This document provides an overview of key concepts in institutionalism and feminist theory. It defines institutions as patterns and norms that govern social thought and action. Institutions arise and persist through regulative, normative and cognitive functions, operating through coercive, normative and mimetic isomorphism respectively. Formal institutions derive authority from codified rules while informal institutions arise from social practices. The document also summarizes various types of feminist theory that aim to promote gender equality and women's rights by addressing patriarchal social structures and oppression.
WHAT IS HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY?
is a philosophy of and a method for interpreting human experiences as a means to understand the question what is to be human.
PHENOMENOLOGY AS DEVELOPED BY EDMUND HUSSERL
is an inquiry on how human mind can grasp the true nature of things as experienced in the world.
Phenomenological perspective tells us to
remove our preconceved ideas in order to
arrive at a pure description of our
experiences.
PHENOMENOLOGY AS DEVELOPED BY MARTIN HEIDEGGER
states that human are born in a particular historical period, country, community, and background.
Hermeneutic circle- the process wherein
one's influences affect his or her
experiences of the world.
HERMENEUTIC CIRCLE
WHAT IS HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY?
is a philosophy of and a method for interpreting human experiences as a means to understand the question what is to be human.
PHENOMENOLOGY AS DEVELOPED BY EDMUND HUSSERL
is an inquiry on how human mind can grasp the true nature of things as experienced in the world.
Phenomenological perspective tells us to
remove our preconceved ideas in order to
arrive at a pure description of our
experiences.
PHENOMENOLOGY AS DEVELOPED BY MARTIN HEIDEGGER
states that human are born in a particular historical period, country, community, and background.
Hermeneutic circle- the process wherein
one's influences affect his or her
experiences of the world.
HERMENEUTIC CIRCLE
by c. eguillon module 9 of discipline and ideas in social sciences of senior high grade 11
Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through Isomorphism. Isomorphism refers to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social legitimacy, survival or both.
Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state. Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state.
rational action theory or choice theory, school of thought based on the assumption that individuals choose a course of action that is most in line with their personal preferences.
A. Defining Social Sciences as the study of society.
B. Introducing the disciplines within the Social Sciences.
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Introduction to the Disciplines of Applied Social SciencesMiss Ivy
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All of the pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Vgsfghhjkoommnbvvcxzsddghkpiyreqq I think it's social media or not I can't get over the next few weeks are reconsidering the same time was mercantilism and how historians I can do that yet I will let you know what I will do that t I will get i toh sa story nmo tom I think it's just time I get there in a few more days I
by c. eguillon module 9 of discipline and ideas in social sciences of senior high grade 11
Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through Isomorphism. Isomorphism refers to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social legitimacy, survival or both.
Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state. Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state.
rational action theory or choice theory, school of thought based on the assumption that individuals choose a course of action that is most in line with their personal preferences.
A. Defining Social Sciences as the study of society.
B. Introducing the disciplines within the Social Sciences.
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Introduction to the Disciplines of Applied Social SciencesMiss Ivy
** Disclaimer:
All of the pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Vgsfghhjkoommnbvvcxzsddghkpiyreqq I think it's social media or not I can't get over the next few weeks are reconsidering the same time was mercantilism and how historians I can do that yet I will let you know what I will do that t I will get i toh sa story nmo tom I think it's just time I get there in a few more days I
CHAPTER 5 Law and Social Conrol 241 1In some cases, howeve.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER 5 Law and Social Conrol 241 1
In some cases, however. firms that have a monopoly on their products, such as local
gas and electric companies, are not likely to be hurt by adverse publicity. Agencies are, at
times, also reluctant to stigmatize firms. because adverse publicity is considered a form of
informal adjudication, although it is often used and justified by the notion that people
have a righl to knorry-
SUMMARV
This chapter has considered law as a mechanism of formal social control. Law comes into
play whin other forms of social control are weak, ineffective, or unavailable' Individuals
ina g.oupr are led to behave in acceptable ways through the processes of socialization
and ixfernal pressures in the form of sanctions from others. Mechanisms of social control
through external pressures may be formal and informal, and include both tregative and
positive sanctions. Informal social controls are exemplified in the functions of folkways
and mores. Informal sosial controls tend to be effective when there is intense social inter'
action on an intimate face-to-face basis, normative consensus. and surveillance of the be-
havior of members of the community (see, for example, Norris and Wilson, ZOOT)' Formal
social controls are characteristic of more complex societies with a greater division of Ia-
bor and different sets of mores, yalues. and ideologies Formal social controls arise when
informal controls are insufficient to maintain conformity to certain norms. Laws are one
type of formal social control, Other types of formal social controls rely on both penalties
and rewards. whereas conrrol through the law is exercised primarily. but not exclusively,
by the use of punishments to regulate behavior.
