This proposal outlines the key components and guidelines for writing an effective research proposal. It discusses including: an introduction that establishes the problem, significance and purpose; a literature review to define concepts and gaps; hypotheses or research questions linked to a theoretical framework; methodology detailing design, sample, data collection and analysis; and consideration of resources and ethics. The proposal emphasizes developing ideas logically, following guidelines, and avoiding common criticisms like an unfocused or unoriginal project. The goal is to communicate a well-planned, significant study that generates support and demonstrates the researcher's qualifications.
Tutorial for beginning graduate students. Some guidelines for composing the research proposal for an MS project. Also presents the perspective of advisor and committee.
problem definition &the research proposal
,
problem discovery and definition
,
sources of problems
,
criteria for selecting a research problem
,
formulating a research problem
,
the process of problem definition/identification
,
the iceberg principle
,
building/abbreviated version research proposal
,
ascertain the decision maker’s objectives
,
understand the background of the problem
,
types of variables
,
hypothesis
,
state the research questions and research objectiv
Tutorial for beginning graduate students. Some guidelines for composing the research proposal for an MS project. Also presents the perspective of advisor and committee.
problem definition &the research proposal
,
problem discovery and definition
,
sources of problems
,
criteria for selecting a research problem
,
formulating a research problem
,
the process of problem definition/identification
,
the iceberg principle
,
building/abbreviated version research proposal
,
ascertain the decision maker’s objectives
,
understand the background of the problem
,
types of variables
,
hypothesis
,
state the research questions and research objectiv
Research Design -Definitions -Features - Steps in Planning Research Design - Types of Research Design - Exploratory, Descriptive, and Causal Research Designs
It's helpful to understand the difference between research proposal and the research paper. It's important to write a research proposal of the projects like semester projects or FYP (Final Year Project) in Engineering & other Universities.
Research Design -Definitions -Features - Steps in Planning Research Design - Types of Research Design - Exploratory, Descriptive, and Causal Research Designs
It's helpful to understand the difference between research proposal and the research paper. It's important to write a research proposal of the projects like semester projects or FYP (Final Year Project) in Engineering & other Universities.
This presentation covers the basics of preparing a research proposal in Social Sciences.
A Malayalam video explaining this presentation can be accessed at https://youtu.be/acg9Y3mQs9A
Note: This is not suitable for preparing a proposal for research funding
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
Writing research proposal_1
1. Writing a research proposal
a well-written proposal
•Communicates a significant well-planned project
•Demonstrates Qualifications of the researcher
• Generates support for the project
2. A quality proposal involves
• Developing ideas logically
• Ideas must be built upon each other
• Guidelines should be followed explicitly
• Detailed enough to inform readers; and
• Concise enough to be interesting and easily reviewed
• Well typed on quality papers
3. Avoid negative feedback
Work on your proposal to avoid giving the opportunity to say
• Not an original idea
• Rationale is weak
• Writing is vague
• Uncertain outcomes
• Problem is not important
• Proposal is unfocused
• Project is too large
4. Title / Cover page
• The Title
• Should be clear
• Should paint a quick picture of key idea
• The words should reflect the focus of the proposal
• Important words come first
5. Title
• Use only a single sentence
• If it is too long; try to remove some words
• A last resort: use a 2-part title separated by a colon
• Title A: The systematic Development of a Local Initiative to
Create a Learning Center for Community Education
• Title B: A Local Learning Center for Community Education
6. Introduction
statement of the problem
• Research topic and research problem
• Significance of the problem
• Rationale for investigating the problem
• Establish a framework
• Purpose
• Research questions / hypotheses
7. Identification of the problem
• Can be an issue in the literature or practice
• Present the problem within a context; that
• Shows that the research project will:
• Extend the work previously conducted
• Avoid the mistakes previously made; or
• Be unique; different perspective/approach
8. Problem identification
guidelines
• Avoid jargons; abbreviations; colloquial expressions;
redundant phrases
• That the reader can easily recognize it
• Answer the question “ why does this research need to be
conducted
• Failure to answer this question will result in ambiguous;
diffuse problem
9. Significance of the study
• How your research will refine, revise, extend existing
knowledge; think pragmatically
• Think about implications; Ask yourself the following questions:
