This document describes a spacing calculator tool for mixed plantings in organic agriculture. It addresses the problem that mixed plantings spaced according to existing recommendations may require more land area than separate monocultures, especially when one crop is much larger than the other or makes up a larger proportion of the mixture. The tool calculates the optimal spacing between plants in a mixed planting based on a spacing equation, allowing mixtures to use land more efficiently while maintaining the benefits of companion planting such as increased yields and pest management. Users select various planting parameters to determine the appropriate spacing.
Poster54: CIAT phenotyping platform: Aiming at improving eco-efficiency of cr...CIAT
The CIAT Phenotyping Platform aims to improve the eco-efficiency of crops through high throughput phenotyping under field and controlled conditions using automation and advanced instruments. The platform facilitates the development of crop varieties with improved abiotic stress tolerance traits like drought, high temperature, and acid soil tolerance in crops such as bean, cassava, forage, and rice. Recent advances in phenotyping capabilities at CIAT allow for the precise evaluation of transgenic rice lines under simulated upland conditions to identify promising lines with improved drought tolerance.
The document discusses hedgerows and how to create them in urban Southern California gardens. It defines hedgerows and describes their benefits, including providing habitat. While traditional hedgerows contain a mix of trees, shrubs and plants, backyard hedgerows in SoCal can utilize appropriate native species in a scaled-down design at least 20 feet long and 8 feet wide. The document provides guidance on choosing backbone and filler shrubs, planting densities, and designing hedgerows suited to different climate zones in Southern California.
This document discusses a project between the University of Tennessee Extension and a local landowner to create a demonstration of native warm season grasses. The goals were to educate farmers and landowners about integrating these grasses into hay and grazing operations, and to create wildlife habitat. Over 9 acres of grasses including big bluestem, little bluestem, Indiangrass, and switchgrass were successfully established. The landowner is baling quality hay twice per year. Wildlife sightings have increased and the plots are being used to educate other farmers about native warm season grasses.
This study examined how proximity to sunflower crops affects the abundance and community structure of mutualists and antagonists of wild sunflowers, and how this alters natural selection on floral traits. The researchers found that mutualists like pollinators were more abundant near crops, while antagonists like seed predators were more abundant farther from crops. Natural selection on floral traits also differed between wild sunflowers near and far from crops, driven by changes in mutualist and antagonist communities with proximity to agriculture. This suggests agricultural landscapes can alter natural selection in native plant species.
Greenway Grameen Infra is India's first ecosystem services company focused on sustainable rural infrastructure. It has been operational for 2.5 years and combines skills in engineering, natural resource management, and social engagement to design products and services that benefit rural communities in an environmentally responsible way. Native Konbac Bamboo Products is an emerging enterprise that has been operational for 1.5 years focusing on luxury bamboo furniture to revive the use of bamboo in the luxury goods market across India and for export. KNID focuses on organizing the vegetable supply chain in Bihar, UP, and Uttarakhand to reduce waste and facilitate direct links between producers and vendors.
Poster54: CIAT phenotyping platform: Aiming at improving eco-efficiency of cr...CIAT
The CIAT Phenotyping Platform aims to improve the eco-efficiency of crops through high throughput phenotyping under field and controlled conditions using automation and advanced instruments. The platform facilitates the development of crop varieties with improved abiotic stress tolerance traits like drought, high temperature, and acid soil tolerance in crops such as bean, cassava, forage, and rice. Recent advances in phenotyping capabilities at CIAT allow for the precise evaluation of transgenic rice lines under simulated upland conditions to identify promising lines with improved drought tolerance.
The document discusses hedgerows and how to create them in urban Southern California gardens. It defines hedgerows and describes their benefits, including providing habitat. While traditional hedgerows contain a mix of trees, shrubs and plants, backyard hedgerows in SoCal can utilize appropriate native species in a scaled-down design at least 20 feet long and 8 feet wide. The document provides guidance on choosing backbone and filler shrubs, planting densities, and designing hedgerows suited to different climate zones in Southern California.
This document discusses a project between the University of Tennessee Extension and a local landowner to create a demonstration of native warm season grasses. The goals were to educate farmers and landowners about integrating these grasses into hay and grazing operations, and to create wildlife habitat. Over 9 acres of grasses including big bluestem, little bluestem, Indiangrass, and switchgrass were successfully established. The landowner is baling quality hay twice per year. Wildlife sightings have increased and the plots are being used to educate other farmers about native warm season grasses.
This study examined how proximity to sunflower crops affects the abundance and community structure of mutualists and antagonists of wild sunflowers, and how this alters natural selection on floral traits. The researchers found that mutualists like pollinators were more abundant near crops, while antagonists like seed predators were more abundant farther from crops. Natural selection on floral traits also differed between wild sunflowers near and far from crops, driven by changes in mutualist and antagonist communities with proximity to agriculture. This suggests agricultural landscapes can alter natural selection in native plant species.
