Management Before Industrialization-History of Management Thought Chapter 1
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1. Early civilizations like those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India developed systems of management for government, military, and business dealings that included division of authority, codes of conduct, and systems for selection and punishment of officials. 2. Religious and philosophical thinkers from ancient times through the Middle Ages influenced concepts of leadership, ethics, and the role of individuals and government in economic and social matters. 3. The decline of feudal systems and rise of commerce in medieval Europe led to new forms of organization like merchant guilds, which helped lay the groundwork for further economic and management developments during the Renaissance and Industrial Revolution.
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Management Before Industrialization-History of Management Thought Chapter 1
- 1. household tribe organization before industrialization church military Introduction government still need management management in early civilizations changing cultural values would lead to Industrial Revolution division of authority business dealings personal behavior Near East punishment Hammurabi Codes Contribution societal matters accounting wages & fees Chinese bureaucracy selection based on scholarship qualities reward & punishment to ensure performance division of labor - departmental of organization problems with corruption & manipulation subdivisions army gradation of rank Sun Tzu using signals to communication China strategic decision rules Ideas merit system Confusius service to government as highest goal moral nature to secure cooperation Contribution competitive strength performance appraisal Arthasastra humans are naturally fickled mind close control Chanakya Kautilya Ideas advised severe punishment network spies India interviews Contribution selection method checking references job description engineering & mining state monopolies most influenced by Nile extensive bureaucracy freemen & slaves limited number of people to supervise Ideas & Implementation rule of ten distinctive dress for managers & workers vizier Egypt director organizer concept of delegation coordinator Lenny Martini - 29006014 Contribution Part I Early Management Thought - Ch. 2 decision maker vizier as supervisor forecast methods of management supervise allocate Abraham domination of life by church Background business as evil necessity Joseph leaders combine spiritual & secular powers salvation Moses Leadership David Crusades leaders chosen by charisma Triggers revival of commerce renaissance Profession is a calling delegation span of control managerial practices found John Calvin spirit of capitalism created by Protestant Ethic leadership Hebrews Martin Luther King predestined Max Weber planning Protestant Ethic organizing puritanism controlling Ideas capitalism was the cause and justification of Protestantism rule of ten for selection contribution thousand -> hundred -> fifty -> ten H, Tawney economic motivation as challenges to church authority economic philosophy need for achievement as motivation Mc. Clelland achievement values can be taught need for achievement Plato managerial skills transferable human diversity -> division of labor Philosophers Background Politic Aristotle Metaphysic Individual Liberty all men are bad anti business Socrates Contribution individual worldly effort Basic Idea Xenophon Greece division of labor DEMOCRACY Machiavelli The Prince, How To Rule Leviathan, greater power to avoid chaos specialization of labor departmentalization Thomas Hobbes Contribution Ideas Concerning Civil Government, people judge authority John Locke Social Contract centralization, decentralization, delegation of authority POLITIC FOUNDATION JJ. Rousseau Management before Industrialization synergy leadership SCIENTIFIC METHODS Changing Values equality justice Cultural Rebirth Concepts citizen rights Liberty Ethic highly specialized labor sell to market tariff on trade Management in early civilization Reality republic government state regulated economic aspect fines on monopolists regulate guilds Fortune 3 ways to top Ability prohibit joint stock companies Far East army followed rule of ten Villainy Contributions command road system Leadership measures Rome central guaranteed systems law based on reason government deriving powers from the governed 12 judges weights coins civil order Politic liberty of pursue individual goals Contribution social aims guilds mutual benefits protection of civilians property joint stock companies law system English revolution Impact American revolution government system theological matters international market state rules all economic affairs Background own doctrine mercantilism market mechanism legislative executive French revolution operated independently Reality conditions for membership bishop as head of local church Francois Quesnay economics had a natural order policies Wealth of Nations, greatest prosperity in fully competitive market Invisible hands Ideas Catholic Church Market Ethic Ideas procedures need to institutionalize centralized doctrine Adam Smith authority specialization of labor revolution of economic thought liberal economics public education to overcome effects of division of labor Chief Bishop Implementation Pope Contribution Betw een decline of Rome & Renaissance private joint stock companies precondition for industrialization slaves abolition for economic purpose IMPACT Reality need of management people tied to land fixed rigid class distinction Feudalism & Middle Ages education ignorance Impact poverty land lord & labor Cause of CRUSADES Middle Eastern was superior Crusades weakened Christian belief lead to secular life Triggers Marco Polo rule of ten at Tatar & Inca new markets new ideas Ideas new spirit of trade & commerce rise of towns new middle class freer calculation of money resurgence of political order home for family use merchant guild Dark Ages intermediaries master journeymen apprentice number of each authority permitted maximum wages guilds craft guild Revival of Commerce Implementation competition protection by forbade entry rules taxed/ licensed as price for protection quality of work Production of goods division of labor controlling job acces modern union defining jurisdiction restricting encroachment transaction cost economics rely on negotiation of contract domestic systems no monitoring performance little incentive to improve tools & technology faults inefficiencies of small-scale production limited division of labor double entry book Accountancy information system of management by Pacioli cash flow inventory position Contribution BUSINESS ETHICS trade rules Friar Johannes Nider : code of ethical conduct just transaction create base for Renaissance & Reformation Impact interest prevailing church doctrine profit motive just price 2- Management before Industrialization - Lenny 29006014.mmap - 16/10/2006 -