Irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Ve...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes research on irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Vertisol soil in Queensland, Australia. It discusses major agricultural challenges related to land degradation, water scarcity, and inefficient irrigation systems. The objectives are to evaluate irrigation performance of existing permanent raised bed farming systems and identify potential for lateral wetting front infiltration. Data was collected on two farms to measure advance curves, runoff, and soil moisture movement across beds. Results show advance times varied between irrigations due to soil conditions. Irrigation management strategies were found to impact current performance and potential water savings were identified.
Three ways to improve water productivity in ZimbabweILRI
Poster prepared by T. Amede, K. Descheemaeker, E. Mapedza, P. Masikati, M. Munyaradzi, A.Sibanda, D.Nkomboni, S.Homann and A.van Rooyen for the ILRI Annual Program Meeting (APM) 2010, held at ILRI campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 14-17, 2010.
CA and rainfall variability in Zambia: Is CA a promising option for respondin...Joanna Hicks
Conservation agriculture (CA) is being promoted in Southern Africa partly for its benefits of reducing water and soil loss. This study examined whether CA is a promising option for smallholder farmers in Zambia to respond to increased rainfall variability and droughts or floods. The study found that as the percentage of cultivated area under CA increased over the study period, CA farmers adapted to flooding by back-filling flooded basins and continuing to adopt ripping. Farmers reported being able to harvest some crops from CA fields despite floods, whereas conventionally tilled fields failed. This suggests CA systems may be more robust during extreme weather and have potential for higher production during droughts and floods compared to conventional agriculture.
Poster65: Landscape management and the provision of soil ecosystem services i...CIAT
This study analyzed soil ecosystem services in three land use systems - conventional extensive, silvopastoral, and agroforestry - in the Colombian Amazonian piedmont, which has experienced deforestation and degradation. Soil samples were taken from each system and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Results showed soils in conventional and silvopastoral systems had higher compaction, lower carbon storage, nutrients, and infiltration than agroforestry systems, due to poorer structure and biological activity. To avoid further degradation, the study recommends designing landscape management that protects ecosystem services and contributes to climate change mitigation in the Colombian Amazonian piedmont.
Bill hlubik and team nj 3rd place nat winner for switchgrass poster nacaa ...nacaa
This study evaluated the establishment and production of five switchgrass cultivars (two upland and three lowland ecotypes) grown for biofuel in New Jersey. The cultivars were planted in July 2010 and evaluated for germination rates after 30 days and dry biomass yields in November 2011. The results showed the lowland cultivars, particularly Alamo, had significantly higher yields than the upland cultivars. After one year, Alamo yielded 3.06 tons/acre compared to 1.85 tons/acre for High Tide. Standard farm equipment can be used to plant and harvest switchgrass. Irrigation was important for establishment but switchgrass can be harvested once annually and provide wildlife habitat and biofuel
Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil NitrateDairyNforProfit
Presentation given by Dr. Michael Russelle to the PICCC Strategic Science Think Tank - Nitrogen efficiency. Thursday 16 August 2012, 10 am – 7 pm, at the University of Melbourne
http://www.piccc.org.au/news/2012/aug/29/piccc-strategic-science-think-tank-nitrogen-efficiency
The document discusses strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms. It suggests capturing more nitrogen through increasing soil organic matter and vegetation. Some key strategies mentioned include intensifying forage productivity through species with large root mass and nitrogen uptake, diversifying crops to explore more nutrient resources, and improving nitrogen management practices to reduce excess available nitrogen and improve water use efficiency. The document examines ways to trim nitrogen inputs, tap into existing nitrogen flows, and plug nitrogen losses to achieve high and stable farm profitability while minimizing environmental footprint.
Irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Ve...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes research on irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Vertisol soil in Queensland, Australia. It discusses major agricultural challenges related to land degradation, water scarcity, and inefficient irrigation systems. The objectives are to evaluate irrigation performance of existing permanent raised bed farming systems and identify potential for lateral wetting front infiltration. Data was collected on two farms to measure advance curves, runoff, and soil moisture movement across beds. Results show advance times varied between irrigations due to soil conditions. Irrigation management strategies were found to impact current performance and potential water savings were identified.
Three ways to improve water productivity in ZimbabweILRI
Poster prepared by T. Amede, K. Descheemaeker, E. Mapedza, P. Masikati, M. Munyaradzi, A.Sibanda, D.Nkomboni, S.Homann and A.van Rooyen for the ILRI Annual Program Meeting (APM) 2010, held at ILRI campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 14-17, 2010.
CA and rainfall variability in Zambia: Is CA a promising option for respondin...Joanna Hicks
Conservation agriculture (CA) is being promoted in Southern Africa partly for its benefits of reducing water and soil loss. This study examined whether CA is a promising option for smallholder farmers in Zambia to respond to increased rainfall variability and droughts or floods. The study found that as the percentage of cultivated area under CA increased over the study period, CA farmers adapted to flooding by back-filling flooded basins and continuing to adopt ripping. Farmers reported being able to harvest some crops from CA fields despite floods, whereas conventionally tilled fields failed. This suggests CA systems may be more robust during extreme weather and have potential for higher production during droughts and floods compared to conventional agriculture.
Poster65: Landscape management and the provision of soil ecosystem services i...CIAT
This study analyzed soil ecosystem services in three land use systems - conventional extensive, silvopastoral, and agroforestry - in the Colombian Amazonian piedmont, which has experienced deforestation and degradation. Soil samples were taken from each system and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Results showed soils in conventional and silvopastoral systems had higher compaction, lower carbon storage, nutrients, and infiltration than agroforestry systems, due to poorer structure and biological activity. To avoid further degradation, the study recommends designing landscape management that protects ecosystem services and contributes to climate change mitigation in the Colombian Amazonian piedmont.