The social control of criminal and delinquent behavior represents the most highly
structured formal system used by society to attempt to control deviant behavior (see, for
example. Brudner.2009). The concept legalization describes the process by which norms
are moved from the social to the legal level. It also entails the incorporation of specific
punishments for special kinds of criminal law violators. The goals of punishment are ret-
ribution or social retaliation, incapacitation, and both specific and general deterrence-
Punishment is a deterrent in situations that involve low-commitment individuals who en-
gage in instrumental crimes.The death penalty, as the most severe form of punishment,
remains controversial, and there is no agreement on its deterrent effect.
Formal control of deviant behavior is not limited to criminal sanctions. The use of
civil commitm6nt as a mechanism of legal control is more widespread. In civil commit-
ment, there are no procedural safeguards available for the defendant. Civil commitment
operates through the process of rtefining deviant behavior as a mental disorder. and it in-
cludes the involuntary commitmert of alcoholics, drug addicts, sex offenders, and trou-
blesome tgenagers. It al ...
This is my presentation in Ideas of Social Sciences at the course of Discipline and Ideas in Social Sciences. I hope you will learn something and it will help you in studying. Thank you!
I have forgot to put my other reference that help me in this presentation. She is Josephine Pineda Dasig that have made also a presentation about social dimension of education. Thank You so much Ma'am...
Each of the social sciences contributes to an understanding of the.docxsagarlesley
Each of the social sciences contributes to an understanding of the forces that modify the conduct of individuals, control their behavior, and shape their lives. Thus, to fully understand power in society, we must approach this topic in an interdisciplinary fashion—using ideas, methods, data, and findings from all the social sciences.
interdisciplinary
the study of a topic using ideas, methods, and data from all of the social sciences
Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of people and their ways of life. It is the most holistic of the social sciences in that it studies all aspects of a society—a group of people who depend on one another for their well-being and who share a common culture. Many anthropologists focus their energies on describing humans, societies, and power structures at various points in time and in various places; others are concerned with using knowledge derived from anthropological studies to improve human existence. Within the discipline of Anthropology are four subfields. These include linguistics, archaeology, biological and physical anthropology, and socio-cultural anthropology.
anthropology
the study of people and their ways of life
society
a group of people who depend on one another and share a common culture
Linguistic anthropology is a method of analyzing societies in terms of their use of language, while archaeology is the study of both the physical and cultural characteristics of peoples and societies that existed in the distant past. It is similar to history but reaches further back in time, into prehistory, the time before written records. It endeavors to reconstruct the history of a society from the remains of its culture. Some of these remains are as impressive as the pyramids of Egypt and the Mayan temples of Mexico; some are as mundane as bits of broken pottery, stone tools, and garbage.
archaeology
the study of the physical and cultural characteristics of peoples and societies that existed prior to recorded history
prehistory
the time before written records
Biological anthropologists (sometimes called physical anthropologists) are concerned with the evolution of the human species. They examine how humans historically have interacted with their natural environment and with each other. Biological anthropologists also are concerned with contemporary issues concerning human growth, development, adaption, disease, and mortality.
Socio-cultural anthropologists study how people live within their environment. Cultural anthropologists describe and compare societies and cultures. They describe and explain a great many things: child rearing and education, family arrangements, language and communication, technology, ways of making a living, the distribution of work, religious beliefs and values, social life, leadership patterns and power structures, and culture, or the ways of life that are common to a society.
Power is part of the culture or the way of life of a people. Power is exercised in all societies because all ...
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics lesson 1. This is the presentation of Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Lesson 1. This presentation will help you to understand the lesson 1 of ucsp
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
DISS REPORT GROUP 6.pptx
1. QUARTER 2 - MODULE 9:
ANALYXE THE BASIC CONCEPTS AND
PRINCIPLES OF THE MAJOR SOCIAL
SCIENCES IDEAS:
a. INSTITUTIONALISM
b. FEMINIST THEORY
c. HERMENEUTICAL
PHENOMENOLOGY
d. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS
2. In order to understand Institutionalism, It is
important to first define institutions in this
theoretical government.
3. Are patterns, norms rules and
schemes that govern and direct
social thought and action.
4. Is an approach that aims to understand
and analyze how actions, thoughts, and
meanings penetrate into the social
consciousness deeply enough to embed
themselves into social psyche. There are
different types of institutionalism, but
their common concern is to find out the
effects of these institutions and
determine how these affect the manner
by which the society functions.