Greenway Grameen Infra is India's first ecosystem services company focused on sustainable rural infrastructure. It has been operational for 2.5 years and combines skills in engineering, natural resource management, and social engagement to design products and services that benefit rural communities in an environmentally responsible way. Native Konbac Bamboo Products is an emerging enterprise that has been operational for 1.5 years focusing on luxury bamboo furniture to revive the use of bamboo in the luxury goods market across India and for export. KNID focuses on organizing the vegetable supply chain in Bihar, UP, and Uttarakhand to reduce waste and facilitate direct links between producers and vendors.
This document summarizes the principles of biointensive gardening, which focuses on growing food with minimal resources through techniques like double digging, close plant spacing, and companion planting. It outlines the 9 main principles, which include deep soil preparation, high quality seeds, close plant spacing, watering, growing carbon crops, compost, crop rotation, companion planting, and a whole system approach. Details are provided on how to double dig beds, add compost and fertilizer, plant seeds and seedlings closely, grow carbon crops for composting, and ensure all principles are used together for success.
Have you heard of SPIN farming? Square foot gardening? Other ways to grow more vegetables on less land than you ever thought possible? Attend this class to become familiar with the highlights of these (and other) approaches to growing a lot of food in a little bit of space, and how to apply them in your garden.
“Bio-Intensive Gardening: Its Effects in the Top 5 Elementary in Ilocos Norte”, Angelie Tugaoen
The document discusses bio-intensive gardening (BIG) programs at the top 5 elementary schools in Ilocos Norte, Philippines. It finds that BIG provides benefits like income for schools, beautification, soil protection, and nutrition. BIG also helps pupils develop responsibility and love of nature. The schools plant crops like vegetables, dragonfruit, and kamote. They preserve BIG through fences, organic fertilizers, and pupil/community involvement. The research concludes BIG is important for pupils' environment education and health, and recommends future teachers adopt BIG in schools and homes.
Rainbow of Hope for Children: Biointensive Gardening in El SalvadorFayina19z
This document provides an overview and update on the Rainbow of Hope for Children's Biointensive Garden project in Izalco, El Salvador. Over the past 6 years, Rainbow has supported the organic mini-farming demonstration site by providing equipment, infrastructure, salaries, and technical support. The project has trained local farmers and successfully implemented biointensive techniques to improve food security and nutrition for children at a nearby orphanage. Outcomes include steadily increasing vegetable production, employment and training of local farmers, and supplementing the diets of 90 orphanage children. Rainbow is seeking ongoing funding to maintain the self-sustaining garden and continue its benefits.
This document discusses different approaches to edible landscaping including biointensive designs, using edible ornamental plants, creating edible structures like arbors, integrating edible water gardens and micro-livestock, mimicking forest gardens, and using mycoscaping. It provides an example of a New England property that produces 10-25% of food for four adults on 1/10 acre using many of these patterns along with preventing pests through resistant crops and habitat plantings without spraying and maintaining soil fertility through groundcovers and nitrogen fixers. Resources for more information are also included.
SELECTION METHODS IN SELF-POLLINATED CROPS viz., mass selection, pureline sel...AMIT RANA Ph. D Scholar
MASS SELECTION
Mass selection is a method of breeding in which individual plants are selected on the basis of phenotype from a mixed population , their seeds are bulked and used to grow the next generation.
Selection cycle may be repeated one or more times to increase the frequency of favorable alleles - phenotypic recurrent selection.
PURELINE SELECTION
A pureline is the progeny of a single homozygous plant of a self-pollinated species. All the plants in a pureline have the same genotype and the phenotypic variation within a pureline is due to the environment alone and has no genetic basis. However, variation within a pureline is not heritable. Hence selection in a pureline is not effective. Johannsen (1903,1926), a Danish biologist, developed the concept of pureline theory working with Princess variety of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), which showed variation for seed size. From a commercial seed lot he selected seeds of different sizes and grew them separately. The progenies differed in seed size. Progenies from larger seeds produced larger seeds than those obtained from smaller seeds. This clearly showed that the variation in seed size in the commercial seed lot of princess variety had a genetic base. As a result selection for seed size was effective.
Introduction
PEDIGREE SELECTION
Pedigree selection is a widely used method of breeding self-pollinated species.
A key difference between pedigree selection and mass selection or pure-line selection is that hybridization is used to generate variability (for the base population), unlike the other methods in which production of genetic variation is not a feature.
The method was first described by H. H. Lowe in 1927.
Pedigree selection is a breeding method in which the breeder keeps records of the ancestry of the cultivar.
The base population is established by crossing selected parents, followed by handling an actively segregating population.
Documentation of the pedigree enables breeders to trace parent–progeny back to an individual F2 plant from any subsequent generation.
The breeder should develop an effective, easy to maintain system of record keeping.
Pedigree selection is applicable to breeding species that allow individual plants to be observed, described, and harvested separately.
