This is my college presentation

1. Wireless Power Transmission for
Implantable Medical Devices
Name- Dilshad Ahmad
Roll No-MT/EC/10007/19
Subject Code-EC559
ECE Dept. , BIT Mesra, Ranchi, 835215
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Contents:
 Historical Background and Evolution
 Introduction
 Motivation
 Challenges
 Literature Survey
 Commercialize Enabling Alliances and Technologies
 Market Products
 A4WP System Block Diagram
 Demonstration of Model EPC9114 (10W)
 Comparisons of Alliances
 Applications
 Conclusion
 References

3. Historical Background
 In 1899, Sir Nikola Tesla Proposed a method of Wireless Power Transmission.
 As it is in Radiative mode, most of the Power was wasted and has less efficiency ,Able to
light lamps over 25 miles away without using wires
 Rebirth in 2007 ,
o The team from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who call their invention ‘WiTricity‘.
 In the first successful trial of its kind, the team was able to illuminate a 60-watt light bulb
7ft away.
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4. Introduction
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 In Implantable medical devices there is very
limiting power supply through battery and
which has to change
 Design of inductive coils which can establish
wireless power transfer link with external
devices.
 Alternative approach: Using antennas to
transmit signal (higher distance) or Integration
of inductive coils with Antenna to transfer
energy.
Implanted Antenna
Monitoring
System
Power Supply
Power Transfer
Data Transfer

5.  As in Medical research , developed the implantable medical devices and powering up
device by battery
 But one day battery has to discharged and we need intense surgery to replace it this is
biggest challenging and drawback.
 So to overcome this biggest challenge we started to think about wireless power
transferring to the implantable medical devices
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 BUT HOW…..
Motivation

6. Challenges
 Efficiency
 To maintain Small size Rx(In case of IMD) as much possible
 Very Much Distance Sensitive
 Alignment of Tx and Rx
 Back Heat Generation
 Human Safety (Higher Frequency Limitation)
 Far Field Transfer
 Multiple Device Transfer
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7. Literature Review
 An implanted PIFA antenna that exhibits double resonance at 402
MHz (for wireless data telemetry) and 915 MHz (for wireless
power transfer)
 Implanted depth = 10 mm
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Wireless Data Telemetry
Wireless power Transfer
BW=33MH
Z
BW=50MH
Z
Gain= -23.4dB@915MHz
Gain= -35.6dB@ 402MHz
S. Koulouridis et al., “Design of a Novel Miniature Implantable Rectenna for In-Body Medical Devices Power
Support,” EuCAP’16, Davos, 10-15 Apr. 2016.
Size: 13.8 mm x 15.8 mm
Total occupied volume ~ 280 mm3
Transmitter: Dipole antenna;
Receiver: PIFA
Implanted Antenna
bone
Muscle

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Wireless Power Link Based on Inductive Coupling for Brain Implantable Medical
Devices
Mohamed Manoufali, Konstanty Bialkowski, Beadaa Mohammed,, and Amin Abbosh,
 An inductively powered brain implantable medical device
(BIMD) in lieu of a battery-assisted BIMD has the ability to
provide a reliable power supply and avoid surgical replacement
of a discharged battery
Fig. 1.(a) Human head model. (b) Exterior loop antenna. (c) Implantable antenna
 The exterior antenna is
placed off the skin with
a nominal 3 mm air gap
circular loop diameter of
12 mm
IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 17, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
 Inner Antenna W=L=1
mm, inner gap and
feeding gap (GL) of 0.9
mm, which is immersed in
CSF
implantation depth (h) of 12 mm

9. Continued…
 After matching the antennas with 50 Ω at around 400 MHz, the achieved Gop is −27.87 dB. The
maximum input power to abide the SAR1g calculated after matching the antennas was 19 mW
and can be increased to 82 mW if we opt to use a less stringent SAR10g restriction.
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Mohamed Manoufali, Konstanty Bialkowski, Beadaa Mohammed,, and Amin Abbosh,
IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 17, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
CSF phantom was
developed
Cerebrospinal Fluid-is the fluid present in brain which
helps in protection from shock and also provide
Nuetrients.

10. Commercialized Enabling Technologies
1. Qi Technology
 Qi (pronounced “chee”) is the world’s de facto wireless charging standard for providing 5-15 watts of
power to small personal electronics
 This technology uses the small inductors to transmit power over higher frequencies and also support a
charging distance of a few centimeters at most.
 As a result, portable devices have to be placed quite specifically on the dock for avoiding the shortage
of a large magnetic field. Owing to its limitation on charging area,
 Qi components can use multiple resonator arrays to create a larger charging area. However, it still does
not mitigate the problem and even wasting a lot of power to have individual coils switched on.
 In order to keep a strong enough connection, users therefore need to align their devices precisely with
the magnetic fields
 Rx device can tell the charger how much power it requires and when it is fully charged, Charger port can
be in stand by
 Qi standard will able to be used in wireless charging in the near future.
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http://www.qiwireless.com/category/wireless-standards/qi-wireless-wireless-standards/

