- Pulses - An Integral Component for Mitigation and Adaptation under Cli...
byInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
 
PDF
ICRISAT's message for the International Year of Pulses #IYP2016
byTropical Legumes III
 
PDF
CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes, Value for Money
byCGIAR
 
PPTX
Soybeannnnn
byDr. sreeremya S
 
PPTX
1. Introduction to leguminous crop production
bycianreesegt
 
Pulse crops, Chickpeas, Mungbean, Mashbean..ppt
bySindh Agriculture University Tandojam
 
IFPRI- Boosting Pulse Production in India-What worked and what did not, N P S...
byInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
 
Improving quality of pulses through physiological approaches
byVivek Zinzala
 
agriculture science practical crop production pulses and its significance to ...
byBABLUHRANGKHAWL
 
Pulses for improved nutrition and the role of biotechnologies
byExternalEvents
 
1. Introduction to leguminous crop production
bycianreesegt
 
Pulses of INDIA Agronomy agriculture presentation
byRanit Sarkar
 
Grain Legumes 1st Edition Antonio M De Ron
bydialscroonza
 
Pulses r and d in india dr. s k datta
byipga
 
Pulses-BHUPPT.ppt
byShar2903vesh06
 
ICRISAT message for International Year of Pulses 2016 ‪#‎IYP‬ ‪#‎IYP2016‬
byTropical Legumes III
 
Diversification of production systems for dietary diversity
byICARDA
 
Key messages on pulses
byFAO
 
Pulses and biodiversity
byCREAFEM FOOD CONSULTING®
 
Pulses for Harvesting ‘More from Less’ in Dry Areas
byICARDA
 
IFPRI- Pulses - An Integral Component for Mitigation and Adaptation under Cli...
byInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
 
ICRISAT's message for the International Year of Pulses #IYP2016
byTropical Legumes III
 
CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes, Value for Money
byCGIAR
 
Soybeannnnn
byDr. sreeremya S
 
1. Introduction to leguminous crop production
bycianreesegt
 

More from ICARDA

PPTX
Dryland Agriculture R&I in China: Actions towards SDGs 2030
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Building Climate Smart FARMERS The Indian Perspective
byICARDA
 
PPTX
The Dry arc in brief
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Characteristics of a winning research proposal
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Impact of Climate Change and possible steps for Reversal”
byICARDA
 
PDF
Utilizing the reject brine from desalination for implementing integrated agri...
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Just Add Water: Approaches to Smart Agricultural Water Management
byICARDA
 
PDF
Mapping suitable niche for cactus and legumes in diversified farming in drylands
byICARDA
 
PDF
SUSTAINABLE SILVOPASTORAL RESTORATION TO PROMOTE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN TUNISIA
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Bio-wonder, Tunisia
byICARDA
 
PPTX
FEW Three in One Food Energy and Water
byICARDA
 
PDF
The role of higher and vocational education and training in developing knowle...
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Can we measure female social entrepreneurship?
byICARDA
 
PDF
Introduction to mobile data collection
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Highlights on 2019 research outputs and outcomes​
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Building a research-for-development partnership for thriving drylands in a ch...
byICARDA
 
PPTX
The DryArc Initiative
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Powering dry areas by empowering food security under the context of climat...
byICARDA
 
PPTX
Funding networks and mechanisms to support EU AU FNSSA R&I
byICARDA
 
PPT
BRINGING INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY ALONG THE WHOLE VALUE CHAIN IN THE MED...
byICARDA
 
Dryland Agriculture R&I in China: Actions towards SDGs 2030
byICARDA
 
Building Climate Smart FARMERS The Indian Perspective
byICARDA
 
The Dry arc in brief
byICARDA
 
Characteristics of a winning research proposal
byICARDA
 
Impact of Climate Change and possible steps for Reversal”
byICARDA
 
Utilizing the reject brine from desalination for implementing integrated agri...
byICARDA
 
Just Add Water: Approaches to Smart Agricultural Water Management
byICARDA
 
Mapping suitable niche for cactus and legumes in diversified farming in drylands
byICARDA
 
SUSTAINABLE SILVOPASTORAL RESTORATION TO PROMOTE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN TUNISIA
byICARDA
 
Bio-wonder, Tunisia
byICARDA
 
FEW Three in One Food Energy and Water
byICARDA
 
The role of higher and vocational education and training in developing knowle...
byICARDA
 