Institutions provide social legitimacy and
survival through Isomorphism.
5. Refers to the similarity in form, shape or
structure. Institutions arise, change, and
persist due to their regulative, normative
and cognitive functions. These functions
are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in
form, shape or structure to provide social
legitimacy, survival or both.
6. Regulative function
- Operates through coercive isomorphism, which
places value on expediency as affect of compliance.
Change either happens or not depending on external
factors such as rules and laws.
Normative function
- Operates through normative isomorphism, which
places value on complying with social obligations.
Change either happens or not depending on external
factors such as accreditations and certifications.
Cognitive function
- Operates through mimetic isomorphism, which
places value on factors such uncertainty and
prevalence of others’ performance.
7. Formal and Informal institutions can be
distinguished by what rules, practices and norms
they derive authority form.
Formal Institutions
- Are codified rules, policies and norms that
are considered official, originating from
state laws, government or organizations.
EXAMPLES: Constitutions
Official law
Standards enforced by state
Regulation
8. Informal Institutions
- Are equally known rules and norms but
are not commonly written down. Informal
institutions are social practices that have
been commonly viewed as acceptable and
are more persistent than codified laws
like the formal institutions.
EXAMPLE: Informal institutions
Social norms
attitudes
Traditions
Self-enforced morals
9.
10. He was a Romanian-born British
scholar, Historian, and Political
theorist. Mitrany is considered
as the father of functionalism in
international relations, which is
classified under liberal
institutionalism. Functionalism,
as applied to the study of
states, proposes an alternative
to territorialism, which is the
foundation from which states
derive their power of authority
from territory. Functionalism
explains that a state’s authority
lies
11. in functions and needs, and the ability to
provide for those needs. Its sees scientific
knowledge and technological
advancements as sources of authority
from which the state can derive its power.
Territory then becomes negligible and
focuses instead on expertise and the
ability to produce what is needed by the
people or by other states.
12. A French political economist and
diplomat. As one of the originators
of European Union, he saw how the
needs of the state are to be
achieved through the principle of
supranationality. As Mitrany argued
against territory being the source of
authority, Monnet used the
argument to erase country
borderlines. During Monnet’s time,
coal production was abundant in
Germany, which was still under the
sanctions imposed by the Allies’
victory after World War ll. France at
that time also needed some coal.
Given the situation, Germany
13. needed some sanctions to be lifted so as to
gain some economic growth, while France
needed coal to get back to its pre-war
economic status.
14. Is an American professor of
international relations. Krasner
argues that the American
government and non-government
organizations should prioritize the
stabilization of weakened states so
that American interests would be
protected. In order to address the
continued deterioration of weaker
states, he suggested creation of
institutions that will allow the
weaker states to enter a market
democracy. Krasner also argues that
the formal institutions of the U.S.
come from decisions made by the
15. president, but bureaucratic process
convey the idea that many people
decided on these matters and not just the
president. He holds that the president’s
power to control, manipulate, and create
policies is seemingly perceived as being
dissipated by the bureaucratic machinery.
16. 1. Normative institutionalism
- is a sociological interpretation of
institutions and holds that a “logic of
appropriateness” guides the behavior of
actors within an institutions. It predicts
that the norms and formal rules of
institutions will shape the actions of those
acting within them.
2. Rational Choice institutionalism
- is a theoretical approach to the study of
institutions arguing that actors use
institutions to maximize their utility.
However, actors face rule-based constraints
which influence their behavior.
17. 3. Historical institutionalism
- is anew institutionalist social science
approach that emphasizes how timing,
sequence and path dependence affect
institutions, and shape social, political,
economic behavior and change.
4. Sociological institutionalism
- is a form of new institutionalism that
concerns “the way in which institutions
create meaning for individuals, providing
important theoretical building blocks for
normative institutionalism within political
science”.
18. 5. Institutional Economics
- Focuses on understanding the role of the
evolutionary process and the role of institutions
in shaping economic behavior.
6. Discursive institutionalism
- is an umbrella concept for approaches that
concern themselves with the substantive
content of ideas and the interactive processes
of discourse in institutional context.
7. Constructivist institutionalism
- According to multiple theorists, this is so
whether the field in question is directly as or
has to do more with bringing constructivist
ideas into some other fields, or with bringing
ideas back into the theory in contrast against
structuralist and/or system.
19. 8. Feminist institutionalism
- is a new institutionalist approach that
looks at how gender norms operate within
institutions and how institutional
processes construct and maintain gender
power dynamic.