11. Continued…
 WHAT TYPES OF DEVICES WORK WITH QI
o Smartphones, Smart Watches, Ear Buds, Laptop(Coming Soon 30 to 60 watts Require)
 Compatibility:
o By ensuring that all Qi-Certified devices work together, regardless of manufacturer, country of origin,
 Safety:
o The Qi standard includes a number of consumer safety precautions, including heat shielding and foreign object
detection.
 Realme could soon launch Qi-certified wireless charger in India
o The power output of the wireless charger is 5W
o he wireless charger bears a model name RMA203 and was registered on December 30,2019
(https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/realme-could-soon-launch-qi-certified-wireless-charger-
1642310-2020-02-01)
 PowerByProxi (2007)
o Apple in September unveiled wireless charging technology .Then it purchased PowerByProxi, whose products
range from 2-watt to 150-watt chargers
) 5/30/2020
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http://www.qiwireless.com/category/wireless-standards/qi-wireless-wireless-
standards/

12. 2.Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP) Technology
 The Alliance for Wireless Power is an independent industry body that was set up to develop and
maintain the standards for a form of wireless power that allowed additional spatial freedom over
the standards that already existed.
 The aim was to develop a standard that would address simultaneous charging of multiple devices
ranging from very low power products, such as Bluetooth headsets, to today's most power
hungry tablets.
 This technology allows multiple devices to be charged with differing power requirements from a
single transmitter at any one time
 This technology uses a larger electromagnetic field rather than the small inductor coils, therefore
it enables devices to be charged without having to line-up precisely with the coil.
 This uses a relatively high frequency of 6.78 MHz This is a frequency that is internationally
available for this type of application,
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13. 3.PMA Technology
 PMA was founded by Powermat Technologies and Procter & Gamble in 2012
 It is another most recent technology is Power Matters Alliance (PMA). This is the organization with
the aim of forward thinking in a global, not-for-profit, industry where better power paradigm for
battery equipped devices using wireless charging technology has been working with a bunch of
research group leaders.
 Recently more than 100 members across a diverse set of industries including telecommunication,
consumer devices, automotive, retail, furniture, surfaces and more are working with this new
standard of technology.
 PMA growth and success is attributed to a unique approach of making wireless charging
ubiquitous in the places that consumers need it most as well as the hard work and dedication for
members
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https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/alliance-for-wireless-power-and-power-matters-
alliance-join-forces-244867951.html

14. Market Products
 For Implantable medical device there is no specific product launched in market but for wireless
power transfer there are some sort of product launched in market
 Some of them are Following…
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S.
no
Product Name-EPC9114 (10W) STEVAL-ISB044V1
(15W)
EPC9111(35w)
1 Manufacturer EPC STMicroelectronics EPC
2 Standard(s) A4WP Qi v1.2.3 A4WP
3. Protocol Rezence Inductive, Qi-Compliant Rezence
4. Voltage Out 38 V Max 5 V&12 V 38 V Max
5. Current Out 1.5A Max 1 A&1.25 A
6. Voltage In 17 ~ 80 V 13V Max 8 ~ 32 V
7. Frequency 6.78 MHz 87 ~ 205 kHz 6.78 MHz
8. Main I.C. Base
Part
EPC2036
EPC2107
- EPC2014

15. A4WP System Block Diagram
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PowerTransmitterUnit
PowerReceiverUnit

16. Power Transmitter Unit (PTU)
 Power Supply Unit-
o Depend on the class of Device whether it is Class-2, Class-3 or Class-4 Type
 Class-2 Type- 10W (Ptx)
 Class-3 Type- 16W (ptx)
 Class-4 Type- 22W (ptx)
 Power Amplifier
o Class D Power amplifier Differential type is used for Boosting the amplitude
 Matching Circuit
o To maximum Power transfer to Resonator Coil and minimize the losses during power amplifier to
Resonator
 Transmitting Resonator Coil
o It is last unit of transmitter which produces field lines which works and effective in near field region
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17. Power Receiving Unit(PRU)
 The A4WP power receiving unit is very much the inverse of the transmitter.
 It contains a similar number of blocks, although performing different functions, so that the
power received via the receiver resonator can be converted into power at the required voltage
level.
a) Power enters the receiver via the resonator. It is rectified to provide a DC voltage. The rectifier
needs to be able to provide efficient rectification at the 6MHz frequencies used.
b) Once rectified, the power is converted to the required voltage using an efficient DC-DC switch
mode converter.
c) Both the rectifier and the DC-DC converter can be controlled over the 2.4GHz link to the
charger to enable both charger and A4WP receiving unit to communicate and provide the
most efficient power transfer.
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18. Demonstration of Model EPC9114 (10W)
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https://epcco.com/epc/Portals/0/epc/documents/guides/EPC9114
_qsg.pdf