Can we measure female social entrepreneurship?
byICARDA
 
Introduction to mobile data collection
byICARDA
 
Highlights on 2019 research outputs and outcomes​
byICARDA
 
Building a research-for-development partnership for thriving drylands in a ch...
byICARDA
 
The DryArc Initiative
byICARDA
 
Powering dry areas by empowering food security under the context of climat...
byICARDA
 
Funding networks and mechanisms to support EU AU FNSSA R&I
byICARDA
 
BRINGING INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY ALONG THE WHOLE VALUE CHAIN IN THE MED...
byICARDA
 

Recently uploaded

PDF
Influence of grazing intensity and regime on soil nitrogen fixation dynamics ...
byMuhammad Khalid Afzal
 
PPTX
Forest Farming - Agroforestry Techniques and More
byjosh540578
 
PDF
Population Estimation and Behavioral Study of the Spotted Owl (Athene brama) ...
byMuhammad Khalid Afzal
 
PPTX
Sustainable Landscaping with Native Ornamental Plants.pptx
bylalaghasahak4149
 
PDF
Composting Process, types and application methods.pdf
byAlisha Shaikh
 
PPT
Postmortem changes veterinary pathology 3
byahmadrahmani7862
 
PPTX
Wuchereria Bancrofti Morphology , Pathogenesis , Lab diagnosis , Treatment & ...
byRemya M S
 
PPTX
Paper chromatography separation technique.pptx
byBBAU Central University, Lucknow
 
DOCX
Siwes technical report done at hospital2025
bykm9056517
 
PDF
Chapter 4 Retrosynthesis_ GUIDELINES.pdf
byjennyzamora1200
 
PPTX
Physical Science SHS 24.2 Expanding Universe.pptx
byJessonSuaga1
 
PPSX
presentation-modified- final - mode.ppsx
byAhmadEweas
 
PDF
Periodic Table ( आवर्त सारणी ) Chemistry Notes PDF @irfanullah_mehar @world_o...
byWorld of Wisdom
 
PDF
Generative AI for Synthetic Tabular Data: Deep Dive into Methods, Evaluation,...
byanuradhasrivastav1
 
PDF
Neuroscience 6th Edition PDF Textbook by Dale Purves
byhifateb609
 
PDF
MOT , VBT , Ionic Bonding, VSPER Theory BSc 1st Sem Inorganic Chemistry Irfan...
byWorld of Wisdom
 
PPTX
Synthesis of Titanium complexes and characterisation.pdf
bygoykar167
 
PPTX
VEDA ACADEMY CLASS VIII-ICSE CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 7- HYDROGEN.pptx
bynextgenhealthtech202
 
PDF
Characterization of NPs(Optical, Microscopy, XRD, DLS,NTA).pdf
byAlisha Shaikh
 
PPTX
HOW_TO_GET_OVER_Anger everything about anger biological view
bytobemjma
 
Influence of grazing intensity and regime on soil nitrogen fixation dynamics ...
byMuhammad Khalid Afzal
 
Forest Farming - Agroforestry Techniques and More
byjosh540578
 
Population Estimation and Behavioral Study of the Spotted Owl (Athene brama) ...
byMuhammad Khalid Afzal
 
Sustainable Landscaping with Native Ornamental Plants.pptx
bylalaghasahak4149
 
Composting Process, types and application methods.pdf
byAlisha Shaikh
 
Postmortem changes veterinary pathology 3
byahmadrahmani7862
 
Wuchereria Bancrofti Morphology , Pathogenesis , Lab diagnosis , Treatment & ...
byRemya M S
 
Paper chromatography separation technique.pptx
byBBAU Central University, Lucknow
 
Siwes technical report done at hospital2025
bykm9056517
 
Chapter 4 Retrosynthesis_ GUIDELINES.pdf
byjennyzamora1200
 
Physical Science SHS 24.2 Expanding Universe.pptx
byJessonSuaga1
 
presentation-modified- final - mode.ppsx
byAhmadEweas
 
Periodic Table ( आवर्त सारणी ) Chemistry Notes PDF @irfanullah_mehar @world_o...
byWorld of Wisdom
 
Generative AI for Synthetic Tabular Data: Deep Dive into Methods, Evaluation,...
byanuradhasrivastav1
 
Neuroscience 6th Edition PDF Textbook by Dale Purves
byhifateb609
 
MOT , VBT , Ionic Bonding, VSPER Theory BSc 1st Sem Inorganic Chemistry Irfan...
byWorld of Wisdom
 