This document discusses different selection methods used in cross-pollinating crops, including mass selection, selfed plant mass selection, progeny selection, recurrent selection, pedigree method, bulk method, and single seed descent method. Mass selection involves selecting individual plants based on performance and using bulked seeds for the next generation. Progeny selection is a form of mass selection that uses progeny testing to select superior plants. Recurrent selection cycles involve selecting plants over multiple generations with interbreeding to provide genetic recombination. The pedigree method maintains records on selected plants over generations until lines are homozygous. The bulk and single seed descent methods aim to attain homozygosity before individual plant selection.
ABM has developed several new biological products containing strains of beneficial Trichoderma microorganisms based on over 30 years of research. These products colonize plant roots to induce stress resistance and increase yields, with field trials showing average yield increases of 4-5 bushels per acre for wheat. ABM offers two wheat-specific products - a high concentrate liquid formulation for commercial seed treaters and a planter box granular formulation for on-farm use.
1) Self-incompatibility is an important mechanism for hybrid seed production in vegetables as it allows for the production of F1 hybrids without manual emasculation.
2) Key steps in hybrid seed production using self-incompatibility include identifying and developing homozygous self-incompatible inbred lines, determining relationships between S-alleles, identifying best combining lines, and maintaining parental lines.
3) Advantages include reduced cost of hybridization, production of hybrids, and combining desirable genes, while limitations include difficulties maintaining homozygous inbred lines and environmental factors sometimes overcoming self-incompatibility.
This document describes various breeding methods used for cross-pollinated crops, including population improvement methods with and without progeny testing. Population improvement methods aim to increase the frequency of desirable alleles in a population. Methods without progeny testing include mass selection and its modifications like detasseling or panmixis. Methods with progeny testing involve evaluating progeny rows, including half-sib family selection using the ear-to-row method and full-sib family selection. Recurrent selection can further improve populations over multiple cycles.
Synthetic varieties are produced by crossing multiple parental lines together and allowing open pollination, resulting in a mixture of hybrids. They have value for cross-pollinated crops where hybrid production is difficult. Steps in development include evaluating parental lines, producing the initial synthetic variety by mixing parental seed or making all crosses, and multiplying it through open pollination. Synthetic varieties allow for heterosis exploitation in some crops and provide farmers with seeds for future crops, though their performance is usually lower than single or double crosses.
plant breeding techniques used in self-pollinated plants v/s those used in cr...Anusha Babooa
1. Plant breeding techniques differ between self-pollinated and cross-pollinated plants. Common techniques for self-pollinated plants include mass selection, pure line selection, pedigree selection, and backcross breeding. Hybridization is more common for cross-pollinated plants.
2. Selection, hybridization, and introduction are used for both types of plants. Rare techniques include mutation breeding and polyploidy.
3. Recurrent selection, synthetic varieties, and multiline varieties are mainly used to improve cross-pollinated crops where pollination control is difficult.
Vegetables Companion Planting Guide provides information on how to plant different vegetables together to help or hinder pests. Alliums such as onions help fruit trees, nightshades and brassicas, and are helped by carrots. Brassicas help potatoes and cereals, and are attracted to by beneficial insects but avoided by mustards and nightshades. Beans help corn and spinach, and are attracted to by beneficial insects but avoided by tomatoes, chili peppers and alliums.
This document provides a companion planting chart that shows which plant species make good companions for other plants and which ones should not be planted together. The chart uses symbols to indicate whether each plant listed is beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the other plants. It covers a wide variety of common garden plants and some information about using certain plants to repel common garden pests or attract beneficial insects. The chart is designed to help gardeners maximize the potential of interplanting by reducing pests and optimizing soil and sunlight usage.
A How to Guide for Creating Your Own Easy Care Garden - Clarence City, TasmaniaAliki85w
1) Mulch protects the soil from erosion, adds nutrients, and reduces weeds by blocking light. Effective mulches are 5-15cm thick.
2) Composting takes 2-6 months and involves layering green and brown materials and turning the pile regularly. Mature compost is dark and crumbly.
3) Involving children in all aspects of the garden and cooking encourages learning.
A Review of Suitable Companion Crops for Black WalnutAliki85w
This document reviews suitable companion crops that can be grown with black walnut trees. Black walnut trees produce a chemical called juglone that is allelopathic and inhibits the growth of many other plant species. The document finds that there are many companion cropping systems suitable for the short term (<15 years) and medium term (15-30 years) after planting black walnut, but few options for the long term (>30 years). Compatible companion crops serve functions like nitrogen fixation, additional yields, developing straight walnut stems, and pest protection. Black walnut polyculture is a viable option that provides multiple yields and recovers establishment costs over time.
