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2. LOS CAMBIOS CULTURALES (1450-1600)
El ser humano y no Dios
se pone en el centro de
la reflexión filosófica:
FILOSOFÍA:
HUMANISMO
ARTE:
RENACIMIENTO
RELIGIÓN:
REFORMA
Recuperación de
la cultura clásica:
Ruptura de la
unidad
religiosa en Europa
LEONARDO,
MIGUEL ANGEL,
BOTICELLI
LUTERO
CALVINO
TRENTO
ERASMO
LUIS VIVES
MIRANDOLLA
3. The Renaissance
• It began in Italy in the 15th century
and spread through Europe.
• It was based on the revival of the
classical heritage: ideal beauty,
proportion and harmony
• It was both religious and civil, with
popes, kings and rich families as the
main patrons.
4. The Renaissance
• It began in Italy in the 15th century
and spread through Europe.
• It was based on the revival of the
classical heritage: ideal beauty,
proportion and harmony
• It was both religious and civil, with
popes, kings and rich families as the
main patrons.
ITALY
7. The Renaissance: architecture
• Buildings were designed on a human
scale.
• Edificios diseñados ahora a una escala
humana.
• Proportion and harmony.
• Proporción y armonía.
• Churches, squares, palaces, townhalls
were built in this stye.
Iglesias, palacios, plazas,
ayuntamientos son construídos en este
estilo.
• Features from Greece and Rome:
- Dome (cúpula)
- Roman arch, square windows.
- Pilasters (pilastras)
- pediment (frontón)
- Frieze, columns and capitals (friso, capiteles)
- Roundels (medallones)
- Scrollwork (volutas)
- Pinnacles (vases, balls…) DORIC, IONIC AND CORINTHIAN ORDER
8.
9. The Renaissance: architecture
The Quatroccento (15th century):
BRUNELESCHI: Santa Maria de las Flores (1446)
BATTISTA ALBERTI: Santa María Novella (Florencia, 1456)
The cinquecento (16th century):
BRAMANTE: Vatican.
MIGUEL ANGEL: Saint Peter’s dome (Vatican)
PALLADIO: Villa Rotonda (Venecia)
Bruneleschi
Mr. Miguel Angel
10. Italian Renaissance: Quattrocento.
DOME
cúpula
ROUND ARCHS
NOT SO VERTICAL,
UNLIKE THE GOTHIC:
GEOMETRICAL
DECORATION
USE OF
MARBLE
“OCULOS”
(Rose window)
Cupole
LINTERNA
BRUNELLESCHI
Florence cathedral
Santa María de las Flores
11. Italian Renaissance: Quattrocento.
NOT SO VERTICAL,
UNLIKE THE GOTHIC:
GEOMETRICAL
DECORATION
USE OF MARBLE
BATTISTA ALBERTI
Santa Maria Novella
Façade (1456)
PEDIMENT
FRONTÓN
FRIEZE
FRISO
OCULO
(ROSE WINDOW)
SCROLLWORK
VOLUTA
COLUMNS,
CAPITALS,
ROUND
ARCHES…
12. Italian Renaissance: Cinquecento.
DOME
ROUND ARCHS
PEDIMENTS
frontones
FRIEZE
CORINTHIAN
CAPITALS &
COLUMS
Vegetal
decoration
Cupole
LINTERNA
MICHELANGELO
Saint Peter’s cathedral
Way to Baroque…
PILASTERS
Pilastras
volutas
Square
windows
DORIC
ORDER
Detached
Human
sculptures
16. Renaissance: painting
MAIN FEATURES: High skilled techniques. Ideal beauty. Perspective, depth,
symmetry in the composition. Esfumato, scorzo.
QUATROCCENTO:
Boticelli: The birth of Venus
Perugino: Christ gives the keys to Saint Peter.
CINQUECENTO:
Leonardo: Gioconda, Virgin of the Rocks, Last Supper.
Rafael: The school of Athens. (Vatican, 1510)
Miguel Angel: Sixtine chapel.
Boticelli
The Great
Leonardo
17. Italian Renaissance: Painting
BOTICELLI: THE BIRTH OF VENUS
Nacimiento de Venus
(diosa de la belleza, nacida
de las aguas del mar)
Mithological theme
Ideal beauty. Naked bodies.
Drawing prevails over painting
Tema mitológico.
Belleza idealizada, cuerpo desnudo, el dibujo
prevalece sobre el trazo de pincelada
29. Renaissance in SPAIN
ARCHITECTURE
• Plateresque (plateresco) ½ 16th century.