Synthesis of Titanium complexes and characterisation.pdf
bygoykar167
 
VEDA ACADEMY CLASS VIII-ICSE CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 7- HYDROGEN.pptx
bynextgenhealthtech202
 
Characterization of NPs(Optical, Microscopy, XRD, DLS,NTA).pdf
byAlisha Shaikh
 
HOW_TO_GET_OVER_Anger everything about anger biological view
bytobemjma
 

Pulses in Dry Areas: Importance, Challenges and Potential

  • 1.
    International Conference onPulses For Health, Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture in Dry Areas Marrakech, Morocco, 18 - 20 April, 2016 Pulses in Dry Areas: Importance, Challenges and Potential Mahmoud El Solh Director General ICARDA
  • 2.
    Outline  Importance ofPulses;  Status of Pulses Production and Consumption;  Challenges facing pulses production in dry areas;  What science can do to address these challenges;  Large scale impact of research investment;  Conclusion.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    3 Great Challenges ofAgriculture • Growing world population will cause a “serious storm" of food, energy and water shortages by 2050 • Demand for food and energy will jump 70% and 100% and for fresh water by 30%, as the population tops 9 billion • In the past, only ~12 crops received the major attention of scientific interventions The Big Challenge: How to expand agriculture output without further constraining natural resources?
  • 5.
    4 Hungry & undernourishedpeople remains a global concern • About 1 billion people globally remain hungry every day. Many Asian countries including India is among the countries with 20-34% populations undernourished and categorized as ‘Alarming’ in the Global Health Index (GHI) 525 million in Asia undernourished
  • 6.
  • 7.
    6 Pulses offer manynutritional benefits  Pulses are three times richer in low fat protein as compared to cereals including rice and wheat;  Pulses have complementary Amino acid profile with cereals;  Micro-nutrient rich grains (Fe, Zn);  Good carbohydrates make pulses a great functional food;  High in dietry fibre.
  • 8.
    The Balanced Diet:Cereals with Pulses The complementarities of cereals & pulses in nutritional value Food Legumes: High in protein and Lysine, low in sulfur-containing amino acids: Protein percentage Faba bean 20 – 36 % Lentil 20 – 27 % Grass pea 25 – 31 % Kabuli Chickpea 16 – 24 % Field Pea 20 - 23 % Cereals/Wheat: low in both protein and lysine but high in sulfur- containing amino acids Combiningfood legumes andcerealsprovidesabalanceddiet: improving nutrition,especiallyinlow-incomecommunities whereothersourcesofproteinlikeanimalproteinarelimited.
  • 9.
    8 Pulses - Apotential whole food solution Source; Pallemulle, Thavarajah, Thavarajah et al. unpublished data, 2013 Nutrient Lentil Field pea Chickpea Rice Protein (%) 20 –27a 20 -23d 19-20 2.9 Se (µg kg-1) 425 –672a 373-519d 450-850 93 Fe (mg kg-1) 73 –90b 44-55 50-55 2.4 Zn (mg kg-1) 44 –54b 20-30 20-32 3.7 Phytic acid (mg g-1) 1.8 -4.4c 2.2 –8.2 4.9 –6.1 7.2-11.9 50g of pulses is a good source of Fe, Zn, and Se Effect of lentil diet on anemic Sri Lankan Children after 60 Days 3 -7
  • 10.
    9 Bio-fortified pulses –a panacea for hidden hunger 0 20 40 60 80 100 BARI M4 BARI M5 BARI M6 BARI M7 Fe and Zn contents of lentil varieties released in Bangladesh Fe content (ppm) Zn content (ppm) In Bangladesh, bio-fortified lentils developed by NARS and ICARDA are now grown in 145,600 ha, producing 186,000 tons for domestic consumption
  • 11.
    10 Enhancing Soil Productivity& Health through Biological Nitrogen Fixation0612182430364248 -0.96 -0.84 -0.72 -0.6 -0.48 -0.36 -0.24 -0.12 Similarity FLIP07-273C ILC263 FLIP07-282C FLIP07-33C FLIP08-79C FLIP06-37C FLIP07-258C FLIP07-3C LM162 FLIP07-6C FLIP07-240C LM164 FLIP08-92C ILC3284 ILC533 ILC3397 FLIP08-177C FLIP07-127C FLIP07-14C FLIP07-280C FLIP08-99C FLIP08-98C FLIP06-151C ILC482 FLIP05-156C FLIP07-252C FLIP07-262C FLIP08-105C FLIP07-306C FLIP08-223C FLIP07-255C FLIP07-269C FLIP07-38C FLIP08-193C FLIP08-154C FLIP08-251C FLIP07-308C FLIP07-340C FLIP07-322C FLIP07-332C FLIP08-23C LM140 LM149 FLIP06-166C FLIP07-182C ILC3279 FLIP07-217C FLIP07-268C FLIP07-254C FLIP07-44C  Chickpea and Faba bean genotypes screened  Super nodulating lines identified (Egypt)  TILLING population of FB developed  Stress tolerant Rhizobium strains identified  Host-Rhizobium- Environments interaction studied  Enhancement of soil productivity and soil health.