Agricultural Integration Systems in Action - the University of MaineAliki85w
This document provides profiles of three agricultural integration systems in Maine between crop and dairy farmers. It describes how the farmers share land, labor, equipment, and other resources to improve soil quality, increase crop yields, and expand crop rotations. The farmers interviewed found integration benefited their operations through increased organic matter in soils from manure applications, reduced pest pressures from extended rotations, and improved overall soil quality and crop quality. However, the document notes that while integration provides benefits, opportunities for existing farmers to replicate these models may be limited due to requirements for proximity between partners and high levels of trust.
Alice Springs Vegie Garden Companion: A Handbook for Growing Food in Arid Aus...Aliki85w
This document provides tips and instructions for gardening in Alice Springs, Australia. It discusses choosing a garden location with sun exposure, preparing the soil, controlling weeds like couch grass, creating no-dig garden beds, using pots and containers, hardening off seedlings, transplanting, pruning fruit trees, and planting times. Watering recommendations are provided for different seasons, including summer when established gardens need 3 waterings per week with adequate mulch and organic soil. The document aims to inspire and assist people to grow their own food in the arid climate of Alice Springs.
Alley cropping is an agroforestry practice that involves planting rows of trees and shrubs at wide intervals to create alleyways for agricultural crop production. This provides both long-term tree crops and annual income from companion crops. Benefits include improved economic stability, cash flow, plant diversity, and wildlife habitat. Careful consideration must be given to tree and crop species selection and spacing to optimize economic returns based on their interactions. Maintaining fences and controlling weeds are important during establishment.
Alley Cropping in Agro Forestry - University of MissouriAliki85w
Alley cropping involves planting rows of trees or shrubs with wide spacing to create alleyways for crops. This chapter discusses:
1. The benefits of alley cropping include diversifying farm income, reducing erosion, improving water quality and wildlife habitat.
2. Alley cropping can reduce soil erosion through tree roots and leaf litter, intercept rainfall to increase infiltration, and modify microclimates.
3. The design of alley cropping systems must consider the light, root, and allelopathic interactions between the tree and crop components to minimize competition and maximize benefits. Spacing, orientation, pruning and root-severing can help address these interactions.
This document summarizes the principles of biointensive gardening, which focuses on growing food with minimal resources through techniques like double digging, close plant spacing, and companion planting. It outlines the 9 main principles, which include deep soil preparation, high quality seeds, close plant spacing, watering, growing carbon crops, compost, crop rotation, companion planting, and a whole system approach. Details are provided on how to double dig beds, add compost and fertilizer, plant seeds and seedlings closely, grow carbon crops for composting, and ensure all principles are used together for success.
Have you heard of SPIN farming? Square foot gardening? Other ways to grow more vegetables on less land than you ever thought possible? Attend this class to become familiar with the highlights of these (and other) approaches to growing a lot of food in a little bit of space, and how to apply them in your garden.
“Bio-Intensive Gardening: Its Effects in the Top 5 Elementary in Ilocos Norte”, Angelie Tugaoen
The document discusses bio-intensive gardening (BIG) programs at the top 5 elementary schools in Ilocos Norte, Philippines. It finds that BIG provides benefits like income for schools, beautification, soil protection, and nutrition. BIG also helps pupils develop responsibility and love of nature. The schools plant crops like vegetables, dragonfruit, and kamote. They preserve BIG through fences, organic fertilizers, and pupil/community involvement. The research concludes BIG is important for pupils' environment education and health, and recommends future teachers adopt BIG in schools and homes.
Rainbow of Hope for Children: Biointensive Gardening in El SalvadorFayina19z
This document provides an overview and update on the Rainbow of Hope for Children's Biointensive Garden project in Izalco, El Salvador. Over the past 6 years, Rainbow has supported the organic mini-farming demonstration site by providing equipment, infrastructure, salaries, and technical support. The project has trained local farmers and successfully implemented biointensive techniques to improve food security and nutrition for children at a nearby orphanage. Outcomes include steadily increasing vegetable production, employment and training of local farmers, and supplementing the diets of 90 orphanage children. Rainbow is seeking ongoing funding to maintain the self-sustaining garden and continue its benefits.
This document discusses different approaches to edible landscaping including biointensive designs, using edible ornamental plants, creating edible structures like arbors, integrating edible water gardens and micro-livestock, mimicking forest gardens, and using mycoscaping. It provides an example of a New England property that produces 10-25% of food for four adults on 1/10 acre using many of these patterns along with preventing pests through resistant crops and habitat plantings without spraying and maintaining soil fertility through groundcovers and nitrogen fixers. Resources for more information are also included.
SELECTION METHODS IN SELF-POLLINATED CROPS viz., mass selection, pureline sel...AMIT RANA Ph. D Scholar
MASS SELECTION
Mass selection is a method of breeding in which individual plants are selected on the basis of phenotype from a mixed population , their seeds are bulked and used to grow the next generation.
Selection cycle may be repeated one or more times to increase the frequency of favorable alleles - phenotypic recurrent selection.