Bill hlubik and team nj 3rd place nat winner for switchgrass poster nacaa ...nacaa
This study evaluated the establishment and production of five switchgrass cultivars (two upland and three lowland ecotypes) grown for biofuel in New Jersey. The cultivars were planted in July 2010 and evaluated for germination rates after 30 days and dry biomass yields in November 2011. The results showed the lowland cultivars, particularly Alamo, had significantly higher yields than the upland cultivars. After one year, Alamo yielded 3.06 tons/acre compared to 1.85 tons/acre for High Tide. Standard farm equipment can be used to plant and harvest switchgrass. Irrigation was important for establishment but switchgrass can be harvested once annually and provide wildlife habitat and biofuel
Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil NitrateDairyNforProfit
Presentation given by Dr. Michael Russelle to the PICCC Strategic Science Think Tank - Nitrogen efficiency. Thursday 16 August 2012, 10 am – 7 pm, at the University of Melbourne
http://www.piccc.org.au/news/2012/aug/29/piccc-strategic-science-think-tank-nitrogen-efficiency
The document discusses strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms. It suggests capturing more nitrogen through increasing soil organic matter and vegetation. Some key strategies mentioned include intensifying forage productivity through species with large root mass and nitrogen uptake, diversifying crops to explore more nutrient resources, and improving nitrogen management practices to reduce excess available nitrogen and improve water use efficiency. The document examines ways to trim nitrogen inputs, tap into existing nitrogen flows, and plug nitrogen losses to achieve high and stable farm profitability while minimizing environmental footprint.
Poster22: Quesungual slash & mulch agroforestry systems and eco-efficient phi...CIAT
(1) The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) was developed as a sustainable alternative to slash and burn agriculture for smallholder farmers in Honduras. (2) Initial acceptance of QSMAS was due to high levels of soil degradation, dependence on erratic rainfall, and the importance of agriculture for subsistence. (3) Adoption of QSMAS was facilitated by access to credit, markets, capacity building, and collective action by communities and institutions. (4) Validation and dissemination of QSMAS requires at least 3 years, and short-term positive effects on farmers are key to its diffusion in new areas.
Poster55: Reducing erosion and improving crop water productivity: Quesungual ...CIAT
This document discusses a study on the Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) used by smallholder farmers in Honduras. The study aims to evaluate how the system impacts soil physical properties, erosion risk, water balance, and crop water productivity over different periods of time compared to traditional slash and burn agriculture. Specifically, the study looks at plots under QSMAS for less than 2 years, 5-7 years, and more than 10 years to understand how the system improves soil water retention, storage, and redistribution over time. The results could help promote this alternative to slash and burn agriculture that provides food security while managing soil, water, and nutrients in a sustainable way.
Jonathan Davies: Priorities for Research in the Wetland Forests of BruneiWetlands International
The document outlines research priorities for the wetland forests of Brunei, including mangroves, freshwater swamp forests, peat swamp forests, and kerapah forests. It provides an overview of each forest type and their areas. Key research priorities identified include updating the status of mangrove forests, evaluating their economic value, studying diseases and rehabilitation strategies. For peat swamp forests, priorities are carbon dynamics, hydrological studies, economic valuation, vegetation studies, and rehabilitation techniques. The document recommends whole ecosystem studies to better understand these important wetland habitats.
Water resources and biofuels water quality april 2012Sharon Lezberg
This document discusses water quality issues related to hypoxia. It begins by defining hypoxia as low dissolved oxygen concentrations that cannot support marine life, typically below 2 ppm. It then explains that hypoxia occurs due to algae blooms in freshwater settling on the bottom and consuming oxygen during decomposition. The size of hypoxic areas can be large, such as the size in 2008 shown on a map. Nutrient flux and sources of nitrogen and phosphorus that contribute to algae blooms and hypoxia are also discussed. The document considers future impacts on water quality from different cropping systems and biofuel production approaches.
The document discusses wetland forests in Brunei Darussalam. It notes that wetland forests make up 30% of Brunei's forests and are home to over 1,300 tree species. However, these ecosystems are endangered due to threats like logging, agriculture expansion, and forest fires. The degradation of peatland forests in particular has led to substantial carbon losses. There is an urgent need for multi-sectoral efforts to protect these vital ecosystems through policies that promote sustainable development and establish markets for environmental services to conserve Brunei's wetland forests.
Biointensive Mixed Plantings - Kentucky State UniversityAliki85w
This document describes a spacing calculator tool for mixed plantings in organic agriculture. It addresses the problem that mixed plantings spaced according to existing recommendations may require more land area than separate monocultures, especially when one crop is much larger than the other or makes up a larger proportion of the mixture. The tool calculates the optimal spacing between plants in a mixed planting based on a spacing equation, allowing mixtures to use land more efficiently while maintaining the benefits of companion planting such as increased yields and pest management. Users select various planting parameters to determine the appropriate spacing.
Presentation 10Apr2009 to conference "It Pays To Be Nice: Economic Models To Encourage Social & Environmental Responsibility, Center For Socially Responsible Business, Lokey Graduate School of Business, Mills College
GBM has planted over 45 million trees across Kenya to combat deforestation. The study analyzed spatial data on population density, poverty levels, charcoal production, and biodiversity in GBM's target watersheds versus control watersheds to determine suitability for reforestation. The results showed GBM watersheds had higher average tree cover than control watersheds, indicating GBM is operating in areas most suitable for replanting efforts given lower human pressures and higher biodiversity. While data gaps remain, the analysis suggests GBM's reforestation work effectively targets regions with conditions best poised for forest regeneration.
presentatie geselecteerd paper ’Planning 0-energy cities, using local energy sources';
paper gepubliceerd in boek dat samengesteld is n.a.v. conferentie: 'Towards 0-Impact Buildings and Built Environments; eds: R.Rovers, J.Kimman, C.Ravesloot; Techne Press, Amsterdam, 2010'
C:\Fakepath\M Gadberry Arkansas Evaluationof Hay Wastenacaa
1. The study evaluated hay waste from three common hay feeding methods: unprotected bales (UNP), bales processed in a grinder-mixer and fed in tires (PRO), and bales fed in rings (RNG).
2. Hay waste was significantly lower for PRO (0.09%) compared to UNP (42%). RNG resulted in intermediate waste (13%).
3. An economic analysis found that the value of hay saved through PRO did not offset its higher costs compared to RNG. RNG appeared the most cost-effective method.