  • 12.
    Regional differences inthe reliance of agriculture on legume fixed N or fertilizer N for food production Region Source & estimated annual N input Million ton N/year Asia & middle east 19 47 Europe 3 14 North America 8 14 Africa 3 5 South America 10 6 Oceania (Australia & NZ) 4 1 Total Global 47 87 value ≈>US$50 billion Source: Herridge et al (2008) Plant & Soil 311:1-18 Peoples et al (2009) Nitrogen Fixation in Crop Production: Agronomy Monograph 52, pp.349-385
  • 13.
    1 : 1line Includes 20 data points from Lars Ohlander, SLU Sweden Source: Angus et al (2008) Australian Agronomy Conf, Adelaide , Australia. www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2008/concurrent/rotations/5786_angusjf.htm Indirect contributions of legumes to food production Rotational benefits for following cereal crops
  • 14.
    13 Pulses Eggs Chicken Pork Beef Water efficiency infood production (measured in galleons per ton) Daal (1kg) 1250 liters Chicken (1kg) 4325 liters Mutton (1kg) 5520 liters Beef (1kg) 13000 liters • 70-210 kg/ha N Fixed • 40-70 kg/ha N benefit • Phosphorus availability • Negative carbon food print Water efficiency Soil Health Water Efficiency and Nitrogen fixation
  • 15.
    14 Low carbon footprintwith pulses based systems Source: Gan et al., 2014 • The negative carbon footprints indicate that the production of a system sequesters more CO2 from the atmosphere than is emitted (a net sink of CO2). FFLxW FWW ContW LentilW Per ha -62 -218 -243 -552 Per kg -0.027 -0.164 -0.151 -0.377 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0• 70-210 kg/ha N Fixed • 40-70 kg/ha N benefit • Phosphorus availability
  • 16.
    15 Pulses offer scopefor diversification of cereal-based systems Early varieties Diversification Expansion in rice fallow Spring planting • Intensification & diversification of Cereal- based Cropping System by inclusion of pulses as catch crop • Introduction in Rice-fallows in South Asia • New niches such as winter planting • Market opportunities for more rural income Market opportuniti es
  • 17.
    16 Market evolution ofcereals and pulses Pulses are becoming cash crops due to the high demand 16
  • 18.
    17 Steep rise infood prices in India over 30 years Pulses are becoming cash crops in India
  • 19.
    Challenges Facing EnhancingPulses Productivity and Production
  • 20.
    19 Challenges to PulseProductivity & Production  Mostly grown under rainfed marginal conditions: considered as secondary crops;  Instability in yield: prone to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses;  Changing climate: emerging new stresses;  Low yield potential: limited use of wide range of genetic diversity and desirable genes;  Use of less inputs by farmers;  Inappropriate supportive policies favouring cereals production at the expense of pulses;  Limited access to quality seed of improved varieties  Low investment in pulses R & D
  • 21.
    20 Production constraints inchickpea as an Example  Biotic stress – Ascochyta Blight – Fusarioum wilt – Rust – Botrytis Grey Mould – Leaf miners: – Leaf caterpillar – Pod borers – cyst nematode  Abiotic stress – Drought – Heat – Cold – Salinity – Waterlogging – Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity
  • 22.
    21 Constraints in otherFood Legumes: Lentil & Faba Bean Stemphylium blight Rust Diseases Root diseases Drought and heat Weeds • Biotic stresses • Abiotic stresses • Problem soils • Socio-economic problems • Government policies Botrytis fabae Orabance in Faba bean
  • 23.
    What Science cando to Explore the Potential of Pulses to Enhance their Productivity and Yield Stability
  • 24.
    23 Strategy for EnhancingPulses Production • Crop genetic improvement & new genetic gains for improved varieties; • Vertical increase in productivity through sustainable intensification of production systems; • Closing the yield gaps • Horizontal expansion • Reduced post-harvest losses • 25-60% yield gaps in pulses • Reasons are many……. • Closing the yield gaps can alone supply 60% of pulses deficit • Farmers participatory research
