The 17th century saw political, economic, and social transformations across Europe, though the specific changes varied between countries. For some, it was a time of crisis as the bourgeoisie rose to power in places like Holland and England at the expense of the nobility. Absolute monarchies consolidated power in France and other nations, though liberal regimes emerged in England and Holland where the monarchy was subject to parliamentary control. Significant developments in science like Copernicus' heliocentric model and Newton's laws of motion took place despite opposition from the Catholic Church. The Baroque artistic style reflected and promoted the grandeur of royal and church authority during this time of change.

1. XVII century:
A general crisis?
The 17th century is considered a
World in crisis and transformation
But it wasn’t the same process
in all the countries

2. For some countries,
Crisis means…

3. CRISIS,
WHAT CRISIS?

4. The irruption of bourgueoisie in Holland and England.
They removed the nobility and became the main economic
and political power in their countries

5. MERCANTILISM
Or…
How to obtain all the money we can
From other countries and colonies
Colbert

6. EXPORTATIONS
Manufactured
Goods
(textiles)
600 E
IMPORTATIONS
Gold and silver
Cacao (from America)
500 E
Protectionism:
Let’s buy abroad less
Than we sell…
And we will be rich.
Taxes on trade

8. THE ABSOLUTISME
In the 17th century
Monarchs increased
Their power and
Became absolute,
They ruled by God’s
Grace, and no man
Couldn’t oppose their
Will.

9. FEUDAL MONARCH
(no real power of
The kings, depending
On nobility)
AUTHORITARIAN
MONARCH
(the kings strenght
Their power thanks
To army, taxes…)
DATE: DATE:
ABSOLUTE
MONARCH
(all the powers to
The kings, by God’s
Grace)
DATE:
THE EVOLUTION OF MONARCHIES

10. Not all the countries accepted absolute monarchies:
Holland and England developed Liberal regimes.
The parliament
House of commons.
In London.

11. LIBERAL MONARCHY
(ENGLAND, 1688):
King is under control
Of the paliament.
Religious Freedom
Freedom of speech
Supported by the
Bourgueoisie.
Capitalism.
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
(FRANCE, XVII century):
King abolishs
Parliament or don’t call
Them.
Censorship,
religious control
Agreement with the
Nobility and
bourgueoisie.

12. Parliaments ,republics
Absolute monarchies
Civil wars

13. The thirty years war
Catholics (Spanish and austria) VS. Protestants (Germany, Sweden, Holland)

15. Peace of Westfalia and the beginning of tolerance in Europe
1648

16. 1540-1690

18. Just for a start…
Could you tell me why the planet Earth
is moving around the sun?

19. Aristoteles said that the
Earth was the centre of the
universe. But…

20. Solar system, according Copernicus.

21. KEPLER vision of the solar system:
ellipses, not circles.

22. GALILEO:
The use of telescopes and
anew Scientific method
let him to Confirm the
heliocentric system.

23. However, Galileo was condemn by the Church,
and he had to refuse to his own theory in public trial

25. NEWTON:

26. NEWTON is able to give a mathematical foundation to
all the physics discovered from 1540

29. «BAROQUE» is a word still in
use in the world of fashion and
clothes design.
What can it mean?

30. Characteristics:
- XVII – XVIII century.
- It is the style used by absolute monarchies
and the church to express their power.
- It is based on ostentation, decoration,
motion and dramatism.

31. Compare and contrast…
BRAMANTE: Vaticano
BORROMINI
San CARLO Alle quatro fontane

32. ROME:
Fontana de Trevi

33. VERSALLES:
Hall of mirrors

34. Clerecía de Salamanca (XVII century) Obradoiro (santiago de Compostela XVIII cent.)

35. COMPARE AND CONTRAST…
BERNINI
MICHELANGELLO

36. Proserpina kidnapping.
«David» Ummmph!

37. Ecstasis
Of Santa
Teresa

38. BERNNI:
Baldaquino
St. Peter

39. CHURRIGUERA
Retablo
San Esteban
(Salamanca)

40. BAROQUE
AND COUNTERREFORMATION
GREGORIO HERNÁNDEZ:
Piedad.

41. SALZILLO (18th century)
Easter sculptures.

42. SALZILLO
Dramatism,
Motion.

43. RUBENS: The taste for mythology.
Paris deciding who is the most beautiful godess
«¿A quién le daré la
Manzanita??»
«Oooh» «Yo la vi primero»

44. TENEBRISM:
CARAVAGGIO
«Oye, dale a la luz
Que no se ve un pimiento»

45. REMBRANDT:
Anatomy lesson
REALISM AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEPTH

46. The everyday’s life: bodegones by ZURBARÁN

47. Vieja friendo huevos
Tenebrismo, realismo.

48. La Fragua de Vulcano
Mythological theme.
Realism.

49. VELÁZQUEZ
Las hilanderas
Atmosphere
Depth
Realism.

50. Venus del espejo
Mythological
Painting more important tha
Drawing.

51. LAS MENINAS
Velázquez
The princesses
The kings
Servants