The Green Belt Movement has planted over 45 million trees across three Kenyan watersheds to combat deforestation and environmental degradation. A spatial analysis found these watersheds had higher forest cover compared to control watersheds, indicating GBM's reforestation efforts are effective. However, the analysis also found GBM operates in areas already most suitable for replanting due to lower population densities and poverty levels. For reforestation to be most impactful, projects should focus on areas with higher human pressures like population where trees can benefit communities. This suggests GBM's approach of empowering local communities could be effective in other countries facing similar environmental and humanitarian issues.
The Green Belt Movement has planted over 45 million trees across Kenya to help mitigate environmental degradation. An analysis found that the watersheds where GBM has focused its reforestation efforts - Mount Kenya, Aberdares, and Mau Complex - had higher average forest cover and more suitable conditions compared to control watersheds. Specifically, the GBM watersheds had lower population density, less charcoal production potential, and higher mammal diversity - all factors that indicate areas more suitable for replanting efforts. This suggests GBM has been effective at identifying and operating in regions of Kenya with greatest need and potential for restoring forests.
This document summarizes updates from the 2010 PABRA SC meeting in South Africa.
1. The PABRA framework involves 11 member countries in southern Africa collaborating on bean research.
2. Key outcomes of the meeting included developing bean varieties resistant to environmental stresses and increasing nutrient-rich varieties to improve nutrition.
3. Activities involved identifying sources of stress resistance, distributing germplasm, developing integrated soil and pest management options, and breeding beans with higher iron and zinc content.
The document discusses hedgerows and how to create them in urban Southern California gardens. It defines hedgerows and describes their benefits, including providing habitat. While traditional hedgerows contain a mix of trees, shrubs and plants, backyard hedgerows in SoCal can utilize appropriate native species in a scaled-down design at least 20 feet long and 8 feet wide. The document provides guidance on choosing backbone and filler shrubs, planting densities, and designing hedgerows suited to different climate zones in Southern California.
The peat swamp forests of Brunei host unique biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services like carbon storage and flood regulation. However, they are threatened by drainage for agriculture and logging, which causes drying and burning of peatlands. This releases large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere and degrades the peat soil. Efforts are underway in Brunei to conserve intact forests, restore degraded areas, control fires, and support sustainable livelihoods to safeguard these important peat swamp forests.
This document summarizes a conference on the topic of "Rainbow water: rainfall, the water cycle, forests and trees". It includes the conference schedule with different blocks and presentations on topics like precipitation patterns, the role of trees in climate variability and change, climate policy, and linking emerging science to policy actions. It also includes diagrams on topics like the holistic forest and tree view of the world, vegetation effects on rainfall, and the relationship between global climate models and local hydrology models.
Physiological and molecular control of sinkactivity, partitioning efficiency ...manjupainkra
This document discusses source-sink relationships in plants and factors that influence crop yield. It defines sources as regions where organic materials are synthesized, such as leaves, and sinks as non-photosynthetic organs that import photosynthates, such as roots, seeds and fruits. Photosynthates are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem. The harvest index is defined as the ratio of economic yield to biological yield, representing the efficiency of biomass partitioning. Crop yield is determined by interactions between yield components - including the number of reproductive units and grains - and environmental factors. Improving photosynthetic efficiency, source activity and sink strength will be key to increasing crop yields in the future.
This document discusses source-sink relationships in plants and factors that influence crop yield. It defines sources as regions where organic materials are synthesized, such as leaves, and sinks as non-photosynthetic organs that import photosynthates, such as roots, seeds and fruits. Photosynthates are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem. The harvest index is defined as the ratio of economic yield to biological yield, representing the efficiency of biomass partitioning. Crop yield is determined by interactions between yield components - including the number of reproductive units and grains - and environmental factors. Improving photosynthetic efficiency, source activity, and sink strength will be key to increasing crop yields in the future.
This document discusses various topics related to improving food resources through agriculture, including:
- Major crops grown during rainy and winter seasons in India such as maize, paddy, wheat and mustard.
- Stages of farming practices like selecting seeds, nurturing crops, protecting and harvesting crops.
- Methods to improve crop production including crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic manipulation, nutrient management, irrigation, pest control, and storage.
- Sources of plant nutrients from air, water and soil including macro and micronutrients.
- Sources of food worldwide including fish production from marine and freshwater, cattle farming for milk and labor, and bee-keeping for honey production.
Pigeon pea is a plant native to Indonesia that grows 1-2 meters high with hairy branches. It has yellow flowers 1.5 cm long and trifoliate leaves in a spiral pattern. The hairy pod is 4-7 cm long containing 2-7 seeds. All parts of pigeon pea can be used medicinally. Extracts from pigeon pea leaves and seeds have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective properties in scientific studies. Pigeon pea has potential for use in functional foods due to its nutritional composition and health benefits.
Poster22: Quesungual slash & mulch agroforestry systems and eco-efficient phi...CIAT
(1) The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) was developed as a sustainable alternative to slash and burn agriculture for smallholder farmers in Honduras. (2) Initial acceptance of QSMAS was due to high levels of soil degradation, dependence on erratic rainfall, and the importance of agriculture for subsistence. (3) Adoption of QSMAS was facilitated by access to credit, markets, capacity building, and collective action by communities and institutions. (4) Validation and dissemination of QSMAS requires at least 3 years, and short-term positive effects on farmers are key to its diffusion in new areas.
Poster55: Reducing erosion and improving crop water productivity: Quesungual ...CIAT
This document discusses a study on the Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) used by smallholder farmers in Honduras. The study aims to evaluate how the system impacts soil physical properties, erosion risk, water balance, and crop water productivity over different periods of time compared to traditional slash and burn agriculture. Specifically, the study looks at plots under QSMAS for less than 2 years, 5-7 years, and more than 10 years to understand how the system improves soil water retention, storage, and redistribution over time. The results could help promote this alternative to slash and burn agriculture that provides food security while managing soil, water, and nutrients in a sustainable way.
Jonathan Davies: Priorities for Research in the Wetland Forests of BruneiWetlands International
The document outlines research priorities for the wetland forests of Brunei, including mangroves, freshwater swamp forests, peat swamp forests, and kerapah forests. It provides an overview of each forest type and their areas. Key research priorities identified include updating the status of mangrove forests, evaluating their economic value, studying diseases and rehabilitation strategies. For peat swamp forests, priorities are carbon dynamics, hydrological studies, economic valuation, vegetation studies, and rehabilitation techniques. The document recommends whole ecosystem studies to better understand these important wetland habitats.
