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   June 28, 1914 Archduke
    Francis Ferdinand of
    Austria assassinated
   July 5, 1914 Germany
    issues A-H “blank
    check”
       pledging military
        assistance if A-H goes to
        war against Russia
   July 23, 1914 Austria
    issues Serbia an
    ultimatum
   July 28, 1914 A-H
    declares war on Serbia
   July 29, 1914 Russia
    orders full mobilization
    of its troops
   August 1,1914 Germany
    declares war on Russia
   August 2, 1914
    Germany demands
    Belgium declare access
    to German troops
   King Albert I of
    Belgium denied
    permission
   August 2, 1914
    Germany declared war
    on France
     Why???
     The Schlieffen Plan!
   August 4, 1914 Great
    Britain declared war on
    Germany for violating
    Belgian neutrality
   Many Europeans
    were excited about
    war
       “Defend yourself
        against the
        aggressors”
       Domestic differences
        were put aside
   War would be over
    in a few weeks
       Ignored the length
        and brutality of the
        American Civil War
        (prototype to World
        War I)
   Belief that Modern
    industrial war could
    not be conducted for
    more than a few
    months

   “Home by
    Christmas”
   “Fatal attraction of
    war”
       Exhilarating release
        from every day life
       A glorious adventure
       War would rid the
        nations of selfishness
       Spark a national re-
        birth based on
        heroism
   Invade western front
    1st
   After defeating
    France concentrate
    on the Eastern front
   Avoid fighting a 2
    front war
   Germany made vast
    encircling
    movement through
    Belgium to enter
    Paris
   Underestimated
    speed of the British
    mobilization
       Quickly sent troops to
        France
   Sept 6-10, 1914
       Battle of Marne
       Stopped the Germans
        but French troops
        were exhausted
       Both sides dug
        trenches for shelter

    STALEMATE
   Trenches dug from
    English Channel to
    Switzerland
   6,250 miles
   6 to 8 feet deep
   Immobilized both
    sides for 4 years
   Elaborate systems of
    defense
     barbed wire
     Concrete machine gun
      nests
     Mortar batteries
     Troops lived in holes
      underground
   Boredom
     Soldiers read to pass the
      time
     Sarah Bernhardt came out
      to the front to read poetry
      to the soldiers
   “We all had on us the
    stench of dead bodies.”
    Death numbed the
    soldier’s minds.
   Shell shock
   Psychological
    devastation
   Mustard gas
     Carried by the wind
     Burned out soldier’s lungs
     Deadly in the trenches
      where it would
      sit at the bottom
   Trench warfare
    baffled military
    leaders
     Attempt a breakthrough
     Then return to a war of
      movement
     Millions of young men
      sacrificed attempting the
      breakthrough
   10 months
   700,000 men
    killed
   10 months
   700,000 men killed
   New weapons crippled the “frozen front”
       Poison gas (mustard gas)
       Hand grenades
       Flame throwers
       Tanks
       Airplanes
       Tanks
       Subs
   Airplanes
       Dog fights in the air
       Bombing inaccurate
       Romanticized the
        battlefields
       Paris and London
        bombed
       Pilots fired pistols
        and threw hand
        grenades
   Russian army moved
    into Eastern Germany
    on August 30, 1914
       Defeated
   The Austrians kicked
    out of Serbia
   Italians attacked Austria
    in 1915
   G. came to Austrian aid
    and pushed Russians
    back 300 miles into own
    territory
   Much more mobile
    more than the West
       But loss of life still
        very high
       1915: 2.5 million
        Russians killed,
        captured, or
        wounded
   Germany and
    Austria Hungary
    joined by Bulgaria in
    Sept. 1915
       Attacked and
        eliminated Serbia
        from war
   Women took war
    factory jobs
   Received lower
    wages than males
   Food shortages
    made running a
    household difficult
   Censorship
     Not told about high
      death toll
     Romanticized the
      battlefields
    “soldiers have died a
      beautiful death, in
      noble battle, we shall
      rediscover poetry…
      epic and chivalrous”
   Censorship
“Newspapers described
    troops as itching to go
    over the top.”