  • 25.
    24 Genetic gains :Traits in Focus  Heat and drought tolerance  Resistances to diseases  Resistance to insect pests  Orobanche tolerance  Enhancing biological nitrogen fixation  Extra short duration  Herbicide tolerance  Machine harvesting  Water use efficiency  Fertilizer use efficiency  Improved plant architecture Cross Segregating Populations Genotype Phenotype QTLs Gene Discovery New Variety
  • 26.
    Collec t Mission: Conserv e Characteriz e Evaluate Documen t Distribute Taxon/CropsNo. of Accessions Food Legumes 35,867 Wild Relatives of Food Legumes 1,149 Forage Legumes 31,856 Range/pasture species 7,013 Total 75,885 Make-up of the ICARDA legumes collection Legumes Genetic Resources at ICARDA
  • 27.
    Link environmental data tocollection sites Adapted from D T F Endresen (NGB) Choose accessions from environments where selection pressure exists for adaptive traits to stress e.g. drought, heat, salinity. For diseases and pests, select material from environments that favor high pest populations Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) Application: Focusing on the ‘Best Bet’ Accessions
  • 28.
    27 Genetic stocks fordesirable traits developed by FIGS  Development of FIGS subsets - 10 FIGS subsets for chickpea - 4 FIGS subsets for lentil Biotic and abiotic stresses… - Botrytis grey mold - Ascochyta blight - Fusarium - Leaf minor - Pod borer ‒ Salinity tolerance ‒ Heat tolerance ‒ Cold tolerance ‒ Drought ‒ Virus 1908 accessions of chickpea and 400 accessions of lentil shared as FIGS to institutes all over the world
  • 29.
    28 Forty out of160 crosses in 2015 have been conducted in ICARDA-Terbol station assigned for pre-breeding research. The traits included earliness, large seed, AB, FW, cold, heat and drought tolerance. Conventional Breeding: Chickpea crossing block in 2015
  • 30.
     Genomics  MarkerAssisted Selection  Double Haploids  Embryo Rescue  Tissue Culture  DNA Fingerprinting  Genetic Engineering Biotechnology Tools
  • 31.
    30 Genomic tools inchickpea breeding Sub-set/reference-set (gene banks) RILs TILLING (Mutants) MAGIC/NAM Training population Association mapping Bi-parental/Mapping+QTL Reverse genetics approach Multi parent/association mapping Genomic selection Genotyping (SSR, GBS, SNP, DArT…etc) Phenotyping (Different field environments, environmental control, high- throughput score, precision, experimental design, data analysis…etc) Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) New released varieties Seven subsets (each/170-200 genotypes) for drought, salinity, cold, AB, FW, viruses and BGM More than 20 RILs have been developed for drought, salinity, cold, AB, FW…etc. Kabuli (Ghab5-1237 lines) have been developed and advanced to M5. Disi (1700 lines) have been advanced F5 MAGIC population have been developed from 12 parents NAM: is under development Not yet applied in chickpea Genetic resource
  • 32.
    31 Precision Phenotyping FW andsalinity screening in hydroponics Wilt sick plots for Fusarium wilt Orobanche screeningAscochyta Blight screening Drought and heat screening Cold screening
  • 33.
    32 Novel Techniques forPhenotyping Screening for Fusarium wilt resistance
  • 34.
    33 Source of variationd.f. SS MS F Genotype 137.00 210.88 1.54 1.86*** Location 1.00 1.04 1.04 1.26 Genotype X Location 137.00 150.46 1.10 1.33 Error 275.00 227.41 0.83 Total 551.00 609.38 • genotypes were screened in the field (Arish Egypt) and (hydroponic) • Alpha lattice design ( two replications) • 100 mM NaCl was used in hydroponic method • No significant difference have been observed between the tow methods • Significant differences have been identified between the genotypes. • Based on the average from the two locations, seven tolerant genotypes have been identified as the most tolerant genotypes from both experiments CV% = 7.8; LSD = 1.27 100 mM NaCl treatment Control Screening for salinity tolerance in chickpea under field condition and hydroponic system
  • 35.