PURELINE SELECTION
A pureline is the progeny of a single homozygous plant of a self-pollinated species. All the plants in a pureline have the same genotype and the phenotypic variation within a pureline is due to the environment alone and has no genetic basis. However, variation within a pureline is not heritable. Hence selection in a pureline is not effective. Johannsen (1903,1926), a Danish biologist, developed the concept of pureline theory working with Princess variety of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), which showed variation for seed size. From a commercial seed lot he selected seeds of different sizes and grew them separately. The progenies differed in seed size. Progenies from larger seeds produced larger seeds than those obtained from smaller seeds. This clearly showed that the variation in seed size in the commercial seed lot of princess variety had a genetic base. As a result selection for seed size was effective.
Introduction
PEDIGREE SELECTION
Pedigree selection is a widely used method of breeding self-pollinated species.
A key difference between pedigree selection and mass selection or pure-line selection is that hybridization is used to generate variability (for the base population), unlike the other methods in which production of genetic variation is not a feature.
The method was first described by H. H. Lowe in 1927.
Pedigree selection is a breeding method in which the breeder keeps records of the ancestry of the cultivar.
The base population is established by crossing selected parents, followed by handling an actively segregating population.
Documentation of the pedigree enables breeders to trace parent–progeny back to an individual F2 plant from any subsequent generation.
The breeder should develop an effective, easy to maintain system of record keeping.
Pedigree selection is applicable to breeding species that allow individual plants to be observed, described, and harvested separately.
This document discusses different selection methods used in cross-pollinating crops, including mass selection, selfed plant mass selection, progeny selection, recurrent selection, pedigree method, bulk method, and single seed descent method. Mass selection involves selecting individual plants based on performance and using bulked seeds for the next generation. Progeny selection is a form of mass selection that uses progeny testing to select superior plants. Recurrent selection cycles involve selecting plants over multiple generations with interbreeding to provide genetic recombination. The pedigree method maintains records on selected plants over generations until lines are homozygous. The bulk and single seed descent methods aim to attain homozygosity before individual plant selection.
ABM has developed several new biological products containing strains of beneficial Trichoderma microorganisms based on over 30 years of research. These products colonize plant roots to induce stress resistance and increase yields, with field trials showing average yield increases of 4-5 bushels per acre for wheat. ABM offers two wheat-specific products - a high concentrate liquid formulation for commercial seed treaters and a planter box granular formulation for on-farm use.
1) Self-incompatibility is an important mechanism for hybrid seed production in vegetables as it allows for the production of F1 hybrids without manual emasculation.
2) Key steps in hybrid seed production using self-incompatibility include identifying and developing homozygous self-incompatible inbred lines, determining relationships between S-alleles, identifying best combining lines, and maintaining parental lines.
3) Advantages include reduced cost of hybridization, production of hybrids, and combining desirable genes, while limitations include difficulties maintaining homozygous inbred lines and environmental factors sometimes overcoming self-incompatibility.
This document describes various breeding methods used for cross-pollinated crops, including population improvement methods with and without progeny testing. Population improvement methods aim to increase the frequency of desirable alleles in a population. Methods without progeny testing include mass selection and its modifications like detasseling or panmixis. Methods with progeny testing involve evaluating progeny rows, including half-sib family selection using the ear-to-row method and full-sib family selection. Recurrent selection can further improve populations over multiple cycles.
Synthetic varieties are produced by crossing multiple parental lines together and allowing open pollination, resulting in a mixture of hybrids. They have value for cross-pollinated crops where hybrid production is difficult. Steps in development include evaluating parental lines, producing the initial synthetic variety by mixing parental seed or making all crosses, and multiplying it through open pollination. Synthetic varieties allow for heterosis exploitation in some crops and provide farmers with seeds for future crops, though their performance is usually lower than single or double crosses.
plant breeding techniques used in self-pollinated plants v/s those used in cr...Anusha Babooa
1. Plant breeding techniques differ between self-pollinated and cross-pollinated plants. Common techniques for self-pollinated plants include mass selection, pure line selection, pedigree selection, and backcross breeding. Hybridization is more common for cross-pollinated plants.
2. Selection, hybridization, and introduction are used for both types of plants. Rare techniques include mutation breeding and polyploidy.
3. Recurrent selection, synthetic varieties, and multiline varieties are mainly used to improve cross-pollinated crops where pollination control is difficult.
Similar to Biointensive Mixed Plantings - Kentucky State University (7)
Vegetables Companion Planting Guide provides information on how to plant different vegetables together to help or hinder pests. Alliums such as onions help fruit trees, nightshades and brassicas, and are helped by carrots. Brassicas help potatoes and cereals, and are attracted to by beneficial insects but avoided by mustards and nightshades. Beans help corn and spinach, and are attracted to by beneficial insects but avoided by tomatoes, chili peppers and alliums.