Water resources and biofuels water quality april 2012Sharon Lezberg
This document discusses water quality issues related to hypoxia. It begins by defining hypoxia as low dissolved oxygen concentrations that cannot support marine life, typically below 2 ppm. It then explains that hypoxia occurs due to algae blooms in freshwater settling on the bottom and consuming oxygen during decomposition. The size of hypoxic areas can be large, such as the size in 2008 shown on a map. Nutrient flux and sources of nitrogen and phosphorus that contribute to algae blooms and hypoxia are also discussed. The document considers future impacts on water quality from different cropping systems and biofuel production approaches.
The document discusses wetland forests in Brunei Darussalam. It notes that wetland forests make up 30% of Brunei's forests and are home to over 1,300 tree species. However, these ecosystems are endangered due to threats like logging, agriculture expansion, and forest fires. The degradation of peatland forests in particular has led to substantial carbon losses. There is an urgent need for multi-sectoral efforts to protect these vital ecosystems through policies that promote sustainable development and establish markets for environmental services to conserve Brunei's wetland forests.
Biointensive Mixed Plantings - Kentucky State UniversityAliki85w
This document describes a spacing calculator tool for mixed plantings in organic agriculture. It addresses the problem that mixed plantings spaced according to existing recommendations may require more land area than separate monocultures, especially when one crop is much larger than the other or makes up a larger proportion of the mixture. The tool calculates the optimal spacing between plants in a mixed planting based on a spacing equation, allowing mixtures to use land more efficiently while maintaining the benefits of companion planting such as increased yields and pest management. Users select various planting parameters to determine the appropriate spacing.
Presentation 10Apr2009 to conference "It Pays To Be Nice: Economic Models To Encourage Social & Environmental Responsibility, Center For Socially Responsible Business, Lokey Graduate School of Business, Mills College
GBM has planted over 45 million trees across Kenya to combat deforestation. The study analyzed spatial data on population density, poverty levels, charcoal production, and biodiversity in GBM's target watersheds versus control watersheds to determine suitability for reforestation. The results showed GBM watersheds had higher average tree cover than control watersheds, indicating GBM is operating in areas most suitable for replanting efforts given lower human pressures and higher biodiversity. While data gaps remain, the analysis suggests GBM's reforestation work effectively targets regions with conditions best poised for forest regeneration.
presentatie geselecteerd paper ’Planning 0-energy cities, using local energy sources';
paper gepubliceerd in boek dat samengesteld is n.a.v. conferentie: 'Towards 0-Impact Buildings and Built Environments; eds: R.Rovers, J.Kimman, C.Ravesloot; Techne Press, Amsterdam, 2010'
C:\Fakepath\M Gadberry Arkansas Evaluationof Hay Wastenacaa
1. The study evaluated hay waste from three common hay feeding methods: unprotected bales (UNP), bales processed in a grinder-mixer and fed in tires (PRO), and bales fed in rings (RNG).
2. Hay waste was significantly lower for PRO (0.09%) compared to UNP (42%). RNG resulted in intermediate waste (13%).
3. An economic analysis found that the value of hay saved through PRO did not offset its higher costs compared to RNG. RNG appeared the most cost-effective method.
The Green Belt Movement has planted over 45 million trees across three Kenyan watersheds to combat deforestation and environmental degradation. A spatial analysis found these watersheds had higher forest cover compared to control watersheds, indicating GBM's reforestation efforts are effective. However, the analysis also found GBM operates in areas already most suitable for replanting due to lower population densities and poverty levels. For reforestation to be most impactful, projects should focus on areas with higher human pressures like population where trees can benefit communities. This suggests GBM's approach of empowering local communities could be effective in other countries facing similar environmental and humanitarian issues.
The Green Belt Movement has planted over 45 million trees across Kenya to help mitigate environmental degradation. An analysis found that the watersheds where GBM has focused its reforestation efforts - Mount Kenya, Aberdares, and Mau Complex - had higher average forest cover and more suitable conditions compared to control watersheds. Specifically, the GBM watersheds had lower population density, less charcoal production potential, and higher mammal diversity - all factors that indicate areas more suitable for replanting efforts. This suggests GBM has been effective at identifying and operating in regions of Kenya with greatest need and potential for restoring forests.
This document summarizes updates from the 2010 PABRA SC meeting in South Africa.
1. The PABRA framework involves 11 member countries in southern Africa collaborating on bean research.
2. Key outcomes of the meeting included developing bean varieties resistant to environmental stresses and increasing nutrient-rich varieties to improve nutrition.
3. Activities involved identifying sources of stress resistance, distributing germplasm, developing integrated soil and pest management options, and breeding beans with higher iron and zinc content.
The document discusses hedgerows and how to create them in urban Southern California gardens. It defines hedgerows and describes their benefits, including providing habitat. While traditional hedgerows contain a mix of trees, shrubs and plants, backyard hedgerows in SoCal can utilize appropriate native species in a scaled-down design at least 20 feet long and 8 feet wide. The document provides guidance on choosing backbone and filler shrubs, planting densities, and designing hedgerows suited to different climate zones in Southern California.
The peat swamp forests of Brunei host unique biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services like carbon storage and flood regulation. However, they are threatened by drainage for agriculture and logging, which causes drying and burning of peatlands. This releases large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere and degrades the peat soil. Efforts are underway in Brunei to conserve intact forests, restore degraded areas, control fires, and support sustainable livelihoods to safeguard these important peat swamp forests.
This document summarizes a conference on the topic of "Rainbow water: rainfall, the water cycle, forests and trees". It includes the conference schedule with different blocks and presentations on topics like precipitation patterns, the role of trees in climate variability and change, climate policy, and linking emerging science to policy actions. It also includes diagrams on topics like the holistic forest and tree view of the world, vegetation effects on rainfall, and the relationship between global climate models and local hydrology models.