19. COMPARISON BETWEEN QI STANDARD, PMA, AND A4WP STANDARD
No. Qi Standard PMA A4WP Standard
1 Magnetic induction charging Induction charging Magnetic resonance charging
2 Lack of large magnetic field Enough magnetic field Huge magnetic field
3 Charging distance a few c.ms at
most
Less than 10 cm Much larger charging distance
4 Not easy to charge more than
one devices at a time
One device at a time More than one device
from a single Tx
5 Heat up the back of the devices Heat up the devices Don’t heat up the devices
6 Uses small precise inductor coil Small coil Much larger coil
7 Need to line up perfectly within
the coil
Line up with the coil No need to line up
8 137 member organization with
100 products
More than 100 member
organization
Very few company working for
the development
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20. Applications
 Field of Electronics
 Medical Devices
 Electric Vehicles
 LED Lighting
 Defense Systems
 Solar Power Satellites (SPS)-Japan is Working on
this
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Now a days it is very Divers Applications of WPT

21. Conclusion
 This is the Future of Power Transfer without wire to not only a specific area ,to
a medical field , Defense and daily life basis devices, Many Industries ,Research
groups are working specifically for Wireless power transfer for Implantable
Medical Devices and trying to overcome the main challenges associated to it
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22.  [1] E. Moradi, S. Amendola, T. Bj, L. Syd, J. M. Carmena, J. M. Rabaey, and L. Ukkonen, “Backscattering
neural tags for wireless brain-machine interface systems,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 2, pp.
719– 726, Feb. 2015.
 [3] J. S. Ho, S. Kim, and A. S. Y. Poon, “Midfield wireless powering for implantable systems,” Proc. IEEE,
vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1369–1378, Jun. 2013.
 [4] A. S. Y. Poon, S. O. Driscoll, and T. H. Meng, “Optimal frequency for wireless power transmission
into dispersive tissue,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1739–1750, May 2010.
 [5] L. Song and Y. Rahmat-Samii, “An end-to-end implanted brain-machine interface antenna system
performance characterizations and development,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 3399–
3408, Jul. 2017.
 [6] A. Ibrahim and M. Kiani, “A figure-of-merit for design and optimization of inductive power
transmission links for millimeter-sized biomedical implants,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst., vol. 10, no.
6, pp. 1100– 1111, Dec. 2016.
 [7] IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurements and Computations of Radio Frequency
Electromagnetic Fields With Respect toHuman Exposure to Such Fields, 100 kHz–300 GHz, IEEE Std.
C95.3-2002 (Revision of IEEE Std. C95.3-1991), 2002.
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References

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24. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) OF THE WIRELESS POWER LINK
 In light of the safety consideration when electromagnetic fields are radiated toward the
human tissues,
 BIMDs must satisfy the requirements of SAR to comply with the safety guidelines in [7]
limited by a maximum SAR1g = 1.6 W/kg or SAR10g = 2 W/kg averaged over 1 or 10g of
tissues, respectively. To limit SAR, the
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25. A4WP and PMA Merging
 Rezence is an interface standard developed by the Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP)
 On Date Feb. 11, 2014 The Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP) and Power Matters Alliance (PMA) signed to
work together and Adopt each other standard
 The Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP) and the Power Matters Alliance (PMA) will now be called the
AirFuel Alliance.
 The AirFuel Alliance, whose members include AT&T, Samsung and Intel, are pitted against the largest of
the wireless charging groups, the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC), which has 222 members. WPC, which
champions the Qi wireless charging standard, includes members such as LG, Sony and Verizon.
 AirFuel Alliance, In October, the alliance hosted the world's first joint inductive and resonant plug fest,
where 14 companies tested over 40 receivers and transmitters to gauge compliance and commercial
acceptance.
 The working group is advancing development of far-field wireless power transfer, a technology from
member Energous Corp. and its WattUp technology, which it claims can deliver a charge from up to 15
feet away from the transmitter.
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https://www.computerworld.com/article/3000940/wireless-power-alliance-with-195-vendors-
officially-forms.html

26. Continued…
 Board members from A4WP and PMA represent a cross section of industry leaders who unanimously
voted to approve the agreement. Voting members included Broadcom, Gill Electronics, IDT, Intel,
Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics and Samsung Electro-Mechanics from A4WP; and Starbucks, Procter
& Gamble, and Powermat Technologies from PMA.
 These three adaptation Changed Wireless Power Transfer world
1. PMA adopts the A4WP Rezence specification as the PMA magnetic resonance charging specification for both
transmitters and receivers in both single and multi-mode configurations
2. A4WP adopts the PMA inductive specification as a supported option for multi-mode inductive, magnetic
resonance implementations
3. A4WP to collaborate with PMA on their open network API for network services management
 June 4, 2014 The Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP) announces Rezence-based wireless charging
capabilities, becoming the first to deliver a specification for multi-device wireless charging up to 50
watts. 5/30/2020
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https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/alliance-for-wireless-power-and-power-
matters-alliance-join-forces-244867951.html
http://a4wppmamerge.wwwssr6.supercp.com/