• What will the results mean to practitioners / educators
• Will the results influence programs, methods, interventions
• What will be improved or changed
• Will results influence policy decisions
• How the results be implemented
10. Purpose
• Goals are statements of what you hope to accomplish; not
measurable
• Objectives are operational; till specific things to accomplish;
measurable
• Form the basis for the activities of your project
• Ensure a considerable overlap between the goals and
objectives
• Foreshadow hypotheses to be tested; questions to be raised
11. Purpose
guidelines
• Begin with “The purpose of this is
• Identify central concepts
• Identify the specific method of inquiry
• Identify unit of analysis
12. Research questions / Hypotheses
• Research question poses a relationship;
• A hypothesis represents a declarative statement of the
relationship
• Hypotheses must be grounded in the theoretical framework
• Hypothesis can be written in 4 kinds of statements
1. Literary null
2. Operational null
3. Literary alternative
4. Operational alternative
13. Hypothesis
• Questions / hypotheses are testable propositions deduced
from a theory
• Operational null is generally the preferred form of hypothesis-
writing
• The null hypothesis is used if the literature does not suggest a
hypothesized relationship
• Be prepared to interpret any possible outcomes
• Make a clear distinction between independent and dependent
variables
• Be consistent in your use of terms
14. Literature review
• Provides essential information that guide the study
• Includes relevant theoretical and empirical lit
• Defines study concepts; how they are inter-related
• Includes a summary of critique….empirical
• The recommendations from previous research
• Concludes with a summary; synthesis; gaps
15. Framework
• Provides the basis for generating and refining the research
problem
• Links the research problem to relevant theoretical knowledge
• Is used to develop research questions hypotheses
16. Sources of anxiety in Hospitalized Patients with Myocardial Infarction
• Prevalence rate of MI
• Survival rates; aggressive management improves survival
• Survivors experience anxiety (statistics)
• Effect of anxiety on patients health, healing, length of stay, nursing effort, costs
• Framework to link anxiety to the sources; with research-based evidence
• Rationale and Significance: there is a need to identify sources of anxiety;
• Identification of sources of anxiety assist nurses to develop interventions
• Purpose: to identify sources of anxiety
• Research question: what are the sources of anxiety
17. Methods
Design
• Select the appropriate design to answer research questions /
test hypotheses
• Describe strengths and weaknesses
• There should be a link between the design and purpose
• In the design section, indicate
a)the independent and dependent variables;
b)confounding variables you propose to control;
c)how to control them;
d)be aware of sources of error
18. Methods / population
• Study settings:
• Name of the agency;
• Structure of units where the study will be conducted;
• The setting should generate adequate size.
• Ethical consideration;
• Approval from a research & ethical committee
• Permission from the agency authority
• Rights of the subjects: potential benefits, potential risks;
anonymity; confidentiality
• Informed consent
19. Methods
Sample
• Exactly define the population; who will be included
• consider inclusion and exclusion criteria
• Sampling technique: consider representation; internal and
external validity
• Sample size; sample size calculation
• Describe the sample
20. Methods
Procedure / Data collection
• Procedure is the heart of the research proposal
• Activities should be written in much details
• Highlight what is new, unique, or innovative
• Outline general plan for collecting the data; interview,
observation, survey administration
• Provide a time schedule you expect to follow
• Outline the research protocol
• Consider internal validity
21. Methods
Procedure / Data collection
• For quazi-experimental and experimental studies describe
1. How the research situation be structured
2. Treatment to be implemented
3. How effect of treatment be measured
4. Variables to be controlled
5. Uncontrolled extraneous variables and their effect
6. Methods of assigning subjects to groups
7. Strength and weakness of the design
8. Who will administer the treatment
9. Who will measure the outcomes
10. How to prevent contamination
22. Instrumentation / measurement
• Provide brief description of the instrument
• Describe the scoring system of the instrument
• How to get the participants’ scores
• Describe validity & reliability
• Document previous studies that used the instrument
• If there is an intent to develop instrument; describe the process
• Include a copy of the instrument to be used
• Permission to use instrument must be obtained
• Ensure congruence between the instrument and conceptual
definition
23. Methods / statistical analysis
• Specify the procedures (statistical analysis) you will use to
answer the research questions
• Different questions may require different statistical tests
• Report both descriptive and inferential statistics
• Indicate the analytic tool; SPSS, SAS
• Provide rationale