    34 Germplasm evaluated during2014-15 620 lentil accessions 365 chickpea accessions Fusarium wilt Ascochyta Blight screening Chickpea Trait Genotypes Ascochyta blight 700 (Germplasm) 300 (segregating) Nitrogen fixation 100 Herbicides tol. 100 Fusarium wilt 300 (Germplasm) 200 (segregating) Heat tolerance 100 Plant traits Lentil Trait Lines Herbicide tolerance 500 Orobanche tolerance 250 Heat tolerance 200 Machine harvest 250 Rust resistance 120
  • 36.
    Identify traits andassociated molecular markers for drought tolerance Drought Resistance Score (DRS): Estimated by using a rating scale ranging from 1 (plants with 95–100 % pod setting) to 9 (plants did not set any pods and died). Phenology traits: 1. plant height (PLHT), 2. days to flowering (DFLR), 3. days to maturity (MAT) Yield-related traits: 1. grain yield (GY), 2. biological yield (BY), 3. Harvest index (HI), 4. number of pods/3 plants (Pod), 5. Percentage of empty pods (%Epod), 6. 100 seed weight (100 sw), 7. seed number/3 plants (SN). Developing short-duration cultivars that escape terminal drought and heat stress Drought Tolerance
  • 37.
  • 38.
    37  Heat tolerantfaba bean varieties in Sudan  Production increased from ~40,000 tons in 1995 to 150,000 tons at present. ‒ Area increased by 50,000 ha ‒ Productivity increased by 600 kg/ha  Misr3 - orobanche tolerant and Nubaria2 and Nubaria3 - drought tolerant varieties helped improved the self sufficiency level of faba bean in Egypt Climate resilient varieties of faba bean in Egypt and Sudan
  • 39.
    38 ILC533 cold susceptible Screeningfor cold tolerance  Every year screening for cold tolerance done by early planting  Several genotypes have been identified used in breeding work to develop cold tolerant varieties Breeding for Cold Tolerance ILC533 cold susceptible Resistant lines
  • 40.
    Increase chickpea productivitythrough forward breeding and management strategies of Ascochyta Blight • New gene mining (using targeted subsets from ICARDA genebanks using FIGS) • Development of new markers closely associated with AB resistant (Mapping and QTL analysis using RIL population or by association mapping) • Applying of marker assisted selection in chickpea breeding program for AB resistance • Multi-location testing • Study of development of the new pathotypes (4 pathotypes identified and reported by ICARDA) • Pyramiding of AB resistant genes • Combine with cold tolerance • CRISPR-Cas9 (genome editing) for enhancing AB resistance ICARDA strategy for enhancing AB resistance
  • 41.
    Four A. rabieipathotypes amplified by AroH5T primers. Two mating types of A. rabiei were amplified using The multiplex MAT-specific primers. Murad et al. 2009 Molecular detection of Ascochyta rabiei pathotypes
  • 42.
  • 43.
    Resistance to Botrytisfabae Disease in Faba beans in Egypt
  • 44.
    43 Insect Resistant Chickpea Leafminer • 6 segregating population and FIGS set evaluated at Kemis Zemamra station in Morocco • 200 single plants with good resistance and pods/plant. Evaluation of breeding lines for resistance to Leaf miner Damage by Helicoverpa pod borer in chickpea Pod borer • FIGS (375) evaluated in Annaceur (off season) • 34 lines with 1-5% damage
  • 45.
    44 Extra Early Lentilsfrom Wild Species
  • 46.
    45 Extra Early Varieties Replacingfallow in rice fallow in South Asia Lowland Areas in Ethiopia
  • 47.
    Machine Harvesting Lentil Good standing ability  Erect and high biomass  More height of the first pod  No pod drop and shattering  Idlib2, Idlib 3, Idlib 4, Ibla 1, ILL 590, ILL1005, ILL6037, ILL6212, ILL7155
  • 48.
    47 Machine Harvestable Traits Screened breeding lines for good standing ability, Erect tall, more height of the first pod, no pod drop and shattering and prominent tendrils  Two lines with above traits, 08S41102 and 08S41137, identified .
  • 49.
    48 Chickpea Development of large-seeded,short duration chickpea varieties with resistance to wilt and Ascochyta blight and tolerant to drought and heat suitable to mechanical harvest
  • 50.
    49 Large seeded cultivarsfor market opportunities 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Area (000 ha) Production (000 tons) Yield (kg/ha) 328 438 411 430 431 475 508 409 500 499 643 696 906 950 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1971-73 1974-76 1980-82 1986-88 1989-91 1998-2K 2003-05 Small seeded lentil Large seeded lentil Development of large-seeded Kabuli chickpea varieties 25-28 g 100 seed-1 34-40 g 100 seed-1 >50 g 100 seed-1 Before 2000 Target of the project After 2000 lentil and chickpea
