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Chikungunya virus
1. CHIKUNGUNYA
Also known as Chicken Guinea
It is a mosquito borne viral disease caused by Chikungunya virus viral
infection spread by the mosquitoes of genus Aedes
1. Aedes Aegypti,
2. Aedes Albopictus (Tiger mosquito).
Chikungunya comes from the word “kungunyala” in Makonde language which
means “that which bends up” or “contoured”
The person affected with Chikungunya walks with a stooped posture due to the
joints pain
3. What Happens in Chikungunya?
Acute Phase
Incubation period is usually 2 to 6 days
Abrupt onset of fever with joint pains and stiffness, especially at beginning of motion
Temperature is usually high, between 1020F and 1040F
Rashes occur after onset of fever
Fever subsides after a couple of days
Other symptoms include headache, muscle
pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, mouth ulcers, conjunctivitis, loss of taste, loss of appetite, etc. last for about 5
to 7 days.
The severe muscle and joints pain makes
movement difficult and prostates the person
4. Continue….
Chronic Phase
Continued multiple joints pain that may persist from weeks to years
95% of adults remain symptomatic for weeks to months with loss of mobility, decreased fine movements
of fingers, and slow reactions.
Recurrent joints pain is seen in 30-40% victims
Rarely, infections of heart muscle, brain coverings and bleeding have been recorded
Death is rare and usually occurs in people over 65 or small children, especially those with other underlying
5. What causes chikungunya and how is it
transmitted?
Over viewIt is a mosquito borne viral disease caused by
Chikungunya virus .
The mosquitoes breed on stagnant water.
The mosquitoes bite during daytime with peaks in early morning
and late afternoon
Mosquitoes acquirethe virusfrom humans, and after a period of 8 to
10 days they transferit to other humans while feeding
The viruscirculates in bloodof infected person for several days at
approximately the time when the person gets the fever
6.
7. What are risk factors for chikungunya?
Damp marshy areas.
Areas with stagnant or collected water
Mosquito prone areas
Attendants of Chikungunya patients
Individuals with weak immune systems
Infection from mother to newborn
during delivery
Rainy season
Old people or small children with other underlying illnesses
8. What can chikungunya lead to?
Most common complication is:
Chronic Arthritis
Rare and serious complications are:
Heart affections
Inflammation of eye
Acute kidney disease
Inflammation of coverings of the brain
Stroke and Paralysis
Severe large skin lesions
Infection from
Rarely, death
9.
10. Human Immune Response
Flavivirus cause acute sporadic disease and are not persistent.
The outcome of flavivirus infection in an animal is determined by a balance
between the speed of viral replication and spread, and the immune system
response.
Flaviviruses have evolved specific tactics to evade the innate and adaptive immune
response.
11. Continue….
Flaviviruses, have genomic size constraints, and are unable to acquire exogenous
genes.
Smaller viruses evolve multifunctional genes that regulate viral life cycle, yet also
modulate the host response.
The infected cells migrate to draining lymph nodes where arise early immune
response.
Then reach secondary lymphoid tissues, leading to entry into the circulation via the
efferent lymphatic system and thoracic duct.
12. Continue…
Now spread to visceral organs , then to neurotropic flaviviruses disseminate to the central nervous
system
The mechanism by which flaviviruses avoid being targeted by its entry into brain and spinal cord remains
unclear
There is an assumption that the virus enters via a haematogenous route.
Flaviviruses may cross the blood–brain barrier by passive transport across the endothelium, by active
replication in endothelial cells.
Trojan horse' mechanism in which the virus is carried into the brain by infected inflammatory cells
The IFN-dependent innate immune response is essential for protection against flavivirus infections.
Type I and II IFN inhibit flavivirus infection in cell culture and in animals.
13. Continue…
Type I IFN block flavivirus infection by preventing translation and replication of
infectious viral RNA.
Type II IFN inhibit flavivirus replication via the generation of proinflammatory and
antiviral molecules including nitric oxide .
14. DIAGNOSIS
Can be confirmed by presence Zika virus RNA in the blood or other body fluids,
such as urine or saliva
Zika virus RNA has been detected in urine up to 10 days after onset of the disease.
From day five post onset of disease, serological investigations can be conducted by
detection of Zika-specific IgM antibodies and confirmation by neutralisation,
seroconversion or four-fold antibody titer increase of Zika specific antibodies in
paired serum samples.
15. AVAILABLE TREATMENT
There is no vaccine or specific prophylactic treatment.
Bharat biotech international company of India declared that they patented for
medicine for ZIKV.
The treatment is symptomatic and mainly based on pain relief, fever reduction and
anti-histamines for pruritic rash.
16. PREVENTION
The best form of prevention is protection against mosquito bites.
Repellents should contain DEET (N, N-diethyl-3- methylbenzamide), IR3535 (3-[N-
acetyl-N-butyl]- aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1 piperidinecarboxylic
acid, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1- methylpropylester).