Based on surveys of the audience for a new music magazine:
Females comprised 55% of respondents, showing they find the magazine more appealing. The largest age groups were 13-16 and 17-20, which should be the target audience. The most popular music genres were rock (60%) and indie (50%), so the magazine should focus on these genres. Respondents preferred magazines with many pictures and images, so the new magazine should contain a lot of images. Long articles and advertisements were not liked, so the magazine should have short articles and no ads. The most frequently bought music magazine was Kerrang, so it could influence the new magazine's style.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. Written Analysis for my Music Magazine Survey
Question1:What is yourgender?
55% of my audience are femalesand45% are male.Thisshowsthatfemalesfindmymagazine more
appealing.
Question2:What is yourage?
There wasa 45% splitbetweenthe age groups13-16 and17-20. Thisshowsthatthese age groups
shouldbe mytarget audience.
Question3:What musicgenresdo youlistento?
The most populargenre wasrock with60%. Closelyfollowedbyindiewith50%.ThisshowsthatI
shouldfocusonthese genresastheyare the mostpopular.
Question4:Who is yourfavourite artist/bandcurrently?
Question5: What doyou like aboutexistingmagazines?
The most popularthingthatmy audience saidwasthattheylike picturesandimagesinmagazines.
Thismeans that my magazine shouldcontainalotof imagesas theywouldfinditmore appealing.
Question6:What do you notlike aboutexistingmagazines?
The most popularresponseswere longerarticlesandadvertisements.Thismeansthatmyarticles
shouldstayshortand to the point.Also,mymagazine shouldhave noadvertsasmy audience would
findthisoff putting.
Question7:What is yourfavourite clothingbrand?
The most popularclothingbrandswere H&M,Vansand Topshop.Thisshowsthat if my magazine
were tohave a clothesgiveaways,theyshouldbe forthese brands.
Question8:Are youinfluencedbyothertrendsyoufavourite bands/artistsset?
The most popularanswerof thisquestionwasnowhichhada 40% score.This showsthatmy
audience have theirownindividual stylesanddon’tgetinfluencedaseasily.
Question9:If youansweredyestothe previousquestion,whathasyourfavourite band/artist
influencedyoutodo?
Due to the mostpopularanswerbeingno,notmanypeople answeredthis.However,the most
commonthingmy audience hadbeeninfluencedtodowasfashionrelated.
Question10: What musicmagazine doyoubuy the mostfrequently?
The biggestscoringanswerforthisquestionwasnone.Thisshowsthatthe people whoanswered
my questionnaire aren’treallyinterestedinmusicmagazines.However,the mostpopularmagazine
was Kerrang.Thisshowsthatmaybe I shouldtake some influencesfromKerrangasmyit’smy
audiencesfavourite musicmagazine.