Physiological and molecular control of sinkactivity, partitioning efficiency ...manjupainkra
This document discusses source-sink relationships in plants and factors that influence crop yield. It defines sources as regions where organic materials are synthesized, such as leaves, and sinks as non-photosynthetic organs that import photosynthates, such as roots, seeds and fruits. Photosynthates are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem. The harvest index is defined as the ratio of economic yield to biological yield, representing the efficiency of biomass partitioning. Crop yield is determined by interactions between yield components - including the number of reproductive units and grains - and environmental factors. Improving photosynthetic efficiency, source activity and sink strength will be key to increasing crop yields in the future.
This document discusses source-sink relationships in plants and factors that influence crop yield. It defines sources as regions where organic materials are synthesized, such as leaves, and sinks as non-photosynthetic organs that import photosynthates, such as roots, seeds and fruits. Photosynthates are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem. The harvest index is defined as the ratio of economic yield to biological yield, representing the efficiency of biomass partitioning. Crop yield is determined by interactions between yield components - including the number of reproductive units and grains - and environmental factors. Improving photosynthetic efficiency, source activity, and sink strength will be key to increasing crop yields in the future.
This document discusses various topics related to improving food resources through agriculture, including:
- Major crops grown during rainy and winter seasons in India such as maize, paddy, wheat and mustard.
- Stages of farming practices like selecting seeds, nurturing crops, protecting and harvesting crops.
- Methods to improve crop production including crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic manipulation, nutrient management, irrigation, pest control, and storage.
- Sources of plant nutrients from air, water and soil including macro and micronutrients.
- Sources of food worldwide including fish production from marine and freshwater, cattle farming for milk and labor, and bee-keeping for honey production.
Pigeon pea is a plant native to Indonesia that grows 1-2 meters high with hairy branches. It has yellow flowers 1.5 cm long and trifoliate leaves in a spiral pattern. The hairy pod is 4-7 cm long containing 2-7 seeds. All parts of pigeon pea can be used medicinally. Extracts from pigeon pea leaves and seeds have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective properties in scientific studies. Pigeon pea has potential for use in functional foods due to its nutritional composition and health benefits.
Source sink relationship and different growth modelsZuby Gohar Ansari
This document discusses concepts of source and sink in plants, including the translocation of photosynthates from source to sink. It defines source and sink, describing leaves as the primary source and seeds, fruits, and roots as typical sinks. Photosynthates are transported from source to sink in the form of sucrose. The relationship between source and sink can be manipulated experimentally by altering source size through defoliation or reducing light intensity, or by changing sink size through reducing reproductive structures. Understanding this source-sink relationship is important for optimizing crop yields.
Transport in plants 7 translocation of assimilatesstvb2170
The document discusses the process of translocation in plants. Translocation is the movement of organic solutes like sucrose from sources to sinks through the phloem. Sucrose is actively loaded into the sieve tube cells of the phloem at the source through a co-transport process powered by ATP. The sucrose solution creates a hydrostatic pressure that drives mass flow through the phloem towards sinks like roots and fruits. Evidence for the mass flow model includes tracer experiments showing the movement of radioactive sucrose through the plant.
Pigeon pea is a legume crop originating from Africa. It is classified into two varieties - Cajanus indicus var.bicolor, which is a late maturing variety with tall bushes, and Cajanus indicus var.flavus, an early maturing variety with small plants. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate compound leaves. The pods are 5-10 cm long and contain 4-5 seeds. It grows best in warm tropical and subtropical climates with moist, warm conditions during vegetation and sunny weather during flowering. Pigeon pea can be grown on a wide range of well-drained, loamy soils and is highly susceptible to frost.
Pigeon pea is an important crop that originated in India. It is grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein, and its leaves, shoots and fodder which are used for animal feed. The major growing regions are India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate leaves. Its flowers form in axillary racemes and are self-pollinated. The pods contain 2-5 seeds that vary in size, shape and color. Traditional self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques involve emasculating flowers and manually transferring pollen.
Production systems and water productivity in the Nile BasinILRI
Poster by Karimi, P.; Notenbaert, A.; Breugel, P. Van and Molden, D. for: CPWF Nile Basin Focal Project Final Workshop, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 9 December 2009.
Title: Agroecological Crop Management for Increased Productivity- Experience with Rice and Other Crops
Date: 24 January 2013
Presented by Norman Uphoff at the 6th International Seminar on Agricultural Policies, Instituto Interamericano de Cooperation para la Agricultura (IICA), Santo Domingo, Domincan Republic
Crop Et And Implications For Irrigationcarterjfranz
Crop coefficient studies were conducted at the Tal Amara Research Station in Lebanon's Bekka Valley to determine optimal irrigation volumes for sunflowers, soybeans, wheat, and corn. Deficit irrigation experiments on sunflowers found that yield was reduced by 25% during early flowering but only 14% during mid-flowering. Seed yield actually increased with deficit irrigation during seed formation. The studies provide crop water use data and coefficients to inform sustainable irrigation planning for farmers in the water-stressed Bekka Valley region.
Agronomic, Yield and Quality Performance Evaluation of Improved Vetch Varieti...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out to introduce and evaluate the adaptability of specific vetch genotypes based on yield, yield components and nutritional quality in Guji Zone, Ethiopia. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks, each containing 7 plots of vetch accessions namely; Vicia villosa IRLI, Vicia atropurporea, Vicia villosa Holota, Vicia sativa ICARD 61509, Vicia sativa ICARD 61744, Vicia dasycarpa lana and Vicia dasycarpa namoi in 2010 summer season and 4 plots of Vetch varieties/accessions (Vicia narbonensis, Lelisa, Abdeta and Gebisa) in 2011 summer season with each plot measuring 3m x 4m was used. The analysis of yield and yield components and quality shows that Vicia sativa ICARD 61744 and Vicia sativa ICARD 61509 was significantly higher in seed yield and Vicia sativa ICARD 61744 was significantly less in Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) content. Vicia sativa ICARD 61509 was significantly higher in Dry Matter Yield (DMy) and it is similar with other accessions except Vicia dasycarpa namoi. Vicia villosa Holeta was significantly higher in green forage yield and highest in Organic matter (OM), Crude Protein (CP) and In vitro Organic matter digestibility (DOMD). Abdeta was significantly higher in seed per pod, seed yield and Harvesting Index (HI) and highest in OM. Lelisa was significantly higher in green forage yield and late in date of maturity at (P<0.05). Therefore, based on the performance of most parameters, Vetch accessions/varieties, Vicia atropurpureum, Vicia villosa Holota, Vicia sativa ICARD61509 and Vicia sativa ICARD61744, in 2010 and Gebisa and Lelisa, in 2011 were best performing.