This document provides a companion planting chart that shows which plant species make good companions for other plants and which ones should not be planted together. The chart uses symbols to indicate whether each plant listed is beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the other plants. It covers a wide variety of common garden plants and some information about using certain plants to repel common garden pests or attract beneficial insects. The chart is designed to help gardeners maximize the potential of interplanting by reducing pests and optimizing soil and sunlight usage.
A How to Guide for Creating Your Own Easy Care Garden - Clarence City, TasmaniaAliki85w
1) Mulch protects the soil from erosion, adds nutrients, and reduces weeds by blocking light. Effective mulches are 5-15cm thick.
2) Composting takes 2-6 months and involves layering green and brown materials and turning the pile regularly. Mature compost is dark and crumbly.
3) Involving children in all aspects of the garden and cooking encourages learning.
A Review of Suitable Companion Crops for Black WalnutAliki85w
This document reviews suitable companion crops that can be grown with black walnut trees. Black walnut trees produce a chemical called juglone that is allelopathic and inhibits the growth of many other plant species. The document finds that there are many companion cropping systems suitable for the short term (<15 years) and medium term (15-30 years) after planting black walnut, but few options for the long term (>30 years). Compatible companion crops serve functions like nitrogen fixation, additional yields, developing straight walnut stems, and pest protection. Black walnut polyculture is a viable option that provides multiple yields and recovers establishment costs over time.
Agricultural Integration Systems in Action - the University of MaineAliki85w
This document provides profiles of three agricultural integration systems in Maine between crop and dairy farmers. It describes how the farmers share land, labor, equipment, and other resources to improve soil quality, increase crop yields, and expand crop rotations. The farmers interviewed found integration benefited their operations through increased organic matter in soils from manure applications, reduced pest pressures from extended rotations, and improved overall soil quality and crop quality. However, the document notes that while integration provides benefits, opportunities for existing farmers to replicate these models may be limited due to requirements for proximity between partners and high levels of trust.
Alice Springs Vegie Garden Companion: A Handbook for Growing Food in Arid Aus...Aliki85w
This document provides tips and instructions for gardening in Alice Springs, Australia. It discusses choosing a garden location with sun exposure, preparing the soil, controlling weeds like couch grass, creating no-dig garden beds, using pots and containers, hardening off seedlings, transplanting, pruning fruit trees, and planting times. Watering recommendations are provided for different seasons, including summer when established gardens need 3 waterings per week with adequate mulch and organic soil. The document aims to inspire and assist people to grow their own food in the arid climate of Alice Springs.
Alley cropping is an agroforestry practice that involves planting rows of trees and shrubs at wide intervals to create alleyways for agricultural crop production. This provides both long-term tree crops and annual income from companion crops. Benefits include improved economic stability, cash flow, plant diversity, and wildlife habitat. Careful consideration must be given to tree and crop species selection and spacing to optimize economic returns based on their interactions. Maintaining fences and controlling weeds are important during establishment.
Alley Cropping in Agro Forestry - University of MissouriAliki85w
Alley cropping involves planting rows of trees or shrubs with wide spacing to create alleyways for crops. This chapter discusses:
1. The benefits of alley cropping include diversifying farm income, reducing erosion, improving water quality and wildlife habitat.
2. Alley cropping can reduce soil erosion through tree roots and leaf litter, intercept rainfall to increase infiltration, and modify microclimates.
3. The design of alley cropping systems must consider the light, root, and allelopathic interactions between the tree and crop components to minimize competition and maximize benefits. Spacing, orientation, pruning and root-severing can help address these interactions.
Alternatives to Pesticides - Urban and Community HorticultureAliki85w
This document provides information on alternatives to pesticides for home gardeners. It discusses using integrated pest management principles, including cultural, physical, biological and chemical controls. Specifically, it details over 100 plant diseases, insects, mites, nematodes and weeds currently controlled by pesticides. It then outlines cultural, physical and biological control strategies and techniques gardeners can use to manage pests without chemicals, including plant selection, sanitation, handpicking, water sprays and beneficial insects. The document concludes with a brief discussion of chemical controls and minimizing their negative effects.
Barker Creek Heirloom Seeds and Rare SeedsAliki85w
1) Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds is a family-run business that sells heirloom and open-pollinated seed varieties.
2) In 2011, the company saw significant growth and expansion, including distributing over 250,000 free seed packets to non-profits, hosting festivals, and publishing an expanded magazine and catalog.
3) The owners emphasize the importance of preserving seed freedom and access to non-GMO seeds for future generations through their work.
Basic List of Companion Plants - Chico, CaliforniaAliki85w
This document provides a reference guide for companion planting, listing vegetables, herbs, and other plants along with what they like and dislike being planted near. Companion planting utilizes synergistic relationships between plants to promote health and growth. The guide lists over 50 plants and their compatibilities or incompatibilities with other plants. It was created by certified permaculture designers with over 20 years of experience and trial-and-error with companion planting.