20. Refers to the belief that the men
and women deserve equality in all
opportunities, treatment, respect,
and social rights. In general,
Feminists are people who try to
acknowledge social inequality based
on gender and stop it from
continuing. Feminists point out that
in most cultures throughout history,
men have received more
opportunities than women.
21. While this basic idea of Feminism seems
simple enough, there are many people
who misunderstand what the goal of
Feminism is. Some people imagine that
all Feminists are angry, bitter women
who only want to subjugate men! Of
course, this stereotype offends actual
Feminists. Why is there such a big
difference between stereotype and
reality when it comes to Feminists? One
of the big reasons for this discrepancy
might be because there are, in face, lots
of different, specific types of Feminism.
22. Includes attempts to describe and explain how
gender systems work, as well as consideration of
normative or ethical issues, such as whether a
society’s gender arrangements are fair.
Feminist theory is a major branch within
sociology that shifts its assumptions, analytic
lens, and topical focus away from the male
viewpoint and experience toward that of
women.
In doing so, Feminist theory shines a light on
social problems, trends, and issues that are
otherwise overlooked or misidentified by the
historically dominant male perspective within
social theory.
23. Feminist theory encompasses a range of ideas,
reflecting the diversity of women worldwide.
Feminism counters traditional philosophy with
new ways of addressing issues affecting
humanity, calling for the replacement of the
presiding patriarchal order with the system that
emphasizes equal rights, justice, and fairness. –
Liberal Feminists - cite women’s oppression as
rooted in social, political, and legal constraints.
Radical Feminists - hold that women should be
free to exercise total sexual and reproductive
freedom.
Radical cultural Feminists - urge women to
extricate themselves from the institution of
compulsory heterosexuality.
Marxist-socialist Feminists - claim it is
impossible for anyone, especially women, to
achieve true freedom in a class-based society.
24. Multicultural Feminists - explain how the idea
of “sameness” could counter intuitively be used as
an instrument of oppression rather than liberation.
Postmodern Feminists - challenge Western
dualistic thinking.
Global Feminists - stress the universal interests
of women worldwide.
Eco Feminists - focus on the connection among
humans to the non-human world.
Feminist theory has impacted virtually all
structures, systems, and disciplines, challenging
traditional ontological and epistemological
assumptions about human nature as well as
‘maleness’ Modern feminism, which began 200
years ago, has evolved in three waves.
25. First wave – dealt with suffrage.
Second wave – centered on equal
access.
Current wave – Focusing on global
equality.
26. Studies gender and its relation to power, and the
dynamics these two concepts play out in
economics, politics, sexuality, race and nationality
among others. It is both a sociological perspective
and a philosophy that aims to promote gender
equality, social justice , and women’s right.
However, the primary concern that feminism tries
to address is the oppression of women in society
and the patriarchal structure of most societies.
Patriarchy, in its most basic sense, is a social
organization wherein the father or eldest male
heads a society or government. The head of the
family is the father, and the mothers is subordinate
to the decisions of the father. In some contexts,
however, patriarchy constructs a social structure
where men are seen as more powerful than
women.
27.
28. Is a social belief that supports gender equality. It is
a social devide that establishes perceived for men
and women and relegating them to specific roles.
Some gender ideologies include women staying at
home while men go to work, and women being
more delicate, emotional, and nurturing compared
to men who are more aggressive, assertive, and
dominant. Gender ideology is also actualized in
how toys are determined for children. Typically,
action figures are supposed to be played by boys
and dolls are to be played by girls. A boy playing
with doll is ridiculed as being gay, while a girl
playing action figures is teased as a lesbian.
29. Is the actualization or realization of gender
ideology. There is gender inequality when the
perceived role of women subordination to men
reflects hiring producers and requirements. For
example, a secretarial post accepting only
female applicants. Salaries are also unequal
when it comes to men and women.
30.
31. Is a movement that believes sexism is so deeply
rooted in society that the only cure is to eliminate
the concept of gender completely. Radical feminists
suggest changes, such as finding technology that
will allow babies to be grown outside of a woman’s
body, to promote more equality between men and
women. This will allow women to avoid missing
work for maternity leave, which radical feminists
argue is one reason women aren’t promoted as
quickly as men. In fact, radical feminists would
argue that the entire traditional family system is
sexist. Men are expected to work outside the home
while women are expected to care for children and
clean the house. Radical feminists note that this
traditional dichotomy maintains men as
economically in power over women, and therefore,
the traditional family structure should be rejected.