Field Windbreak / Living Snow Fence Crop Yield Assessmentnacaa
1. This study evaluated the impact of field windbreaks and living snow fences on crop yields in southern Minnesota from 2005-2007 using yield monitors and GPS.
2. The results showed that areas adjacent to the windbreaks and snow fences had slightly lower crop yields within the first 60 feet, but yields generally stabilized to the field average beyond that distance.
3. On average, corn yields were reduced by 2-5% and soybean yields by 1-4% within 60 feet of the windbreaks. However, removing the rows closest to the plantings increased average yields.
Technical report on two Sorghum varieties (12KNICSV-188 and 12KNICSV-22) deve...ICRISAT
Sorghum is an important staple crop in Nigeria due to its adaptability to different ecologies and affordability. Nigeria is the largest producer of Sorghum in Africa and the third largest in the world after USA and India. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), under the Agricultural Transformation Agenda is focused on strengthening the Nigerian economy through commodity transformation of sorghum as one of its target crops. Improving nourishment and ensuring food security for the low income populace who depend on sorghum as their staple food, and most of whom are situated in the North West and North East Nigeria.
Here are a few key points about pumping water from the bottom in an aquaponics system:
- Submersible pumps are commonly used to pump water from the bottom of fish tanks up to the plant beds. These pumps are designed to operate fully submerged.
- The pump needs to be strong enough to lift the water the required vertical distance, taking into account head pressure losses from piping, fittings, etc. Larger systems may require a more powerful pump.
- An airlift pump is another option that uses compressed air to lift water without mechanical parts submerged in water. However, it requires an air compressor.
- The pump should have a filter/strainer on the intake to prevent debris from c
Agricultural Technology Potential and the Role of Irrigation, by Dr. Hua Xie and Dr. Claudia Ringler, IFPRI --The Feed the Future Zone in the South and the Rest of Bangladesh:
A Comparison of Food Security Aspects
Results of the 2011-2012 IFPRI Household Survey for the
Policy Research and Strategy Support Program
Fungicide application contains disease epidemics, saves yield, and contribute...CIMMYT
Fungicide application effectively controls yellow rust disease in wheat, significantly increases grain yield, and improves seed quality. During a 2010 yellow rust epidemic in Ethiopia's Oromia region, fungicide use saved an estimated 1.23 million quintals of grain yield across 123,357 hectares of treated fields. Extrapolating this yield gain across the entire 292,866 hectares affected indicates fungicide treatment could have saved nearly 3 million quintals of grain yield loss from yellow rust that season. The study demonstrates the importance of fungicide application for managing wheat rust diseases and contributing to national food security during epidemic years.
Aerobic rice is a production system where rice varieties are grown in well-drained, non-puddled soils without standing water throughout the season. This aims to use 70-80% less water than flooded rice while still achieving yields of 4-6 tons per hectare. Aerobic rice was developed by IRRI to address water scarcity issues while increasing food production. It uses nutrient-responsive varieties adapted to aerobic conditions and supplemental irrigation. Compared to traditional flooded rice, aerobic rice uses 55-56% less water and has 1.6-1.9 times higher water productivity, making it suitable for areas with insufficient water for flooded rice.
This study evaluated 12 vegetable pigeon pea cultivars across two locations in eastern Kenya to identify high-yielding cultivars under both rain-fed and supplemental irrigation conditions. Growth parameters such as days to flowering, plant height, branch numbers, and pod size were measured. Significant differences were found among cultivars for time to flowering and maturity. Plant growth and pod characteristics were generally enhanced with supplemental irrigation. Positive correlations between pod number and yield indicated pod number can be used as a predictor of yield potential. Several cultivars were identified as high-yielding under rain-fed conditions, and others performed best with supplemental water. The cultivars KAT 60/8, ICEAP 00068, ICEAP
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of the rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) bio-fertilizer on growth and yield parameters of two maize varieties, DMRESR-Y and EV99-MRP, in northern Cote d'Ivoire. Statistical analyses using correlation tests and principal component analysis in R software showed that growth and yield parameters were influenced by the bio-fertilizer regardless of maize variety. Treatment with P. fluorescens bio-fertilizer alone or combined with foliar fertilizer resulted in higher dry biomass and growth/yield parameters compared to treatments without the bio-fertilizer.
This document discusses the importance of efficient irrigation based on soil moisture levels. It notes that overwatering can harm plants and deplete water reserves. The document recommends varying irrigation schedules according to seasons and soil type to prevent overwatering. Monitoring soil moisture levels can help farmers irrigate appropriately and save on water usage and costs. Adopting efficient irrigation practices based on soil, plant, and weather conditions can help save water.
Drought-tolerant maize genotypes belonging to two different maturity (10 early and 10 intermediate) groups were
evaluated for yield and other related characters in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria for two years (2009 and
2010). The differences among genotypes between and within maturity groups differed significantly (P<0.01)><0.01) only for grain yield. The rainfall patterns were favourable in
both cropping years with comparable values of growth parameters. Intermediate maturing genotypes (TZL COMP1-
W C6 F2, SUWAN-1-SR-SYN, TZB-SR, OBA SUPER I, EV 8435-SR) out-yielded early maturing ones with yield
advantage of 34.29% and taller by 17.04% compared to early ones. However, early genotypes were early to
anthesis with 6.57% advantage over intermediate genotypes. Four early genotypes (DMR-ESR Y CIF2, AC 90
POOL 16 DT, STR, TZE-W DT STR C4 and ACR 95TZE COMP4 C3) were superior for grain yield withn a range of
4.39 to 4.68 t ha-1. These genotypes could be selected either as parental breeding cultivars to overcome the
problem of moisture stress during the later part of the cropping season or introgressed with favourable cultivars for
high yield adaptable to drought-prone areas in the SGS agro-ecology.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), an agroecological approach to agricultural development and environmental conservation. SRI practices can help meet goals for the rice sector in the 21st century by increasing yields by 50-100% while reducing water use by 25-50%, capital costs, and vulnerability to pests and drought. Additional benefits include reduced methane emissions, higher grain quality, and improved income for farmers. SRI differs from the Green Revolution by promoting root growth and soil life rather than changing genetics or increasing external inputs. As of 2009, SRI benefits had been validated in 35 countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
This document discusses the principles of conservation agriculture and how they correlate with the practices of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). It defines conservation agriculture as a production system that has minimum soil disturbance, practices suitable crop rotations, and keeps the soil covered with plant residues. It then examines how several SRI practices, such as less tillage, residue management, crop rotation, improved drainage, water conservation, and focus on organic nutrition, help conserve natural resources and align with the principles of conservation agriculture by minimizing soil degradation and maximizing soil productivity and sustainability. The document concludes that SRI is a sustainable practice that can increase rice productivity through optimizing inputs and conserving agro-ecosystems.