Benefits of Companion Planting Explained - Boston Natural Areas NetworkAliki85w
The document announces a free workshop on companion planting that will take place on May 23rd in Mattapan. Master Urban Gardener Lisa Vaas will explain how planting certain vegetables together can benefit plant growth through biological and ecological interactions. The workshop is part of a horticultural series presented by Boston Natural Areas Network, a non-profit dedicated to preserving and enhancing urban open spaces, including community gardens.
Biodiversity in Community Gardens, Orchards and Allotments - Dundee, ScotlandAliki85w
This document provides information about starting and maintaining community gardens, orchards, and allotments to promote biodiversity. It discusses the benefits of these spaces for healthy eating, exercise, and wildlife habitat. Case studies from Scotland are provided on starting community gardens and orchards. Tips are given for sustainable practices like soil management, planting for wildlife, boundaries, ponds, and other considerations. Tables list plants and flowers that benefit biodiversity.
1) Biological control uses natural enemies like predators, parasites, and pathogens to control pests. This is an important tactic in integrated pest management.
2) The main types of natural enemies are pathogens, parasites, and predators. Pathogens are microorganisms that infect and kill hosts, parasites live in or on a host and feed on it, and predators directly eat other organisms.
3) Conserving and augmenting natural enemies through tactics like reducing pesticide use and providing habitat is an important part of biological control and integrated pest management programs.
Breast Cancer and Pesticides - Sierra ClubAliki85w
Pesticides that mimic estrogen can increase breast cancer risk. While estrogen is important for female reproduction, it can trigger or fuel breast cancer. Some pesticides accumulate in fat and mimic estrogen, stimulating "bad estrogen" production. To reduce exposure, women can eat organic food, avoid using pesticides, and breastfeed to help remove toxins from their bodies, though breast milk is now highly contaminated. People should pressure governments to better regulate and re-evaluate pesticides for their potential health risks.
Brother Nature Organic Seeds and Companion Planting - Victoria, CanadaAliki85w
This document provides information about Brother Nature Organic Seeds, including their mission of providing pesticide-free, naturally grown seeds. It discusses their growing practices, packaging, and customer satisfaction. The bulk of the document is a catalog listing over 200 varieties of perennials, vegetables, herbs and annuals, with details on each variety such as bloom time, growing instructions, and price per packet of seeds.
CCAT is excited to utilize their new raised garden beds for companion planting. Companion planting involves strategically planting certain plants together that benefit each other. CCAT researched which plants work well together and make a plan for their garden beds. They want to maximize food production in the small space. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key points about CCAT's new garden beds and companion planting plans.
Central Texas Community Gardening Manual - World Hunger ReliefAliki85w
This document provides an introduction to starting a community garden. It discusses why November is a good time to think about the purpose and models of community gardens while the weather cools. Key questions are outlined to consider such as who the garden will serve, how decisions will be made, and ensuring the community has ownership over the project. The goal is to use gardens as a tool for community and economic development by teaching communities to solve their own problems sustainably.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Biointensive Mixed Plantings - Kentucky State University
1. Spacing Calculator for
Biointensive Mixed Plantings
Michael Bomford, Kentucky State University
Organic Agriculture Working Group, http://organic.kysu.edu
400 East Main Street, Frankfort, KY 40601
BACKGROUND THE PROBLEM TOOLS BASED ON MIXTURE SPACING EQUATION
Mixed planting, or companion planting, can offer • Mixed plantings spaced according
benefits over monocultures: to Jeavons’ recommendations
• Mixed crops often have higher yields than require more land than separate SPACING CALCULATOR
monocultures because different species use monoculture beds when: SPREADSHEET
different resources, making more efficient use of – One crop is much larger than the • Select options from drop-down menus:
land.1 other
– 1. Use pure stand spacing
– The smaller crop makes up a
• Mixed plantings often have fewer pest problems recommendations from Jeavons,4 Rodale
larger proportion of the plants
than monocultures because pests have a harder Institute,6 University of Kentucky
than the larger crop
time finding suitable hosts, or because diverse Extension,7 or another favorite source Mixture Snap bean
• If mixtures use resources more – 2. Choose a primary and secondary crop
100 (pole)
Corn
plantings provide better habitat for natural 75
efficiently than monocultures they (spreadsheet limited to two-crop mixtures)
enemies.2
cm
50
should not need more space. – 3. Select the number of secondary crop 25
• Diversity helps reduce risk. Promoting
plants per primary crop plant in mix (crop 0
biodiversity is a stated goal of the USDA's ratio)
0 25 50
cm
75 100
national organic standards.3
• Spreadsheet calculates (in metric and US
Corn Snap bean (pole)
100 100
Some crops are commonly grown in mixtures: measurement units): 75 75
• Hay is usually a mix of grass and legume
cm
cm
50 50
– Spacing between plants
species.