“Government reported to
   the press that life in
   the trenches promoted
   good health and clear
   air”
 “On Leave”
Troops would stay
  together so they
  could
  sympathize
  with each other
   Impossible to
    hide death
       Women in
        mourning
       Badly wounded
        soldiers
        returned home
       Opposition
        began to emerge
   1917 – Russia
    surrenders (a
    separate peace)
   U.S. joins the
    war on the
    Allied side
   Nov. 11, 1918
    Armistice
Allied Powers           Central Powers

 42 million served       23 million served


22 million casualties   15 million casualties
   Men lost limbs and were mutilated
   Birthrate fell markedly
   Invalids unable to work
   Ethnic hostility
   Influenza epidemic
   “Never such innocence again”
   Bitterness towards aristocratic officers whose
    lives were never in danger

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WWI

  • 1.
  • 2. June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria assassinated  July 5, 1914 Germany issues A-H “blank check”  pledging military assistance if A-H goes to war against Russia  July 23, 1914 Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum
  • 3. July 28, 1914 A-H declares war on Serbia  July 29, 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its troops  August 1,1914 Germany declares war on Russia  August 2, 1914 Germany demands Belgium declare access to German troops
  • 4. King Albert I of Belgium denied permission  August 2, 1914 Germany declared war on France  Why???  The Schlieffen Plan!  August 4, 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality
  • 5.
  • 6. Many Europeans were excited about war  “Defend yourself against the aggressors”  Domestic differences were put aside
  • 7. War would be over in a few weeks  Ignored the length and brutality of the American Civil War (prototype to World War I)
  • 8. Belief that Modern industrial war could not be conducted for more than a few months  “Home by Christmas”
  • 9. “Fatal attraction of war”  Exhilarating release from every day life  A glorious adventure  War would rid the nations of selfishness  Spark a national re- birth based on heroism
  • 10.
  • 11. Invade western front 1st  After defeating France concentrate on the Eastern front  Avoid fighting a 2 front war
  • 12. Germany made vast encircling movement through Belgium to enter Paris  Underestimated speed of the British mobilization  Quickly sent troops to France
  • 13. Sept 6-10, 1914  Battle of Marne  Stopped the Germans but French troops were exhausted  Both sides dug trenches for shelter STALEMATE
  • 14. Trenches dug from English Channel to Switzerland  6,250 miles  6 to 8 feet deep  Immobilized both sides for 4 years
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. Elaborate systems of defense  barbed wire  Concrete machine gun nests  Mortar batteries  Troops lived in holes underground
  • 19. Boredom  Soldiers read to pass the time  Sarah Bernhardt came out to the front to read poetry to the soldiers
  • 20. “We all had on us the stench of dead bodies.” Death numbed the soldier’s minds.  Shell shock  Psychological devastation
  • 21. Mustard gas  Carried by the wind  Burned out soldier’s lungs  Deadly in the trenches where it would sit at the bottom
  • 22. Trench warfare baffled military leaders  Attempt a breakthrough  Then return to a war of movement  Millions of young men sacrificed attempting the breakthrough
  • 23. 10 months  700,000 men killed
  • 24. 10 months  700,000 men killed
  • 25. New weapons crippled the “frozen front”  Poison gas (mustard gas)  Hand grenades  Flame throwers  Tanks  Airplanes  Tanks  Subs
  • 26. Airplanes  Dog fights in the air  Bombing inaccurate  Romanticized the battlefields  Paris and London bombed  Pilots fired pistols and threw hand grenades
  • 27. Russian army moved into Eastern Germany on August 30, 1914  Defeated  The Austrians kicked out of Serbia  Italians attacked Austria in 1915  G. came to Austrian aid and pushed Russians back 300 miles into own territory
  • 28. Much more mobile more than the West  But loss of life still very high  1915: 2.5 million Russians killed, captured, or wounded
  • 29. Germany and Austria Hungary joined by Bulgaria in Sept. 1915  Attacked and eliminated Serbia from war
  • 30. Women took war factory jobs  Received lower wages than males  Food shortages made running a household difficult
  • 31. Censorship  Not told about high death toll  Romanticized the battlefields “soldiers have died a beautiful death, in noble battle, we shall rediscover poetry… epic and chivalrous”
  • 32. Censorship “Newspapers described troops as itching to go over the top.” “Government reported to the press that life in the trenches promoted good health and clear air”
  • 33.  “On Leave” Troops would stay together so they could sympathize with each other
  • 34. Impossible to hide death  Women in mourning  Badly wounded soldiers returned home  Opposition began to emerge
  • 35. 1917 – Russia surrenders (a separate peace)  U.S. joins the war on the Allied side  Nov. 11, 1918 Armistice
  • 36. Allied Powers Central Powers 42 million served 23 million served 22 million casualties 15 million casualties
  • 37. Men lost limbs and were mutilated  Birthrate fell markedly  Invalids unable to work  Ethnic hostility  Influenza epidemic
  • 38. “Never such innocence again”  Bitterness towards aristocratic officers whose lives were never in danger