  • 51.
    IPM of ChickpeaLeaf Miner  Up to 45% yield loss in Morocco in spring chickpea  Botanical pesticides such as neem oil is effective for its control.  Parasitoids: conservation and enhancement through diversified cropping system and the use of flowering medicinal plants as strips between chickpea fields.  Early planting date (winter)
  • 52.
    Large Scale Impactof Research Investment in Pulses
  • 53.
    Winter vs. SpringChickpea in West Asia & North Africa Mature winter crop Spring sown crop
  • 54.
    53 Drought Tolerant ChickpeaVariety Survived 2007 Excessive Drought in Turkey The Kabuli chickpea, ‘Gokce’, developed by ICARDA and Turkish national scientists, has withstood severe drought in Turkey and produced when most other crops failed in 2007. Gokce is used on about 85% of the chickpea production areas (over 550,000 ha). With a yield advantage of 300 kg/ha over other varieties, and world prices over USD 1000/t, this represents an additional USD 165 million for Turkish farmers, in 2007 alone..
  • 55.
    Impact of researchinvestment on Pulses Production Improvement in Ethiopia High yielding rust resistant Alemaya lentil variety widely adopted in Ethiopia Increase in production 2000/01 - 2009/10: •Lentils: 3 times •Faba Bean: 40% •Chickpea: 60% Increased production and added value products provides employment through food processing in rural areas Field visits to pulse farmer involving policy makers Decortication of lentil
  • 56.
    55 Research Impact onPulses in Ethiopia  Chickpea production was doubled between 2000 and 2015.  Kabuli Chickpeas – Expanding in Central Highlands  Export 54,000 tons Chickpea and 18,000 tons lentil  Drought tolerant and Orobanche resistant faba bean with farmers  Pulses contribute >90 million USD to Ethiopia foreign exchange
  • 57.
    56 Fast-tracking of Iron& Zinc-rich lentil varieties India: Pusa Vaibhav (Fe 102 ppm) Bangladesh: Barimasur-4 (Fe 86 ppm; Zn-59 ppm Ethiopia: Alemaya (Fe-98, Zn-64 ppm) Nepal: Shekhar (Fe-78 ppm; Zn-68 ppm)
  • 58.
    Lentil cultivars withhigh concentration of Fe & Zn are in ‘fast-tracking’ seed dissemination  Ethiopia: Alemaya  Bangladesh: Barimasur-4, Barimasur-5 and Barimasur-6, Barimasur-7, Binamasur-7  India: Pusa Vaibhav  Nepal: Sisir, Shital, Shekhar, Khajurah-1, Khajurah-2  Syria: Idlib-2, Idlib-3 and Idlib-4  Turkey: Myveci-2001  Portugal: Beleza
  • 59.
    58 Impact on bio-fortifiedlentil in Bangladesh 0 20 40 60 80 100 BARI M4 BARI M5 BARI M6 BARI M7 Fe and Zn contents of lentil varieties released in Bangladesh Fe content (ppm) Zn content (ppm) • Five bio-fortified varieties (BARI M4, M5, M6 and M7, M-8) released • Average production 1.3 t/ha • Producing 186,000 ton micronutrient dense lentil worth $30 million annually • About 1 million farm families are directly benefited in house-hold nutritional security
  • 60.
    Massive Technology Up-scalingof bio-fortified lentil in Bangladesh
  • 61.
    60 Rice Jul-Oct Lentil Nov - Feb Sesame Mar- May Fallow after rice Nov - June Example: 3 crops (India) per year Rice Fallow Replacement by Pulses in India & Bangladesh
  • 62.
    (Biradar and Xiao,2011) (Biradar et al., 2012*) Tapping potential of Rice Fallow in South Asia: Legumes Food from Fallows 11.6 m ha in India > 1.2 m ha in Bangladesh 0.55 m ha in Nepal
  • 64.
    63 Early Lentil DemonstrationReplacing Fallow in Fallow Rice Rotation in Bangladesh & India
  • 65.
    64 Enhancing farmers’ incomeand house-hold nutritional security through intensification in Rice – Fallow Replacement A farmer, Mr. S H Khunou earned Rs 80,000 ($ 1230) in 2 ha rice- fallow land in Manipur state of India from lentil A farmer, Mr. P. Das earned Rs. 24,600 ($ 378) from lentil in 0.48 ha rice fallow land
  • 66.
    Grasspea in ricefallow in island of West Bengal
  • 67.
    Lack of organicmanure in soil: Cow-dung is used as fuel No-till lentil in Bangladesh No-till lentil in, India: relay crop in rice field No-tillage lentils in Nepal Grasspea under no-tillage in India Zero-till chickpea in India CA Technology: Pulses are best fit