What do women and men farmers want in their maize varietiesCIMMYT
Women farmers in Eastern Africa have different preferences than male farmers for traits in maize varieties. The document analyzes data from choice experiments conducted in Kenya to determine willingness to pay for various traits. Key findings include: Women do not prefer large grain size as much as men and value traits like storability and drought tolerance more. When socioeconomic factors are controlled for, men have a higher willingness to pay for closed tip ears. Women value drought tolerance and resistance to the striga weed twice as much as men. Men's willingness to pay for low nitrogen tolerance was much higher than women's. The top preferred traits overall were storability, drought tolerance, striga resistance, and lodging resistance.
Transforming Maize-legume Value Chains –A Business Case for Climate-Smart Ag...CIMMYT
CIMMYT Senior Cropping Systems Agronomist Christian Thierfelder presented on climate-smart agriculture in southern Africa in a webinar titled Climate Resilient Agriculture Success Stories – Making a Case for Scale Up.
Maize for Asian tropics: Chasing the moving targetCIMMYT
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for maize research and development in the Asian tropics. It notes the highly variable climate conditions maize faces, including drought, heat stress, excess moisture, and more frequent weather extremes due to climate change. It emphasizes the need for stress-resilient maize varieties and agronomic practices that can protect yields under both optimal and stressful conditions. The document outlines CIMMYT's efforts in stress-resilient maize breeding using new tools like high-throughput phenotyping, genomics, and doubled haploid technology integrated with conventional breeding methods. Close partnerships with various Asian countries and donors are highlighted as important for making progress on this "moving target" of maize improvement for the
Tropical maize genome: what do we know so far and how to use that informationCIMMYT
The document discusses tropical maize genomics, outlining what is currently known about tropical maize genomes from projects like the maize HapMaps. It describes how genomic information can be used to unlock genetic variation in tropical maize germplasm and drive molecular breeding efforts through approaches like genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection, and the development of multiple panels of SNP markers. The document also explores how plant breeding will increasingly be driven by big data and artificial intelligence.
Social inclusion of young people and site-specific nutrient management (SSNM)...CIMMYT
The document outlines the agenda for the 13th Asian Maize Conference held in Ludhiana, Punjab, India from 8-10 October 2018. It discusses maize production trends globally and in key countries like China, USA, and Brazil. It also summarizes maize production in Nepal, highlighting challenges like low productivity. The author presents results from an experiment comparing Nutrient Expert recommendations to farmer practices, finding a significant yield increase using the former approach. The conclusion is that Nutrient Expert can help address efficient nutrient management and increase yields and profits for farmers.
Identification of quantitative trait loci for resistance to shoot fly in maizeCIMMYT
This document discusses a study that identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to shoot fly in maize. The researchers studied two maize inbred lines, CM143 and CM144, and their F2:3 progenies. They measured traits related to shoot fly resistance, such as egg count, leaf injury, and dead heart percentage, in the parents and progenies over time. Phenotypic correlations between traits were calculated. The progenies were genotyped using SSR markers and a genetic linkage map was constructed. QTL analysis identified several QTL associated with traits like leaf width, length, area, injury, and stem girth on different chromosomes. The QTL explained phenotypic variances ranging from 7-
Outbreak of Fusarium ear rot on Maize in ThailandCIMMYT
This study identified Fusarium verticillioides as the main causal agent of ear rot in maize in Thailand. Over two growing seasons, the fungus was isolated from fields in six locations, where disease incidence and severity varied. Sixty inbred maize lines were evaluated for resistance to F. verticillioides under artificial inoculation. Lines Ki30, Ki45 and Ki59 showed the lowest disease severity scores. Additionally, 20 pre-commercial and 3 commercial maize hybrids were evaluated for natural infection in field trials across locations. Variation in disease incidence and severity was observed among hybrids and locations.
Comparative Analysis of Biochemical & Physiological Responses of Maize Genoty...CIMMYT
This study compared the biochemical and physiological responses of six maize genotypes under waterlogging stress conditions. The genotypes differed in their canopy cover, chlorophyll content, membrane damage, and antioxidant enzyme activity when exposed to waterlogging over six days. CML 54 x CML 487, BIL 219 and CML 487 showed the best performance under stress, with higher antioxidant enzyme activities and less membrane damage and chlorophyll loss. CML 54 and CML 486 were the most susceptible. The tolerant genotypes will be targets for future breeding programs to develop waterlogging tolerance in maize.
1. CIMMYT genotyped its entire maize germplasm bank collection of 28,000 accessions to better understand genetic diversity and identify alleles of breeding value.
2. Genomic and environmental data is being used to conduct genome-wide association studies and environmental GWAS to find genetic variations associated with traits like drought tolerance.
3. Selected accessions are undergoing pre-breeding to transfer useful alleles to elite lines and develop populations with improved stress resistance and other traits for breeders.
4. Products like catalogues of tolerant accessions are being made available to breeders, researchers, and genebanks to facilitate use of genetic resources.