32. Is slightly less extreme but still calls for major
social change. Socialist feminism is a movement
that calls for an end to capitalism through a
socialist reformation of our economy. Basically,
socialist feminism argues that capitalism
strengthens and supports the sexist status qou
because men are the ones who currently have
power and money. Those men are more willing to
share their power and money with other men,
which means that women are continually given
fewer opportunities and resources. This keeps
women under the control of men. In short, socialist
feminism focuses on economics and politics.
33. Is an individualistic form of feminist theory,
which focuses on women’s ability to maintain
their equality through their own actions and
choices. Liberal feminism’s primary goal is
gender equality in the public sphere, such as
equal access to education, equal pay, ending
job sex segregation. It is broadly accepted that
the proposition of contemporary advanced
industrial societies are meritocratic, and that
women as a group are not innately less.
34.
35. Mary Wollstonecraft was an
English writer, philosopher, and
women’s rights advocate.
Wollstonecraft advocated that
the human rights written by John
Locke also be accorded to
women. Although Locke’s human
rights did not discriminate sexes,
their application during that
time was relegated only to men.
Wollstonecraft thus, argued that
women should also have the
right to life, property, pursuit of
happiness and suffrage.
36. Is an American historian and professor. Cott
traced the historical roots of the feminist
movement in America and identified its
paradoxes, struggles, and periods of decline.
One paradox by Cott was the rise of two
feminist ideologies-human feminism and
female feminism. Human feminism argues for
equal treatment of women and disapproves
discrimination based on sex. Female
feminism, on the other hand, argues
solidarity among women and acknowledges
that there are differences in human
capacities that are based on sex.
37. Was an American poet, and feminist. She
used poetry to bring light the oppression
of women and lesbians in society. Her
poems explored themes such as women’s
roles in society, racism, and war. Her
collection of poetry, “Diving Into the
Wreck”, garnered wide praise and
accolades. In her essay, “Compulsory
Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence”,
Rich defines how heterosexuality
becomes an alienating and oppressing
concept that only lends to the
establishment of male dominance over
women. Rich defined being lesbian as
more than a sexual preference, but a
cumulative lived experience of women
and their history.
38. Is an American philosopher and gender
theorist, whose key idea is her theory on the
creation of gender similar to how theatrical
actors roles identifiable to audiences. Butler
claims that gender is an action which is
separable from the actor. Gender is
performative in a sense that gender roles
and norms have already been established in
society throughout history. Humans are so
accustomed to these traditions that we
associate certain acts to a particular gender.
For Butler, gender is not a pre-established
identity, but an act of existing in as much.
Gender is a choice- a choice to act according
to how society established norms of
masculinity or femininity.
39. Is an American sociologist, Her work
studies feminism in the perspective of a
black woman. Collins argues that
different oppressions happen within the
context of race, gender and class and
that there are overlapping instances of
oppression. Collins claims that knowing
the point of view of a black woman’s
struggle and feminism can provide a
window for other similarity oppressed
groups or individuals. She also argues
that the dynamics of oppression must be
seen from all the angles, and not simply
on one form or factor of oppression.
40. Was an American novelist, philosopher, and
playwright. Calling her philosophy
objectivism. She aimed to use reason in
order to achieve personal happiness. Her
theories and arguments were not limited
within the confines of the feminist agenda,
but encompassed all of human existence.
She did not identify differences between
genders because she talked about
universalities such as human rights.
Objectivism, in particular, is living for one’s
own sake without sacrificing himself or
herself for another. It is a philosophy
determined to find personal truth and fulfill
without the use of force or violence. She is
considered a feminist due to her stance that
all human beings are equal-equal in their
pursuit of self-interests and equal in
upholding their rights.
41. Cognitive function – operates through mimetic
isomorphism, which places value on factors
such as uncertainly and prevalence of others’
performance.
Feminist institutionalism – is a new
institutionalist approach that looks at how
gender norms operate within institutions and
how institutional processes construct and
maintain gender power dynamics.
Institutions – are patterns, norms rules and
schemes that govern and direct social thought
and action.
42. Institutionalism – is an approach that aims to
understand and analyze how actions, thoughts, and
meanings penetrate into social consciousness deeply
enough to embed themselves into social psyche
Isomorphism – refer to the similarity in form, shape
or structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due
to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions.
These functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt
in form, shape or structure to provide social
legitimacy, survival or both.
Regulative function – operates through coercive
isomorphism, which places value on expediency as
effect of compliance. Change either happens or not
depending on external factors such as rules and laws.
Sociological institutionalism – is a form of new
institutionalism that concerns “the way in which
institutions create meaning for individuals, providing
important theoretical building blocks for normative
institutionalism within political science”.