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World War 1
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- 2. MAIN Causes ofWWI Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism
- 3. Cause: Militarism All majornations wanted a large army in response to nationalism, imperialism and the perceived threats from other armies
- 4. Cause: Alliances Caused manycountries to join fighting once war had begun Before the war: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente Later: Central Powers and Allied Powers
- 5. Cause: Imperialism Desire forincreased territory and wealth led to competition over colonies
- 6. Cause: Nationalism Desire toprove national greatness led to rivalries between great powers Highly nationalistic ethnic groups were calling for independence (e.g., Serbians, part of Slavic ethnic group)
- 7. Ottoman Empire had declinedand some Balkan countries were now independent Austria took over (annexed) Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of Slavic ethnic group Serbia, also Slavic, resented Austrian aggression; wanted large Slavic-controlled region The Catalyst: Background
- 8. The Catalyst Assassination ofArchduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Serbian nationalist group, Black Hand, wanted Bosnia freed from Austria 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand killed the Archduke on June 28, 1914
- 9. The Catalyst Leadsto War Austria wanted to punish Serbia and set demands; most agreed to, but not enough Austria declares war against Serbia on July 28, 1914
- 10. War Spreads July 28—Russia(also Slavic) mobilized troops to the Austrian border Aug 1—Austria’s ally Germany saw this as a threat and declared war on Russia
- 11. War Continues toSpread Aug 3—Germany declared war on France, Russia’s ally Aug 4—after Germany attacked neutral Belgium, to get to France, Britain declared war on Germany
- 12. The Schlieffen Plan First—attackFrance to the west Second—attack Russia to the east Worked well to start: in Paris by Sept 3 Intended to keep Germany from having to fight on two fronts at the same time
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- 14. Alliances Before theWar Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: France, Russia, Britain
- 15. Alliances Shift AfterWar Starts Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary later, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire (wanting to regain lost territories)
- 16. Allied Powers (theAllies) Great Britain, France, Russia soon Japan, and later Italy also Serbia, Greece, Romania, etc. much later, the U.S. (1917)
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- 18. “Short” war goeslong German plan worked well to start: in Paris by Sept 3 Battle of the Marne— began on Sept 5, after 8 days of battle, German offensive was stopped Russians soon attacking Germany in the east the Schlieffen Plan has failed
- 19. Stuck in thetrenches Battle of Verdun in Feb 1916—each side lost more than 300,000 men
- 20. The western andeastern fronts Investigate the Western and Eastern Fronts and annotate the map provided to identify where they were in Europe. Find and record information on the nations involved on each front and the casualties suffered.
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- 22. New technology ofwar Machine guns Poison gas Grenades Armored tanks Larger artillery: canons Submarines Airplanes armed with machine guns
- 23. Western Front Mostly inFrance, near German border 500 miles of trenches dug in France Trench warfare No Man’s Land—the uninhabited land between the rows of trenches STALEMATE—”stuck”, nobody makes any real progress
- 24. Battles of thewestern front Research Task Choose one of the following battles on the Western Front and write a 200 word summary of it: • First Battle of Ypres • Battle of Fromelles • Battle of Passchendaele • The Somme • Battle of Verdun Include information on the following in your report: • Casualties • Military leaders • Objectives • Combatants • Weapons
- 25. Eastern Front Along Russia’sborders with Germany and Austria- Hungary Fewer trenches, more mobile and more brutal than western front Russians always short of supplies
- 26. Russia’s Role Russia’s hugepopulation provided plenty of soldiers to send to the front Russia kept Germany from winning the war by occupying them in the east, dividing forces
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- 28. “Global” war Every continentthroughout the GLOBE Fighting over colonies Also colonial subjects served their European masters
- 29. Who’s Fighting? Middle East(Arab nationalists helped Britain) Asia (Japan took German colonies; India fought for Britain) Africa (English & French wanted German land) Americas: Brazil, Canada and later, U.S. Australia (fighting for British)
- 30. “Total” War Every countryinvolved devoted its TOTAL resources to the war effort Governments took over factories, etc.
- 31. Life on theHome Front Rationing in Europe Limiting the amount of daily supplies that people could buy (gasoline, sugar, etc.) On a volunteer basis in U.S. Propaganda Persuading the population to support the war
- 36. Women worked infactories & on farms replacing men who had gone to fight
- 37. U.S. Enters theWar U.S. policy of isolationism had kept it out of the war, though they helped Allies Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germans sank British and U.S. ships, including passenger ships (Lusitania)
- 38. The Lusitania Investigate theLusitania and what happen to it. What were the consequences?
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- 40. U.S. Enters theWar Zimmerman Note—US learned of German telegram offering Mexico US territory if it joined Germany US entered war on April 2, 1917 Took a year to get 2 million US soldiers over
- 41. Russia’s Problems WWI hadcontributed to problems in Russia and helped cause revolution Russian Revolution of March, 1917 led to fall of Czar Nicholas II New provisionary government does not leave war, this led to resentment and…
- 42. Russia Leaves theWar Bolshevik Revolution of Nov, 1917 led to Communist takeover of Russia Bolshevik leader Lenin signed peace treaty with Germany in November, 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
- 43. The Final Act WithRussia out, Germany could focus on Western Front BUT…arrival of US troops and exhaustion of German army and supplies led to defeat of Germany
- 44. Fighting Ends Central Powerssigned the Armistice (end to fighting) —Nov 11, 1918
- 45. Treaty of Versailles AlliedPowers met to create a post-war treaty at the Palace of Versailles Started on Jan 18, 1919 & signed on June 28, 1919 (5 years after assassination) Big 4: US, France, Britain, Italy (Japan virtually shut out)
- 46. The Fourteen-Point Plan WoodrowWilson’s proposal for peace End to secret treaties Freedom of seas Reduce national armies and navies Self-determination for colonial peoples “just” peace (no harsh punishment) League of Nations
- 47. In the End… Britain& France agreed to League of Nations but not the rest of Wilson’s plan
- 48. Germany was punished: “Warguilt” clause, Germany to pay $33 billion over 30 years to Allies ($407 billion in 2008 money) Lost lots of territory Restrictions on German military
- 49. The Result 4 EmpiresEnded: Russian, German, Ottoman, Austrian-Hungarian Ex-colonies administered by League; colonies angry at treatment by Europe
- 50. More Results Japan andItaly angry— gained little Germany left virtually destroyed, broke, in debt, embittered…ready for Hitler 20 years later
- 51. Total Costs 8.5 millionsoldiers died 21 million soldiers wounded 1918 flu epidemic killed as many as 50 million Made worse by wartime conditions
- 52. Total Costs cont. Ageneration “lost” Farmland, homes, & villages destroyed Total cost in 1918 dollars: $338 billion (about $4 trillion in today’s money)