This document summarizes the objectives and methodology of a study evaluating the effects of char, a byproduct of coal burning, in nitrogen management of maize soils in a semi-arid region. The study aims to: 1) Measure nitrogen losses from loam and sandy loam soils amended with various rates of char, 2) Evaluate the effect of char on maize fertilized with urea and manure in fields, and 3) Test sensors to estimate maize nitrogen status throughout growth stages. The results are expected to optimize nitrogen fertilizer use, increase nitrogen use efficiency and maize yields, and provide a tool to help small-holder farmers.
Technologies to drive maize yield improvementCIMMYT
This document discusses technologies and strategies being used by Corteva Agriscience to improve maize yields. It highlights advanced phenotyping systems using drones and satellite imagery, genomic research including reference genomes, and the use of gene editing including CRISPR-Cas9 to develop new varieties with improved traits like disease resistance and drought tolerance. The first example product mentioned is a waxy corn variety developed using CRISPR-Cas9 that is expected to launch commercially in 2020.
Evaluation of Twelve Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes for Water Use Efficiency under Varying Water Regimes
1. Evaluation of Twelve Spring Wheat Genotypes for Water Use Efficiency
Sakumona Mushekwa, Lungu M. Davies & Munyinda Kalaluka*
SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, PLANT SCIENCE DEPT, UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
*Plant Science Department, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka 10101,Zambia.
ABSTRACT MATERIALS AND METHODS 7,000 DISCUSSION
Routine evaluation of wheat genotypes and lines for WUE
Wheat production in Zambia is done during dry season Field study involved twelve wheat Genotypes already on
6,000
has always been found linked to traits and variation in
while the ability to provide water plays a key role in
Grain Yield (Kg/ Ha)
the market comprising of two rain-fed and ten irrigated genotypes [2,4,6,7]. This is in agreement with the results of
production. The cost of water supply either by centre pivot 5,000
. varieties; Nduna, Sahai I, Sekuru and Shine (supplied by
. this study. The current study provides evidence that some
or sprinklers severely limits production and yield. The SEED-CO),VW I & VW II (supplied by University of cultivated genotypes have high WUE and grain yield in low
4,000
present study was carried in 2011 dry season to evaluate Zambia), Coucal, Mampolyo & Nseba (supplied by ZARI) water regimes. Sahai I, Lorie II and Mampolyo gave the
wheat genotypes for water use efficiency and identify and Choza, Loerie II & Pungwa (supplied by ZAMSEED). 3,000 highest WUE and grain yield in low water application rate.
wheat morphological traits that can be used for low water Sahai I and Coucal were the rain-fed while the others were These results agree with findings of other researchers
application breeding programme. Twelve spring wheat irrigated varieties. Water was supplied through irrigation in 2,000 [4,6,7]. Harvest index and thousand kernel weight were
genotypes were grown in three different water regimes the growing season basing on crop requirement as 100%, identified as traits explaining most variation of WUE under
basing on crop water requirements (100%, 75% and 75% and 50%. Water was applied using sprinkler attached 1,000 low water supply and therefore would deserve better
50%). Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), spike to flow meter (Fig 1). To prevent water drift in the attention in developing better genotypes for water stress
length, above ground biomass, plant height, thousand neighbouring water basin, a 2m plastic sheet (Fig 2) was
0
environment as they are influenced by major effects of
kernel weight, grains per spike, harvest index and spikelet raised to enclose each basin during irrigation. WUE was additive gene action [2]. Due to the high genetic heritability
per spike were assessed and analysed. The results calculated as ratio of the grain yield to total water applied in and advances [2,3] of these traits, they can be used in low
revealed that there were highly significant differences mm [4]. Data was analysed using GENSTAT 13th Edition SPRING WHEAT GENOTYPES water wheat breeding programmes.
among the twelve genotypes for grain yield, and SPSS 16.0
morphological traits and WUE. Harvest index and Fig 3: Grain Yield of Genotypes in 50% water regime CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
thousand kernel weight were identified as the most
important traits that explained variation in WUE and could
30 The results of this study have shown that Sahai I a rain-fed
be used by wheat breeders to select for WUE under low
genotype and Loerie II an irrigated genotype had the highest
water supply. Genotypes such as Sahai I and Loerie II 25 yield stability and highest water utilisation efficiency than the
which showed superior WUE could also be used as
WUE (Kg/Ha/mm)
others as their yield reduction under stress conditions were
parental material. 20
very low. This suggests that deliberate selection using them
as parental material while targeting thousand kernel weight
Key words: Grain yield, Yield component, Genotypes, 15
and harvest index which explained most of the variations
Water Regime, Water use efficiency
10 could lead to development of appropriate varieties which
INTRODUCTION Fig 1: Water flow meter Fig 2: Plastic enclosure
5 k could give higher grain yields in reduced water application
rates. Such varieties could contribute to higher wheat
production if adopted by many farmers.
-
The major challenge of increasing wheat production in
RESULTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Zambia is increasing land under wheat production among
The results revealed statistical significant differences among
farmers. High cost of irrigation attributes to low production SPRING WHEAT GENOTYPES The authors are indebted to the National Irrigation Research Station – Nanga
genotypes (Fig 3). Sahai I and Loerie II gave the highest
as yields depended on availability of water[5] which management and staffs especially Mr. Mingochi D, Mr. Mwiinga A, and Mr. A.
grain yield of 6,086 kg ha-1 and 5,351 kg ha-1 respectively and Simankanda for the provision of site, irrigation water and technical support during trial
contribute 44% of total variable cost among the Zambian Fig 4: Water Use efficiency of Genotypes in 50% water regime management till its completion. We are also grateful to Kashano Beatrice for funding
highest WUE of 24 kg /ha mm-1 and 21 kg/ha mm-1
commercial farmers [1]. Previous studies have revealed the research. Thanks to the Greenbelt fertilisers, ZARI, SEED-CO, ZAMSEED and
respectively while the Choza and Nduna had the lowest grain UNZA for their support of the study.
high genetic variations for morphological traits in
yield of below 3, 000 kg ha-1 and WUE of 12 kg/ha mm-1 in
cultivated wheat genotypes in relation to their water use BIBLIOGRAPHY
50% water regimes (Fig 4). Across water regimes Mampolyo
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WUE: Water use efficiency and PHT: Plant height.