  • 68.
    67 Nepal – emergedas an exporter of lentil in South Asia  Ten lentil varieties released  Production of improved varieties: 124,952 t.  Total values = 61.92 m USD /year  >800,000 farm families benefited 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Local varieties Improved varieties Grain yield (kg/ha)
  • 69.
    68 Faba bean productionin Egypt  Production increased from 130,000 ton in 2012 to 175,000 ton in 2015  Misr3 - Orobanche tolerant and Nubaria2 and Nubaria3 - drought tolerant varieties  Self sufficiency level of faba bean in Egypt increased from 28% in 2012 to 37% at present
  • 70.
    69 Heat tolerant fababean in Sudan Production increased from ~40,000 t in nineties to 150,000 t at present. • Increase in area (~20000 ha in nineties to ~70000 ha) • Productivity from 1500 to 2120 kg/ha
  • 71.
  • 72.
    71 Grasspea Low ODAP contentfor safe human food and with high biomass for animal feed targeted to various cropping system niches Uses as dal, besan, vegetable, fodder/straw Introductions from ICARDA
  • 73.
    Variety Nirmal produced0.8-1.7 t/ha Low-ODAP Grass pea varieties in Bangladesh and India
  • 74.
  • 75.
    74 How to raiseawareness about pulse benefit?  Inclusion pulses benefits in school curriculum among children;  Innovations in pulse products and ready to eat products;  Messages by celebrities and eminent personalities about the benefits of pulses in electronic media and print;  National, regional and global events involving participation of general public and celebrities;  Short documentary films on benefits on pulses.
  • 76.
    75 Recommendations & Conclusions Pulses for Food Security  Pulses contribute to global food and nutritional security both directly & indirectly through high protein content.  Major source of micro nutrients  Important source of dietary fibre;.  The protein content of legumes is not as affected by e[CO2] as cereals & grasses –  Pulses for Environmental Benefits and Mitigation of Climate Change  Pulse production enhance soil N content and soil productivity and health;  Production of pulses has lower greenhouse gas emissions than crops that require N-fertilization;.  Lower fossil energy costs than crops that needs N-fertilization;
  • 77.
    76 Recommendations & Conclusions(cont’d)  Pulses for Environmental Benefits and Mitigation of Climate Change (cont’d)  The inclusion of legumes in farming systems appears to accelerate soil C sequestration promote soil health since it breaks the disease and insect cycles in soil created by the prevailed cereal mono-culture .  Considering the nutritional and environmental benefits of pulses, it is essential that pulses consumption is well encouraged;  It is important to bridge the gap between production and consumption at both national and global levels;  There is an urgent need to invest more in science and technology to enhancing pulses productivity, production and reduce production cost. . The IYP is an excellent opportunity to promote the consumption of pulses & more investment in science and Technology to enhance pulses productivity and production for global food and nutrition security and healthy soils.
  • 78.
    77 Global Pulses Federation 2016International Year of Pulses Signature Events
  • 79.
    United States ofAmerica (USAD & USDA) World Bank Germany United Kingdom IFAD Italy The Netherlands European Commission Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD) Canada Sweden Australia (ACIAR & GRDC) Norway CGIAR Desertification Trust Fund Iran Denmark Japan UNDP IDRC OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) Egypt France Ford Foundation Syria Switzerland Austria Pakistan Asian Development Bank Spain Belgium FAO Yemen Saudi Arabia Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) India Morocco Turkey Tunisia China UNEP Global Mechanism-UNCCD Ethiopia Finland Cornell University Global Crop Diversity Trust Libya South Africa Sudan Harvest Plus OCP Foundation Morocco CRP Grain Legumes Donors to ICARDA since its establishment in 1977 (In descending order of contribution)
  • 80.
    Pulses…….. Safeguarding our nutritionalsecurity and environmental sustainability Thank you