25 25
– Spacing between offset rows 0 0
• Shade-grown coffee plantations mix low-growing – Crop ratio that dedicates an equal amount
0 25 50
cm
75 100 0 25 50
cm
75 100
coffee bushes with trees. of land to each crop The spacing calculator spreadsheet
• Backyard gardeners often mix vegetables, herbs, – Planting density for component crops and generates planting diagrams for
and flowers in the same bed. mixture mixtures based on pure-stand plant
Although mixed plantings are common, practical – Much more… spacing for component crops.
resources for those who grow mixed crops are Two-crop companion planting Download: http://organic.kysu.edu/CompanionSpacing.shtml
few; production guides and extension materials diagram with dimensions, adapted
often assume monoculture. from How to Grow More
Vegetables... Corn plants are
represented by yellow circles; beets
are red. A mixture of 33 corn plants ONLINE SPACING Corn Beans Squash
and 80 beet plants requires 60 sq. ft. CALCULATOR
BIOINTENSIVE MINI-FARMING • Requires
– Recommended spacing
• How to Grow More Vegetables… by John
for pure stand
Jeavons4 advocates a gardening system
(up to four crops)
called "biointensive mini-farming," which
consists of: – Relative proportion of
– deeply-cultivated (“double dug”) beds crops in mixture
amended with compost • Delivers
– high-density mixed plantings – Between-plant spacing for
– offset rows evenly-spaced mixture
(every plant is the same distance from its
six nearest neighbors, creating a beehive – Between-clump spacing for If each hill has 4 corn plants, 4 bean
pattern of hexagons) clumped mixture plants and 1 squash plant then hills
should be spaced 37” apart.
The same number of plants grown in two
pure stands would require only 53 sq. ft. SF SF
B
SF SF
C
of bed space, leaving 7 sq. ft. for another SF
SF B C
C
C B SF
SF
crop SF B
SQ
SF
SF
SF
B
C
B
C
B
C
37” B
C SF
B C C B B C C B B C C B B C C B
SF C C C C SF
B B B B
B SQ B SQ B SQ B SQ
37”
B
C C C C C
B C C B B C C B B C C B B C C B B C C B
A SOLUTION C
B
C
B
C
B
C
B
C
B
For plant spacing in mixtures, • An equation5 can be used to
B
C
SQ B
C
SQ B
C
SQ B
C
SQ B
C
SQ B
C
Hexagonal spacing diagram from Jeavons uses the mean of his B C C B B C C B B C C B B C C B B C C B B C C B
calculate between-plant spacing C C C C C C
How to Grow More Vegetables... The recommended plant spacings for
B B B B B B
for mixtures (smix) from: Example: The Wampanoag people SQ
B
SQ
B
SQ
B
SQ
B
SQ
B
SQ
spacing between plants is equivalent component crops. For example, he C C C C C
– The recommended spacing for traditionally planted circular gardens of corn B C C B B C C B B C C B B C C B B C C B
within and between rows, forming a suggests that corn plants in
C C C C C
each component crop in pure and beans in clusters of four in evenly-spaced B B B B B
hexagonal lattice of tightly-spaced monoculture be spaced 15" apart, stands (sA, sB…)
SQ B SQ B SQ B SQ B SQ
mounds. A squash plant was grown by each C C C C
plants. and beet plants 4" apart, so corn B C C B B C C B B C C B B C C B
– The proportion of the mixture mound. The online spacing calculator can be used C C C C
B B B B
and beet planted as a mixture are accounted for by each to calculate inter-clump spacing for clumped mixtures SQ SQ B SQ SQ
spaced 9.5" ([15+4]/2) apart. component crop (pA, pB…). C
like this from recommended spacing for pure stands. B C
C
C B
B
2 2
smix = p A s A + pB sB + ... Try it: http://organic.kysu.edu/CompanionSpacingCalculator.shtml
• Mixtures spaced using this
equation use the same amount of 1.
2.
P.A. Jolliffe. 1997. Are mixed populations of plant species more productive than pure stands? Oikos 80: 595-602.
H.A. Smith & R. McSorley. 2000. Intercropping and pest management: A review of major concepts. American Entomologist 40: 154-161.
land as if the component plants 3.
4.
USDA National Organic Program. 1999. Definitions -- Regulatory Text. http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOP/NOP/standards/DefineReg.html
J. Jeavons. How to Grow More Vegetables Than You Ever Thought Possible on Less Land Than You Can Imagine. Ten Speed Press,
were divided into pure stands 5.
Berkeley CA, 2006.
M.K. Bomford. 2009. Do tomatoes love basil but hate Brussels sprouts? Competition and land-use efficiency of popularly recommended
and discouraged crop mixtures in biointensive agriculture systems. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 33 (4): In press.
6. F.M. Bradley & B.W. Ellis. Rodale's All-New Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening. Rodale Press, Emmaus PA, 1992.
7. B. Rowell, R. Bessin, J. Masabni, J. Strang, T. Jones, & K. Seebold. 2006-07 Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers.
University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service, Lexington KY, 2007