Ornamental style (Renaissance decoration, Gothic
structures): University of Salamanca (main façade).
• Classical (purismo) 2/3 16th century
Italian and classical influence: Carlos V palace.
• Herrerian (herreriano) 3/3 16th century- 1/3 17th cent.:
Very austere and enormous. El Escorial. Plaza mayor Madrid.
SCULPTURE AND PAINTING:
Juan de Juni and Berruguete.
El Greco
30. Spanish Renaissance: Plateresco style
Decorative style. Gothic structure, Renaissance decoration.
½ 16th century. University of Salamanca.
45. El GRECO
Spain - 16th century
El entierro del conde
Orgaz.
¿Temática? Religiosa
Leyenda del milagro
del conde Orgaz: el
Cielo se abre y San Agustín
Y San Esteban lo entierran,
Mientras el cielo se abre.
Técnica:
Composición en forma de retablo
Para el altar de una iglesia.
Colores oscuros en la parte
Inferior del cuadro (tierra)
Frente a otros más irreales en
La parte superior (cielo). Figuras
Alargadas, que se alejan del
Renacimiento típico.
46. DISTRIBUCIÓN Y
ESTRUCTURA DEL
CUADRO
El cuerpo se divide en una
parte superior y otra
inferior (cielo y tierra) e
igualmente existe una
línea ascendente, que se
levanta desde la escena
del enterramiento del
conde hasta Jesucristo
resucitado, con Juan
Bautista y la virgen María
a ambos lados.
La presencia del
Hijo del Greco,
Apuntando con la
mano hacia el
Conde, quiere dar
importancia al
milagro para que el
espectador sepa
Donde concentrar
la atención.
49. Renaissance painting: El Bosco
El Bosco: El jardín de las delicias. Surrealism . 16th century, Low Countries
50. The Earthy delights
1. The paradise. Creation of
Adan and Eve.
2. The decadence: the
animal parade.
3. The fall: punishment
(pleasure becomes pain)
The decadence: The animal parade
51.
52. El jardín de las Delicias earthy delights
Details: the fall from Paradise.
Sins (pecados, gula, lujuria…)
Small details.
Sexual references.
Oniric (dreams).
Not realistic.
53.
54. La fantasía y el
urrealismo acompaña
a la degeneración
humana.
58. Death´s Triumph
Detalls. It is not only a
medieval topic (the Black
Death) but it is also a
reference to the Spanish
domination in the Low
Countries.
60. With the humanism, there
is an increasing number
of critics against the
Catholic Church
Erasmo de Rotterdam
Is highly critical with the
“false religion”: he inspired
a more personal and spiritual
faith.
Tomás Moro, chancellor of England
THE REFORMATION (16th Century)
61. In the 16th century,
indulgences were
Sold, in order to build
A new cathedral in Rome.
If you pay money to the
Church, your dead relatives
will go directly to Heaven.
This was outrageous for the
Most of the humanists like
Erasmo of Rotterdam.
“When the coin enters in the box, a soul
Is leaving the purgatory and rises to God’s kingdom”
THE REFORMATION (16th Century)
“Cuando la moneda suena dentro de la hucha,
un alma abandona el purgatorio y se levanta
hacia el reino de Dios”
62. In 1516, a monk and
University teacher of
Wittgenberg, Martin
Luther decided to
break with the church
because of the
indulgences abuses.
Luther is compelled to express his
Ideas in the Imperial diet, with the
Emperor Charles the Fifth. He won’t
Deny his new ideas and his criticism
Against the Catholic Church.
THE REFORMATION (16th Century)
63. The Catholicism of the Emperor
Charles V, moves Luther to be more
radical in his ideas. He is condemned
as heretic, and sentenced to
Death. However, he escapes and
burns the pope’s
Letter of excomunication.
Luther , translating the Bible into German.
THE REFORMATION (16th Century)
64. THE LUTHERAN PRECEPTS
- People can make a free interpretation of the
Bible.
- The Pope is not a true representative of God
in Earth.
- Only two sacraments are legitimate.
- Faith, and not good works, will save. If you
don’t have faith, good works don’t count.
THE REFORMATION (16th Century)
65. LOS PRECEPTOS LUTERANOS
- La gente corriente puede hacer una libre
interpretación de la biblia.
- El Papa no es el representante verdadero de
Dios en la tierra.
- Solo hay dos sacramentos legítimos: bautismo
y eucaristía.
- La fe, y no las buenas obras, son las que salvan
a los hombres. Sin fe no hay salvación.
THE REFORMATION (16th Century)